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Файл:литература / Digital_Video_and_HD_Second_Edition_Algorithms_and_Interfaces.pdf
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- •Contents
- •Figures
- •Tables
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •1. Raster images
- •Aspect ratio
- •Geometry
- •Image capture
- •Digitization
- •Perceptual uniformity
- •Colour
- •Luma and colour difference components
- •Digital image representation
- •Square sampling
- •Comparison of aspect ratios
- •Aspect ratio
- •Frame rates
- •Image state
- •EOCF standards
- •Entertainment programming
- •Acquisition
- •Consumer origination
- •Consumer electronics (CE) display
- •Contrast
- •Contrast ratio
- •Perceptual uniformity
- •The “code 100” problem and nonlinear image coding
- •Linear and nonlinear
- •4. Quantization
- •Linearity
- •Decibels
- •Noise, signal, sensitivity
- •Quantization error
- •Full-swing
- •Studio-swing (footroom and headroom)
- •Interface offset
- •Processing coding
- •Two’s complement wrap-around
- •Perceptual attributes
- •History of display signal processing
- •Digital driving levels
- •Relationship between signal and lightness
- •Algorithm
- •Black level setting
- •Effect of contrast and brightness on contrast and brightness
- •An alternate interpretation
- •Brightness and contrast controls in LCDs
- •Brightness and contrast controls in PDPs
- •Brightness and contrast controls in desktop graphics
- •Symbolic image description
- •Raster images
- •Conversion among types
- •Image files
- •“Resolution” in computer graphics
- •7. Image structure
- •Image reconstruction
- •Sampling aperture
- •Spot profile
- •Box distribution
- •Gaussian distribution
- •8. Raster scanning
- •Flicker, refresh rate, and frame rate
- •Introduction to scanning
- •Scanning parameters
- •Interlaced format
- •Interlace and progressive
- •Scanning notation
- •Motion portrayal
- •Segmented-frame (24PsF)
- •Video system taxonomy
- •Conversion among systems
- •9. Resolution
- •Magnitude frequency response and bandwidth
- •Visual acuity
- •Viewing distance and angle
- •Kell effect
- •Resolution
- •Resolution in video
- •Viewing distance
- •Interlace revisited
- •10. Constant luminance
- •The principle of constant luminance
- •Compensating for the CRT
- •Departure from constant luminance
- •Luma
- •“Leakage” of luminance into chroma
- •11. Picture rendering
- •Surround effect
- •Tone scale alteration
- •Incorporation of rendering
- •Rendering in desktop computing
- •Luma
- •Sloppy use of the term luminance
- •Colour difference coding (chroma)
- •Chroma subsampling
- •Chroma subsampling notation
- •Chroma subsampling filters
- •Chroma in composite NTSC and PAL
- •Scanning standards
- •Widescreen (16:9) SD
- •Square and nonsquare sampling
- •Resampling
- •NTSC and PAL encoding
- •NTSC and PAL decoding
- •S-video interface
- •Frequency interleaving
- •Composite analog SD
- •15. Introduction to HD
- •HD scanning
- •Colour coding for BT.709 HD
- •Data compression
- •Image compression
- •Lossy compression
- •JPEG
- •Motion-JPEG
- •JPEG 2000
- •Mezzanine compression
- •MPEG
- •Picture coding types (I, P, B)
- •Reordering
- •MPEG-1
- •MPEG-2
- •Other MPEGs
- •MPEG IMX
- •MPEG-4
- •AVC-Intra
- •WM9, WM10, VC-1 codecs
- •Compression for CE acquisition
- •AVCHD
- •Compression for IP transport to consumers
- •VP8 (“WebM”) codec
- •Dirac (basic)
- •17. Streams and files
- •Historical overview
- •Physical layer
- •Stream interfaces
- •IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i.LINK)
- •HTTP live streaming (HLS)
- •18. Metadata
- •Metadata Example 1: CD-DA
- •Metadata Example 2: .yuv files
- •Metadata Example 3: RFF
- •Metadata Example 4: JPEG/JFIF
- •Metadata Example 5: Sequence display extension
- •Conclusions
- •19. Stereoscopic (“3-D”) video
- •Acquisition
- •S3D display
- •Anaglyph
- •Temporal multiplexing
- •Polarization
- •Wavelength multiplexing (Infitec/Dolby)
- •Autostereoscopic displays
- •Parallax barrier display
- •Lenticular display
- •Recording and compression
- •Consumer interface and display
- •Ghosting
- •Vergence and accommodation
- •20. Filtering and sampling
- •Sampling theorem
- •Sampling at exactly 0.5fS
- •Magnitude frequency response
- •Magnitude frequency response of a boxcar
- •The sinc weighting function
- •Frequency response of point sampling
- •Fourier transform pairs
- •Analog filters
- •Digital filters
- •Impulse response
- •Finite impulse response (FIR) filters
- •Physical realizability of a filter
- •Phase response (group delay)
- •Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters
- •Lowpass filter
- •Digital filter design
- •Reconstruction
- •Reconstruction close to 0.5fS
- •“(sin x)/x” correction
- •Further reading
- •2:1 downsampling
- •Oversampling
- •Interpolation
- •Lagrange interpolation
- •Lagrange interpolation as filtering
- •Polyphase interpolators
- •Polyphase taps and phases
- •Implementing polyphase interpolators
- •Decimation
- •Lowpass filtering in decimation
- •Spatial frequency domain
- •Comb filtering
- •Spatial filtering
- •Image presampling filters
- •Image reconstruction filters
- •Spatial (2-D) oversampling
- •Retina
- •Adaptation
- •Contrast sensitivity
- •Contrast sensitivity function (CSF)
- •24. Luminance and lightness
- •Radiance, intensity
- •Luminance
- •Relative luminance
- •Luminance from red, green, and blue
- •Lightness (CIE L*)
- •Fundamentals of vision
- •Definitions
- •Spectral power distribution (SPD) and tristimulus
- •Spectral constraints
- •CIE XYZ tristimulus
- •CIE [x, y] chromaticity
- •Blackbody radiation
- •Colour temperature
- •White
- •Chromatic adaptation
- •Perceptually uniform colour spaces
- •CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB)
- •CIE L*u*v* and CIE L*a*b* summary
- •Colour specification and colour image coding
- •Further reading
- •Additive reproduction (RGB)
- •Characterization of RGB primaries
- •BT.709 primaries
- •Leggacy SD primaries
- •sRGB system
- •SMPTE Free Scale (FS) primaries
- •AMPAS ACES primaries
- •SMPTE/DCI P3 primaries
- •CMFs and SPDs
- •Normalization and scaling
- •Luminance coefficients
- •Transformations between RGB and CIE XYZ
- •Noise due to matrixing
- •Transforms among RGB systems
- •Camera white reference
- •Display white reference
- •Gamut
- •Wide-gamut reproduction
- •Free Scale Gamut, Free Scale Log (FS-Gamut, FS-Log)
- •Further reading
- •27. Gamma
- •Gamma in CRT physics
- •The amazing coincidence!
- •Gamma in video
- •Opto-electronic conversion functions (OECFs)
- •BT.709 OECF
- •SMPTE 240M OECF
- •sRGB transfer function
- •Transfer functions in SD
- •Bit depth requirements
- •Gamma in modern display devices
- •Estimating gamma
- •Gamma in video, CGI, and Macintosh
- •Gamma in computer graphics
- •Gamma in pseudocolour
- •Limitations of 8-bit linear coding
- •Linear and nonlinear coding in CGI
- •Colour acuity
- •RGB and R’G’B’ colour cubes
- •Conventional luma/colour difference coding
- •Luminance and luma notation
- •Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G’B’)
- •BT.601 luma
- •BT.709 luma
- •Chroma subsampling, revisited
- •Luma/colour difference summary
- •SD and HD luma chaos
- •Luma/colour difference component sets
- •B’-Y’, R’-Y’ components for SD
- •PBPR components for SD
- •CBCR components for SD
- •Y’CBCR from studio RGB
- •Y’CBCR from computer RGB
- •“Full-swing” Y’CBCR
- •Y’UV, Y’IQ confusion
- •B’-Y’, R’-Y’ components for BT.709 HD
- •PBPR components for BT.709 HD
- •CBCR components for BT.709 HD
- •CBCR components for xvYCC
- •Y’CBCR from studio RGB
- •Y’CBCR from computer RGB
- •Conversions between HD and SD
- •Colour coding standards
- •31. Video signal processing
- •Edge treatment
- •Transition samples
- •Picture lines
- •Choice of SAL and SPW parameters
- •Video levels
- •Setup (pedestal)
- •BT.601 to computing
- •Enhancement
- •Median filtering
- •Coring
- •Chroma transition improvement (CTI)
- •Mixing and keying
- •Field rate
- •Line rate
- •Sound subcarrier
- •Addition of composite colour
- •NTSC colour subcarrier
- •576i PAL colour subcarrier
- •4fSC sampling
- •Common sampling rate
- •Numerology of HD scanning
- •Audio rates
- •33. Timecode
- •Introduction
- •Dropframe timecode
- •Editing
- •Linear timecode (LTC)
- •Vertical interval timecode (VITC)
- •Timecode structure
- •Further reading
- •34. 2-3 pulldown
- •2-3-3-2 pulldown
- •Conversion of film to different frame rates
- •Native 24 Hz coding
- •Conversion to other rates
- •Spatial domain
- •Vertical-temporal domain
- •Motion adaptivity
- •Further reading
- •36. Colourbars
- •SD colourbars
- •SD colourbar notation
- •Pluge element
- •Composite decoder adjustment using colourbars
- •-I, +Q, and Pluge elements in SD colourbars
- •HD colourbars
- •References
- •38. SDI and HD-SDI interfaces
- •Component digital SD interface (BT.601)
- •Serial digital interface (SDI)
- •Component digital HD-SDI
- •SDI and HD-SDI sync, TRS, and ancillary data
- •Analog sync and digital/analog timing relationships
- •Ancillary data
- •SDI coding
- •HD-SDI coding
- •Interfaces for compressed video
- •SDTI
- •Switching and mixing
- •Timing in digital facilities
- •Summary of digital interfaces
- •39. 480i component video
- •Frame rate
- •Interlace
- •Line sync
- •Field/frame sync
- •R’G’B’ EOCF and primaries
- •Luma (Y’)
- •Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
- •Halfline blanking
- •Component digital 4:2:2 interface
- •Component analog R’G’B’ interface
- •Component analog Y’PBPR interface, EBU N10
- •Component analog Y’PBPR interface, industry standard
- •40. 576i component video
- •Frame rate
- •Interlace
- •Line sync
- •Analog field/frame sync
- •R’G’B’ EOCF and primaries
- •Luma (Y’)
- •Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
- •Component digital 4:2:2 interface
- •Component analog 576i interface
- •Scanning
- •Analog sync
- •Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
- •R’G’B’ EOCF and primaries
- •Luma (Y’)
- •Component digital 4:2:2 interface
- •Scanning
- •Analog sync
- •Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
- •R’G’B’ EOCF and primaries
- •Luma (Y’)
- •Component digital 4:2:2 interface
- •43. HD videotape
- •HDCAM (D-11)
- •DVCPRO HD (D-12)
- •HDCAM SR (D-16)
- •JPEG blocks and MCUs
- •JPEG block diagram
- •Level shifting
- •Discrete cosine transform (DCT)
- •JPEG encoding example
- •JPEG decoding
- •Compression ratio control
- •JPEG/JFIF
- •Motion-JPEG (M-JPEG)
- •Further reading
- •46. DV compression
- •DV chroma subsampling
- •DV frame/field modes
- •Picture-in-shuttle in DV
- •DV overflow scheme
- •DV quantization
- •DV digital interface (DIF)
- •Consumer DV recording
- •Professional DV variants
- •47. MPEG-2 video compression
- •MPEG-2 profiles and levels
- •Picture structure
- •Frame rate and 2-3 pulldown in MPEG
- •Luma and chroma sampling structures
- •Macroblocks
- •Picture coding types – I, P, B
- •Prediction
- •Motion vectors (MVs)
- •Coding of a block
- •Frame and field DCT types
- •Zigzag and VLE
- •Refresh
- •Motion estimation
- •Rate control and buffer management
- •Bitstream syntax
- •Transport
- •Further reading
- •48. H.264 video compression
- •Algorithmic features, profiles, and levels
- •Baseline and extended profiles
- •High profiles
- •Hierarchy
- •Multiple reference pictures
- •Slices
- •Spatial intra prediction
- •Flexible motion compensation
- •Quarter-pel motion-compensated interpolation
- •Weighting and offsetting of MC prediction
- •16-bit integer transform
- •Quantizer
- •Variable-length coding
- •Context adaptivity
- •CABAC
- •Deblocking filter
- •Buffer control
- •Scalable video coding (SVC)
- •Multiview video coding (MVC)
- •AVC-Intra
- •Further reading
- •49. VP8 compression
- •Algorithmic features
- •Further reading
- •Elementary stream (ES)
- •Packetized elementary stream (PES)
- •MPEG-2 program stream
- •MPEG-2 transport stream
- •System clock
- •Further reading
- •Japan
- •United States
- •ATSC modulation
- •Europe
- •Further reading
- •Appendices
- •Cement vs. concrete
- •True CIE luminance
- •The misinterpretation of luminance
- •The enshrining of luma
- •Colour difference scale factors
- •Conclusion: A plea
- •Radiometry
- •Photometry
- •Light level examples
- •Image science
- •Units
- •Further reading
- •Glossary
- •Index
- •About the author
sketch by Kevin Melia
About the author
Charles Poynton is an independent contractor specializing in the physics, mathematics, and engineering of digital colour imaging systems, including digital video, HD, and digital cinema. Apart from his professional work, he is a PhD candidate at Simon Fraser University. In the early 1980s, Charles designed and built the digital video equipment used by NASA to convert video from the Space Shuttle into NTSC. In 1990, he initiated Sun Microsystems’ HD research project, and introduced
color management technology to Sun. He was Sun’s founding member in what a few years later became the International Color Consortium (ICC).
Charles was a key contributor to current digital video and HD studio standards; he originated the number 1080 (as in 1080p60) in HD standards. A Fellow of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), he was awarded the Society’s prestigious David Sarnoff Gold Medal for his work to integrate video technology with computing and communications.
Charles has taught many popular courses on video technology, HD, colour image coding, and colour science, including many siggraph courses.
Charles lives in Toronto with his wife Barbara –
a psychotherapist. Their twenty-something daughter Quinn is back in Toronto after stints in Paris and New York. Their teenager Georgia is an undergrad at Dalhousie University in Halifax. It is owing to pressure from all three family members that he has reverted to spelling colour with a u. The sketch in the margin was made many years ago, just prior to Charles granting Georgia’s ninth-birthday wish to shave off his beard.
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This book is set in the Syntax typeface. Syntax was designed by Hans Eduard Meier, and first issued by Stempel in 1969. This book uses Linotype’s revision issued in 2000 that includes bold italics, small caps, and old-style figures. The body type is 10.2 points, leaded to 12.8 points, set ragged-right.
The mathematical work underlying this book was accomplished using Mathematica, from Wolfram Research. The illustrations were executed in Adobe
Illustrator; for raster (bitmap) images, Adobe Photoshop was used. The equations were set using Design Science MathType. Text editing, layout, and typesetting were accomplished using Adobe FrameMaker. Adobe Acrobat was employed for electronic distribution.
The work was accomplished using various Apple Macintosh computers.
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