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Файл:литература / Digital_Video_and_HD_Second_Edition_Algorithms_and_Interfaces.pdf
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- •Contents
- •Figures
- •Tables
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •1. Raster images
- •Aspect ratio
- •Geometry
- •Image capture
- •Digitization
- •Perceptual uniformity
- •Colour
- •Luma and colour difference components
- •Digital image representation
- •Square sampling
- •Comparison of aspect ratios
- •Aspect ratio
- •Frame rates
- •Image state
- •EOCF standards
- •Entertainment programming
- •Acquisition
- •Consumer origination
- •Consumer electronics (CE) display
- •Contrast
- •Contrast ratio
- •Perceptual uniformity
- •The “code 100” problem and nonlinear image coding
- •Linear and nonlinear
- •4. Quantization
- •Linearity
- •Decibels
- •Noise, signal, sensitivity
- •Quantization error
- •Full-swing
- •Studio-swing (footroom and headroom)
- •Interface offset
- •Processing coding
- •Two’s complement wrap-around
- •Perceptual attributes
- •History of display signal processing
- •Digital driving levels
- •Relationship between signal and lightness
- •Algorithm
- •Black level setting
- •Effect of contrast and brightness on contrast and brightness
- •An alternate interpretation
- •Brightness and contrast controls in LCDs
- •Brightness and contrast controls in PDPs
- •Brightness and contrast controls in desktop graphics
- •Symbolic image description
- •Raster images
- •Conversion among types
- •Image files
- •“Resolution” in computer graphics
- •7. Image structure
- •Image reconstruction
- •Sampling aperture
- •Spot profile
- •Box distribution
- •Gaussian distribution
- •8. Raster scanning
- •Flicker, refresh rate, and frame rate
- •Introduction to scanning
- •Scanning parameters
- •Interlaced format
- •Interlace and progressive
- •Scanning notation
- •Motion portrayal
- •Segmented-frame (24PsF)
- •Video system taxonomy
- •Conversion among systems
- •9. Resolution
- •Magnitude frequency response and bandwidth
- •Visual acuity
- •Viewing distance and angle
- •Kell effect
- •Resolution
- •Resolution in video
- •Viewing distance
- •Interlace revisited
- •10. Constant luminance
- •The principle of constant luminance
- •Compensating for the CRT
- •Departure from constant luminance
- •Luma
- •“Leakage” of luminance into chroma
- •11. Picture rendering
- •Surround effect
- •Tone scale alteration
- •Incorporation of rendering
- •Rendering in desktop computing
- •Luma
- •Sloppy use of the term luminance
- •Colour difference coding (chroma)
- •Chroma subsampling
- •Chroma subsampling notation
- •Chroma subsampling filters
- •Chroma in composite NTSC and PAL
- •Scanning standards
- •Widescreen (16:9) SD
- •Square and nonsquare sampling
- •Resampling
- •NTSC and PAL encoding
- •NTSC and PAL decoding
- •S-video interface
- •Frequency interleaving
- •Composite analog SD
- •15. Introduction to HD
- •HD scanning
- •Colour coding for BT.709 HD
- •Data compression
- •Image compression
- •Lossy compression
- •JPEG
- •Motion-JPEG
- •JPEG 2000
- •Mezzanine compression
- •MPEG
- •Picture coding types (I, P, B)
- •Reordering
- •MPEG-1
- •MPEG-2
- •Other MPEGs
- •MPEG IMX
- •MPEG-4
- •AVC-Intra
- •WM9, WM10, VC-1 codecs
- •Compression for CE acquisition
- •AVCHD
- •Compression for IP transport to consumers
- •VP8 (“WebM”) codec
- •Dirac (basic)
- •17. Streams and files
- •Historical overview
- •Physical layer
- •Stream interfaces
- •IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i.LINK)
- •HTTP live streaming (HLS)
- •18. Metadata
- •Metadata Example 1: CD-DA
- •Metadata Example 2: .yuv files
- •Metadata Example 3: RFF
- •Metadata Example 4: JPEG/JFIF
- •Metadata Example 5: Sequence display extension
- •Conclusions
- •19. Stereoscopic (“3-D”) video
- •Acquisition
- •S3D display
- •Anaglyph
- •Temporal multiplexing
- •Polarization
- •Wavelength multiplexing (Infitec/Dolby)
- •Autostereoscopic displays
- •Parallax barrier display
- •Lenticular display
- •Recording and compression
- •Consumer interface and display
- •Ghosting
- •Vergence and accommodation
- •20. Filtering and sampling
- •Sampling theorem
- •Sampling at exactly 0.5fS
- •Magnitude frequency response
- •Magnitude frequency response of a boxcar
- •The sinc weighting function
- •Frequency response of point sampling
- •Fourier transform pairs
- •Analog filters
- •Digital filters
- •Impulse response
- •Finite impulse response (FIR) filters
- •Physical realizability of a filter
- •Phase response (group delay)
- •Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters
- •Lowpass filter
- •Digital filter design
- •Reconstruction
- •Reconstruction close to 0.5fS
- •“(sin x)/x” correction
- •Further reading
- •2:1 downsampling
- •Oversampling
- •Interpolation
- •Lagrange interpolation
- •Lagrange interpolation as filtering
- •Polyphase interpolators
- •Polyphase taps and phases
- •Implementing polyphase interpolators
- •Decimation
- •Lowpass filtering in decimation
- •Spatial frequency domain
- •Comb filtering
- •Spatial filtering
- •Image presampling filters
- •Image reconstruction filters
- •Spatial (2-D) oversampling
- •Retina
- •Adaptation
- •Contrast sensitivity
- •Contrast sensitivity function (CSF)
- •24. Luminance and lightness
- •Radiance, intensity
- •Luminance
- •Relative luminance
- •Luminance from red, green, and blue
- •Lightness (CIE L*)
- •Fundamentals of vision
- •Definitions
- •Spectral power distribution (SPD) and tristimulus
- •Spectral constraints
- •CIE XYZ tristimulus
- •CIE [x, y] chromaticity
- •Blackbody radiation
- •Colour temperature
- •White
- •Chromatic adaptation
- •Perceptually uniform colour spaces
- •CIE L*a*b* (CIELAB)
- •CIE L*u*v* and CIE L*a*b* summary
- •Colour specification and colour image coding
- •Further reading
- •Additive reproduction (RGB)
- •Characterization of RGB primaries
- •BT.709 primaries
- •Leggacy SD primaries
- •sRGB system
- •SMPTE Free Scale (FS) primaries
- •AMPAS ACES primaries
- •SMPTE/DCI P3 primaries
- •CMFs and SPDs
- •Normalization and scaling
- •Luminance coefficients
- •Transformations between RGB and CIE XYZ
- •Noise due to matrixing
- •Transforms among RGB systems
- •Camera white reference
- •Display white reference
- •Gamut
- •Wide-gamut reproduction
- •Free Scale Gamut, Free Scale Log (FS-Gamut, FS-Log)
- •Further reading
- •27. Gamma
- •Gamma in CRT physics
- •The amazing coincidence!
- •Gamma in video
- •Opto-electronic conversion functions (OECFs)
- •BT.709 OECF
- •SMPTE 240M OECF
- •sRGB transfer function
- •Transfer functions in SD
- •Bit depth requirements
- •Gamma in modern display devices
- •Estimating gamma
- •Gamma in video, CGI, and Macintosh
- •Gamma in computer graphics
- •Gamma in pseudocolour
- •Limitations of 8-bit linear coding
- •Linear and nonlinear coding in CGI
- •Colour acuity
- •RGB and R’G’B’ colour cubes
- •Conventional luma/colour difference coding
- •Luminance and luma notation
- •Nonlinear red, green, blue (R’G’B’)
- •BT.601 luma
- •BT.709 luma
- •Chroma subsampling, revisited
- •Luma/colour difference summary
- •SD and HD luma chaos
- •Luma/colour difference component sets
- •B’-Y’, R’-Y’ components for SD
- •PBPR components for SD
- •CBCR components for SD
- •Y’CBCR from studio RGB
- •Y’CBCR from computer RGB
- •“Full-swing” Y’CBCR
- •Y’UV, Y’IQ confusion
- •B’-Y’, R’-Y’ components for BT.709 HD
- •PBPR components for BT.709 HD
- •CBCR components for BT.709 HD
- •CBCR components for xvYCC
- •Y’CBCR from studio RGB
- •Y’CBCR from computer RGB
- •Conversions between HD and SD
- •Colour coding standards
- •31. Video signal processing
- •Edge treatment
- •Transition samples
- •Picture lines
- •Choice of SAL and SPW parameters
- •Video levels
- •Setup (pedestal)
- •BT.601 to computing
- •Enhancement
- •Median filtering
- •Coring
- •Chroma transition improvement (CTI)
- •Mixing and keying
- •Field rate
- •Line rate
- •Sound subcarrier
- •Addition of composite colour
- •NTSC colour subcarrier
- •576i PAL colour subcarrier
- •4fSC sampling
- •Common sampling rate
- •Numerology of HD scanning
- •Audio rates
- •33. Timecode
- •Introduction
- •Dropframe timecode
- •Editing
- •Linear timecode (LTC)
- •Vertical interval timecode (VITC)
- •Timecode structure
- •Further reading
- •34. 2-3 pulldown
- •2-3-3-2 pulldown
- •Conversion of film to different frame rates
- •Native 24 Hz coding
- •Conversion to other rates
- •Spatial domain
- •Vertical-temporal domain
- •Motion adaptivity
- •Further reading
- •36. Colourbars
- •SD colourbars
- •SD colourbar notation
- •Pluge element
- •Composite decoder adjustment using colourbars
- •-I, +Q, and Pluge elements in SD colourbars
- •HD colourbars
- •References
- •38. SDI and HD-SDI interfaces
- •Component digital SD interface (BT.601)
- •Serial digital interface (SDI)
- •Component digital HD-SDI
- •SDI and HD-SDI sync, TRS, and ancillary data
- •Analog sync and digital/analog timing relationships
- •Ancillary data
- •SDI coding
- •HD-SDI coding
- •Interfaces for compressed video
- •SDTI
- •Switching and mixing
- •Timing in digital facilities
- •Summary of digital interfaces
- •39. 480i component video
- •Frame rate
- •Interlace
- •Line sync
- •Field/frame sync
- •R’G’B’ EOCF and primaries
- •Luma (Y’)
- •Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
- •Halfline blanking
- •Component digital 4:2:2 interface
- •Component analog R’G’B’ interface
- •Component analog Y’PBPR interface, EBU N10
- •Component analog Y’PBPR interface, industry standard
- •40. 576i component video
- •Frame rate
- •Interlace
- •Line sync
- •Analog field/frame sync
- •R’G’B’ EOCF and primaries
- •Luma (Y’)
- •Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
- •Component digital 4:2:2 interface
- •Component analog 576i interface
- •Scanning
- •Analog sync
- •Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
- •R’G’B’ EOCF and primaries
- •Luma (Y’)
- •Component digital 4:2:2 interface
- •Scanning
- •Analog sync
- •Picture center, aspect ratio, and blanking
- •R’G’B’ EOCF and primaries
- •Luma (Y’)
- •Component digital 4:2:2 interface
- •43. HD videotape
- •HDCAM (D-11)
- •DVCPRO HD (D-12)
- •HDCAM SR (D-16)
- •JPEG blocks and MCUs
- •JPEG block diagram
- •Level shifting
- •Discrete cosine transform (DCT)
- •JPEG encoding example
- •JPEG decoding
- •Compression ratio control
- •JPEG/JFIF
- •Motion-JPEG (M-JPEG)
- •Further reading
- •46. DV compression
- •DV chroma subsampling
- •DV frame/field modes
- •Picture-in-shuttle in DV
- •DV overflow scheme
- •DV quantization
- •DV digital interface (DIF)
- •Consumer DV recording
- •Professional DV variants
- •47. MPEG-2 video compression
- •MPEG-2 profiles and levels
- •Picture structure
- •Frame rate and 2-3 pulldown in MPEG
- •Luma and chroma sampling structures
- •Macroblocks
- •Picture coding types – I, P, B
- •Prediction
- •Motion vectors (MVs)
- •Coding of a block
- •Frame and field DCT types
- •Zigzag and VLE
- •Refresh
- •Motion estimation
- •Rate control and buffer management
- •Bitstream syntax
- •Transport
- •Further reading
- •48. H.264 video compression
- •Algorithmic features, profiles, and levels
- •Baseline and extended profiles
- •High profiles
- •Hierarchy
- •Multiple reference pictures
- •Slices
- •Spatial intra prediction
- •Flexible motion compensation
- •Quarter-pel motion-compensated interpolation
- •Weighting and offsetting of MC prediction
- •16-bit integer transform
- •Quantizer
- •Variable-length coding
- •Context adaptivity
- •CABAC
- •Deblocking filter
- •Buffer control
- •Scalable video coding (SVC)
- •Multiview video coding (MVC)
- •AVC-Intra
- •Further reading
- •49. VP8 compression
- •Algorithmic features
- •Further reading
- •Elementary stream (ES)
- •Packetized elementary stream (PES)
- •MPEG-2 program stream
- •MPEG-2 transport stream
- •System clock
- •Further reading
- •Japan
- •United States
- •ATSC modulation
- •Europe
- •Further reading
- •Appendices
- •Cement vs. concrete
- •True CIE luminance
- •The misinterpretation of luminance
- •The enshrining of luma
- •Colour difference scale factors
- •Conclusion: A plea
- •Radiometry
- •Photometry
- •Light level examples
- •Image science
- •Units
- •Further reading
- •Glossary
- •Index
- •About the author
Reference primaries, |
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Reference red, green, blue, black, and white tris- |
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black, and white |
timuli shall have the chromaticities specified by BT.709. |
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The reference white signal [1, 1, 1] shall display lumi- |
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nance of 100 cd·m-2. The reference black signal |
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[0, 0, 0] shall display relative luminance denoted pref- |
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erably 0.0003 but not exceeding 0.001, of the refer- |
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ence white luminance. Reference white and reference |
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black shall be measured according to ITU-R BT.815. |
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Reference EOCF |
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Across the range of each R’G’B’ signal component |
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value (denoted V) from reference black to peak white, |
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reference tristimulus value of the associated primary |
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(denoted T), relative to reference white, computed |
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according to SMPTE RP 177 shall be: |
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gain |
offset |
gamma |
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offset |
Eq 37.1 |
T =( |
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)(max[0, b+(1-b)·V]) 2.4+ , b ≈ 0.035, ≤ 0.0003 |
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1- |
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The parameter b takes a value of approximately 0.035, |
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to be determined according to operational practice of |
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setting black level. (The gain factor of (1- ) |
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establishes reference white at unity. Resulting peak |
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white luminance is approximately 122 cd·m-2. The |
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power function exponent 2.4 conforms to BT.1886.) |
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Reference viewing |
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The environment of the reference display – including |
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conditions |
the display surface and its surround – shall have illumi- |
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nance of 2π lx (approximately 6 lx) at CIE D65 chromaticity. The reference display shall be surrounded by approximately Lambertian neutral grey having diffuse reflectance factor of 0.5. (These conditions yield 1% very dim surround.) The surround should extend horizontally across an angle corresponding to three picture widths and vertically across an angle corresponding to three picture heights.
References
CIE 15:2004, Colorimetry, Third Edition (2004).
ITU-R BT.709-5, Parameter values for the HDTV standards for production and international programme exchange (2002).
ITU-R BT.815-1, Specification of a signal for measurement of the contrast ratio of displays (1994-07).
ITU-R BT.1886, Reference electro-optical transfer function for flat panel displays used in HDTV studio production (2011).
SMPTE RP 177, Derivation of Basic Television Color Equations
(1993).
428 |
DIGITAL VIDEO AND HD ALGORITHMS AND INTERFACES |
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