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c)
guilty
(or guilt)
1) to plead …
а) признать кого-то виновным
2) to prove…
б) заявление о своей виновности
3) to find …
в) признаться в своей виновности
4) to admit …
г) заявить о виновности
5) plea of …
д) доказать чью-то вину
d)
verdict
1) to deliberate upon…
а) единогласный вердикт
2) to pass (to render)…
б) вердикт в пользу…
3) to overturn…
в) обсуждать вердикт
4) … in favor of
г) отменить, аннулировать вердикт
5) unanimous…
д) вынести вердикт
1) preliminary hearing
for arraignment
a) is the stage when each lawyer summarizes the evidence
and suggests reasons why the judge or jury should find in
favor of his or her client
2) selecting the Jury
b) when a person convicted of a crime is sentenced by the
court, which means the judge decides upon the punishment
3) opening statements
c) when the suspect is read the indictment or information and
is asked to plead guilty or not guilty
4) introduction
(presentation) of
evidence
d) is a petition to a higher court for review of a case that has
been decided by a lower court
5) closing arguments
(statements)
e) is a stage when members of the jury go to the jury room to
agree upon the verdict
6) instructions to the jury
f) where the judge has a jury drawn from a pool of citizens
who have been called to serve
7) deliberation upon the
verdict
g) is the stage when lawyers for each side make some
statements, explaining what they intend to prove
8) sentencing
h) when the judge must explain the law to guide the jury in
their deliberation upon the verdict
9) appeal
i) when lawyers present all the evidence obtained in the
course of investigation and examine witnesses
2. Соотнесите название этапа (стадии) уголовного судопроизводства с
описанием его сути, содержания, переведите составленные предложения
на русский язык:
READING AND SPEAKING
1. Выразите согласие / несогласие со следующими утверждениями,
обоснуйте свой выбор, исправьте неверные высказывания. Ответ можно
начать с одной из речевых моделей:
а) I think it is false/ wrong / not right because…
б) To my mind it is true / right as … I fully agree with this statement because…
111
1) At the preliminary hearing the accused is informed of his main rights and
duties during the criminal proceedings.
2) In criminal procedure the decision whether to charge the defendant or not is
always made by a grand jury.
3) In common law countries and continental law countries criminal procedure
is very much alike.
4) Criminal trial is usually held according to a certain order of stages.
5) The main task of jurors at the trial is to decide issues of law.
6) In their opening and closing statements lawyers present a lot of arguments in
favor of their clients that is why both these types of statements are admitted
in evidence.
7) Evidence may take plenty of different forms and must be presented under
strict rules of evidence.
8) In criminal proceedings a verdict is usually passed by the majority of jurors
as a common rule.
9) If the defendant is found not guilty he is acquitted and released in a stated
period of time.
10) While sentencing a convicted person a judge must take into account all the
information obtained from the prosecution and defence and all pleas made
by them.
11) In criminal proceedings the types of sentences are confined to different
terms of imprisonment.
12) The purpose of appeals is to overturn judgments that do not satisfy higher
courts.
2. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста, постарайтесь
отвечать в опоре на активную лексику темы, не глядя в текст:
1) Why should a suspect be brought before the court as soon as possible after
the arrest?
2) What kind of document is usually issued at this pre-trial stage?
3) What is the main purpose of the preliminary hearing?
4) In what way can a trial be shortened in legal systems with common law?
5) Try to specify main principles of selecting jurors. Name and describe tasks
of jurors at the trial.
6) Enumerate main forms, elements of evidence. Name basic rules and order of
examining witnesses.
7) Why do you think it is important to explain some laws and legal issues to the
jury?
8) What kind of jury usually passes a verdict in criminal proceedings? What
kinds of verdicts are usually passed and in what way?
9) Name main peculiarities of the process of sentencing. What is taken into
account by the judge (give examples)?
10) What types of sentences are there in the criminal procedure? What are their
pluses or minuses?
112
11) What is an appeal? What is its main aim? What do appeals usually focus
on?
3. Составьте в письменной форме схему (цепочку), отражающую
последовательность этапов в ходе уголовного судебного процесса в
странах с англо-саксонской (состязательной) системой. Опишите
кратко каждый из этапов, излагая только его основную суть или цель.
TEST YOURSELF
Прежде чем перейти к изучению следующей темы, проверьте, запомнили
ли вы значения и смысл следующих ключевых терминов и
терминологических сочетаний по данной теме:
criminal procedure (proceedings)
jury trial
booking
investigation
charges / to charge
an information
an act of indictment
plea bargains
disclosure of materials
arraignment
preliminary hearing
opening statements
presentation (introduction) of
evidence
closing arguments
deliberation on a verdict
sentencing
judgment
to sentence to …
to impose some punishment
to appeal / appeal
appellate process
to commit a crime
to plead guilty or innocent (not guilty)
to make a confession
a suspect
an accused
a defendant
a convict (convicted person)
a search
an arrest
a search (arrest) warrant
to issue a warrant
police custody
to remand in custody
to remand on bail
a summons
to serve a summons
to charge
to indict
to prosecute
to convict
to enforce the sentence
to acquit
to release
to punish / punishment
a fine
imprisonment
mandatory sentence
discretionary sentence
113
UNIT 7
CIVIL PROCEDURE
LEAD-IN
Procedural law is the body of rules governing the court proceedings and the
methods of enforcing rights and providing redress of wrongs.
(www.wikipedia.com)
Civil procedure involves the principles surrounding the resolution of civil disputes
in the courts and the various tools available to the lawyer who must defend or bring
a lawsuit. It comprises rules related to jurisdiction, pleading, evidence, appeal and
execution of judgments, representation, costs and other matters. So the purpose of
the civil procedure rules is to provide just and effective means by which persons
can resolve their disputes. (www.wikipedia.com)
It is said that in the common law legal system the trial procedure especially that of
the USA is adversarial, while in the continental law legal system the trial
procedure in civil cases is inquisitorial. This means that, in the common law, a
lawsuit is essentially the concern of the adversaries, that is, the parties and their
lawyers. It is the lawyers who present the evidence, and, unless a procedural
problem arises, the judge simply listens to the presentation.
By contrast, in the civil law there is a greater emphasis on the judge as a guarantor
of a just outcome of the case, regardless of the lawyers' abilities. To the end he
often functions as an inquisitor, questioning the parties as to the factual matters of
the case.
In this unit we shall have a look at the main peculiarities of civil proceedings in
common law countries.
CIVIL PROCEDURE
PART I
ACTIVE VOCABULARY
1. civil procedure – гражданский
судебный процесс, судопроизводство
to follow standards – следовать
определенным стандартам, принципам
adjudicating civil lawsuits – выносить
судебное решение по гражданскому делу,
по иску
to commence a lawsuit – начать тяжбу,
судебное разбирательство
pleadings or statements of case – исковые
заявления истца и ответчика,
состязательные документы
motions – ходатайства
applications – заявления
manner of depositions – способы
изложения доказательств
discovery or disclosure – процедура
раскрытия, установления доказательств;
предоставление, оглашение
доказательств
the conduct of trials – проведение
судебных разбирательств
available remedies – доступные средства
судебной защиты
2. disputes – споры
114
private individuals – частные, физические
лица
to provide a means – предоставить,
обеспечить средство
to challenge actions – опротестовать,
оспорить действия
the wronged party – пострадавшая
сторона
to settle disputes privately or amicably –
урегулировать споры в частном порядке
или мирными способами
3. exchange – обмен
the claimant – истец
to notify – известить
to outline – перечислять
to offer terms of settlement – предложить
условия соглашения
a claim – претензия, требование, иск
a complaint – жалоба
reference to costs – обращение к …,
ссылка на судебные издержки
4. a summons – повестка
to serve a summons – доставить повестку
a counterclaim – встречный иск,
встречное требование
5. a default judgment – судебное решение
в пользу истца вследствие неявки
ответчика
real defence – конкретные доводы,
аргументы ответчика (в свою защиту)
summary judgment – решение,
вынесенное в порядке упрощённого
(суммарного) производства
6. to put the other party at some
disadvantage – поставить
противоположную сторону в невыгодное
положение
litigation – тяжба, судебное
разбирательство по гражданскому делу
7. disclosure (or discovery) – процедура
раскрытия, установления доказательств;
предоставление, оглашение
доказательств
testimony – показания (свидетелей)
interrogatories – процессы опросов,
допросов
under the oath – под присягой
relevant documents – документы,
относящиеся к делу
witness statements – заявления, показания
свидетелей
to supervise discovery directly –
контролировать, осуществлять надзор за
процессом предоставления доказательств
напрямую, непосредственно
8. to settle differences – устранить
разногласия, урегулировать
противоречия
a temporary halt – приостановка
fast track cases – дела, рассматриваемые
в порядке ускоренной процедуры
9.to simplify the issues – упростить
предметы спора, вопросы
evidence – доказательства
10. the defendant’s liability –
ответственность ответчика
11. to dispense with opening statements –
произносить вступительные речи
to conduct examination–in–chief –
провести первоначальный опрос
свидетеля выставившей стороной
to cross–examine – провести
перекрестный допрос
burden of proof – бремя доказывания
by a preponderance of evidence –
методом перевеса доказательств
(предоставление более весомых
доказательств)
on a balance of probabilities – способ
доказывания путём демонстрации более
высокой вероятности
the standard of proof – требуемая степень
доказанности
to find the defendant liable – признать
ответчика виновным
12. a reserved judgment – отсрочка
вынесения решения суда
discretionary powers – дискреционные
(широкие) полномочия
13. a judgment notwithstanding the
verdict – решение вопреки вердикта
прияжных
insufficient basis – недостаточные
основания
115
READING
Прочитайте текст, опираясь на активную лексику темы.
1. Civil procedure is the body of law that sets out the rules and standards
that courts follow when adjudicating civil lawsuits. These rules govern: - how a
lawsuit or case may be commenced, - what kind of service of process (if any) is
required, - the types of pleadings or statements of case, motions or applications,
and orders allowed in civil cases, - the timing and manner of depositions and
discovery or disclosure, - the conduct of trials, - the process of judgment, various available remedies, and - how courts and clerks must function.
2. Civil law concerns disputes between private individuals and organizations,
the main emphasis being made on rights and duties of individuals (either private or
legal ones). It also provides a means of challenging the actions of public bodies,
such as a local authority or a government ministry that has acted illegally.
Nevertheless, the purpose of civil proceedings is not to punish but to allow the
wronged party to obtain compensation or some other appropriate remedy.
However, most civil disputes do not go to courts at all, with parties preferring to
settle privately, or amicably.
Usual basic steps of the civil proceedings take place in the following order:
1. an exchange of statements of the case or pleadings between parties:
a. filing a claim (a complaint) by the claimant (includes 2 documents
Claim Form and Particulars of Claim);
b. serving process (notification of the defendant);
c. filing the answer by the defendant (Counterclaim may be filed as
well);
2. pretrial procedures called disclosure or discovery;
3. pretrial hearing (or conference);
4. the trial;
5. enforcement of the judgment if there are no appeals.
3. Exchange of Statements of the case. Before issuing proceedings in court, it
is common for the claimant to write a 'letter of claim' to the other party notifying
it of his intention to initiate legal proceedings. The letter will outline the nature of
the claim and offer terms of settlement. If no reply is received within a stated
time, the claimant will commence legal proceedings. To bring a claim (a
complaint), it is necessary to draft two legal documents: a Claim Form (formerly
called a 'writ') and Particulars of Claim (details of a claim). The Claim Form will
be written on the court's headed notepaper and will contain: the name of the court,
the names of parties, brief details of the claim in under 100 words, expected
reference to costs. The Particulars of Claim will contain a much more detailed
account of the claim, particulars of loss and the remedy that is being sought, as
well as a statement of truth confirming that the facts stated are true. Both these
116
documents are now called Statements of Case but were previously known as
'pleadings'.
4. The Claim Form functions as a summons: a copy of it is served on the
defendant. He can either admit the claim or, if he wishes to defend it, he must file
his Statement of Case with the court setting out his answer to the claim. If he also
wishes to claim against the claimant, he may do this by filing a document called a
Counterclaim.
5. If a defendant does not respond to the claim within 14 days, the claimant
may obtain a default judgment that is the judgment in his favour without going to
the trial. If it appears that the defendant has no real defence to the claim or the
claimant's claim has no reasonable prospect of succeeding, the court may give
summary judgment against either of them without a trial.
6. Pretrial procedures. Many rules of pretrial procedure are intended to
prevent 'the surprise element' at the trial, that is, any matter or event that might put
the other party at some disadvantage in litigation. Therefore the next stage in
the procedure is disclosure (or discovery), which enables the parties to find out
more details about the claim or the defence from each other.
7. The elements of discovery can include: - depositions (oral testimony given
by parties or witnesses prior to trial that is used to preserve evidence), interrogatories (written questions submitted by one party to the other party that
usually must be answered under the oath within a specified period of time), inspection of documents (an exchange of all relevant documents in the
possession of the other party, an exchange of witness statements, experts' reports
and other materials held by the other party), and - physical or mental examinations
(in cases where the physical or mental condition of a party is important).
The judge does not supervise discovery directly but settles any disputes that may
arise at this stage.
8. If parties decide to settle their differences, they may ask the court for a stay
(a temporary halt) in proceedings. In fast track cases, the hearing normally takes
place 30 weeks from the issue of a claim form. The normal length of a trial is one
day.
9. Pretrial Hearing. Before the actual trial takes place, a pretrial hearing (or
conference) usually occurs. This hearing is an informal meeting before a judge. It
is intended to simplify the issues and discuss matters that might help dispose of
the case. Afterwards, the judge makes up a pretrial order, as a rule, listing the
evidence that the parties will present.
10. Trial. The trial procedure is essentially the same as for criminal trials. As it
proceeds, the plaintiff seeks to prove the defendant’s liability, on the one hand,
and the desired remedy, on the other hand. In response, the defendant may contest
either or both issues.
117
11. It should be mentioned, though, that in civil proceedings the opening
speeches are usually dispensed with and the hearing begins with the claimant's
counsel conducting examination-in-chief of the claimant in order to set out the
claimant's case. The claimant is then cross-examined by the defendant's counsel,
and so on. The rules about leading and non-leading questions apply in a civil trial
too. The burden of proof in litigations is on the claimant who is generally
required to prove the case by a preponderance of evidence or “on a balance of
probabilities”, that is to show that his case is more probable than not. The
standard of proof to find the defendant liable is much easier, therefore, in civil
proceedings than in criminal ones where the defendant’s guilt must be proved
beyond reasonable doubts.
12. Almost all civil cases are tried by a judge alone. Juries are used mainly when
the action concerns the liberty of the subject, for example, an action against the
police for assault and wrongful imprisonment, or his reputation, when the claimant
claims damages for defamation of character. (In the United States, on the contrary,
nearly all civil trials are held with a jury). The judgment is given either
immediately or at a later time (a 'reserved judgment'). Normally the successful
party's costs are paid by the other party, but the court has discretionary powers in
the matter.
13. After a jury decision the losing party can ask the judge for what is called a
judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the ground that there was insufficient
basis for the jury’s decision. The judge can also be asked to set aside the verdict
and order a new trial on the basis of problems in either the trial or the verdict.
VOCABULARY FOCUS
1. Заполните пропуски (там, где это необходимо) соответствующими
предлогами, переведите данные терминологические сочетания на
русский язык:
to set _____ rules and standards
types of statements _____ case
the conduct _____ trial
disputes _____ private citizens
and organizations
to provide a means _____
challenging the actions
to obtain _____compensation
or other remedies
to go _____ to court
to notify ____ one’s intentions
to offer _____ terms
_____settlement
to receive the reply _____ the
stated time
reference _____costs
a detailed account _____ a
claim
to serve a summons _____ the
defendant
to set ____ the answer ____the
claim
a claim ____ the claimant
to file _____ a counterclaim
to have real defence ___ the
claim
118
to put the other party___ some
1) civil procedure
a) plaintiff
2) trial
b) a complaint
3) to commence a lawsuit
c) to respond
4) statements of case
d) witnesses’ statements
5) disclosure
e) to resolve disputes
6) judgment
f) pretrial conference
7) to challenge
g) litigation
8) claimant
h) to find guilty
9) to outline the matter
i) legal adviser
10) a claim
j) to seek compensation
11) loss (harm)
k) proceedings
12) to reply
l) discovery
13) testimony
m) on a balance of probabilities
14) to settle differences
n) to contest
15) pretrial hearing
o) to initiate proceedings
16) to prove liability
p) on the basis
17) counsel
q) pleadings
18) by a preponderance of evidence
r) decision made by a judge
19) to claim damages
s) to set out the matter
20) on the ground
t) damage
disadvantage
to prove _____ preponderance
of evidence
testimony given ____ witnesses
to answer _____ the oath
a pretrial meeting
(hearing)_____ the judge
to dispose _____ the case
to contest____ some issues
to dispense _____ opening
statements
the burden _____ proof
to prove guilt _____a
reasonable doubt
an action _____assault
_____the police
to claim damages
_____defamation
insufficient basis ___ the jury’s
decision
2. Подберите синонимичные термины или терминологические
выражения из двух колонок:
READING AND SPEAKING
1. Выразите согласие / несогласие со следующими утверждениями,
обоснуйте свой выбор, исправьте неверные высказывания. Ответ можно
начать с одной из речевых моделей:
а) I think it is false/ wrong / not right because…
б) To my mind it is true / right as ….. I fully agree with this statement because…
119
1) Civil Procedure is the body of law that sets out different standards and rules
on a whole range of matters.
2) The main purpose of the civil procedure is to punish a wrongdoer.
3) To file a complaint (a claim) means to set out brief details of damage (loss).
4) The defendant can neither contest the issue of a claim nor file a
counterclaim.
5) The dispute cannot be settled without a trial.
6) The main purpose of disclosure (discovery) is to avoid the surprise element
at the trial.
7) Discovery can include quite a lot of elements.
8) Pretrial hearing is essentially the same as the trial itself.
9) There are certain peculiarities typical of civil proceedings in comparison
with criminal ones.
10) The burden of proof is heavier in civil cases than in criminal ones.
11) Jury takes part in civil proceedings extremely seldom.
12) Legal costs are paid by the parties in equal proportions.
2. Ответьте на вопросы по содержанию текста, постарайтесь
отвечать в опоре на активную лексику темы, не глядя в текст:
1) What is civil procedure? What kinds of rules does it set out?
2) What is the main purpose of the civil procedure?
3) Name basic steps of the civil proceedings.
4) In what way does the claimant notify the other party of his intentions to
initiate legal proceedings.
5) What does it mean to bring a claim? What legal papers does it include?
What do these documents contain?
6) What can counter measures of the defendant include?
7) In what event(s) is the judgment entered without a trial? What are judgments
called in each case?
8) Enumerate elements of the disclosure. Give examples in order to illustrate
each of them.
9) What is the purpose of the pretrial hearing?
10) What is the desirable result of the trial for each party?
11) What is the most common standard (principle) of proof in civil
litigations?
12) In what cases can the losing party ask the judge to set aside the verdict
and to order a retrial?
3. Составьте в письменной форме схему (цепочку), отражающую
последовательность этапов в ходе гражданского судебного процесса в
странах с англо-саксонской (состязательной) системой. Опишите
кратко каждый из этапов, излагая только его основную суть или цель.
120
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