Английский язык для горных инженеров

О б р а з е ц : The

igneous

rocks

which

have

crystallized

from magma may rise through

fissures to

the

surface of the Earth as lava.

The

igneous

rocks crystallized

from magma

may

rise

to

the

surface of the

Earth

as

lava.

1. The classification of

igneous rocks

which

is given

be-

America is the fine-grained rock, intermediate

in composi-

tion between granite and basalt. 5.

Copper

is

second

only

to

iron among the important metals

which

are

widely

used

in

modern engineering.

group of ... . 4. Pegmatites are also ... .

5. Dykes are in-

trusive bodies which

... . 6 . Extrusive rocks have been formed

from ... . 7. As for

the origin of intrusive

rocks, they ... .

8. The grain size of igneous rocks may

be different. For

example ... .

i

it seems to be wrong;

I don't agree with you;

I

don't

think so; on the contrary;

that's not quite so; as

far

as I

know

*XX. Перескажите вкратце текст 6A по плану, используя слова и

сочетания

слов

в

скобках:

1. The formation of igneous

rocks and

their

types, (to

be formed,

to

solidify,

to cool, either .. or,

magma,

volcano,

lava,

fragmentary

rocks).

2.

The grain size of igneous

rocks

and its dependence on the mode of occurrence,

(grain

size,

plutonic

or abyssal

rocks,

extrusive

and

volcanic

rocks).

3.

The

causes of exposed rocks formation in mountain zones,

(vari-

ous

depths,

zones

of

major

deformation,

uplifts,

erosion).

4. Granites

and

diorites

and

their mode of

occurrence,

(in-

l

trusive

rock,

to

occur as ...,

irregular

mass,

stocks,

dykes,

occurrences,

at

a

certain

depth).

5.

Pegmatites

and

their

mode

of

occurrence,

(plutonic

rocks,

to occur,

vein,

to

cut

through,

as

well as

adjacent

rocks).

does the

figure show?

What

can you say

about each

occur-

rence? (their

formation,

shape, thickness, grain-size) . 4 . What

minerals

does

each group

of

rocks

represent?

(to

belong to,

to intrude

into,

to cool,

to

be formed,

older,

pre-existing

rocks,

regular/irregular

mass,

to

be

composed o f ) .

II

Грамматика: Причастие

прошедшего времени

(The

Past

Partici-

p l e ) - § 6 6 .

I. Запомните

следующие

слова

и сочетания слов:

III. Определите значения выделенных слов по

сходству их корней

с корнями соответствующих слов в русском

языке:

changeable,

understandable, valuable,

variable, break-

able

б)

Заполните

пропуски

прилагательными,

образованными от

выделенных

глаголов или

существительных:

1.

Under the action

of

pressure and

high temperature

the Moscow Mining Institute

run big industrial enterprises.

3. Now atomic energy is used

to run machines, plants, ships,

etc. 4. Unlike granite, gneisses have a schistose

structure

which means

that their constituents are distributed

in bands

or layers and

they run parallel

to each other in one

direction.

VII. а)

Прочитайте

вслух

следующие

слова:

[i:] — be'neath,

mean, heat,

cleave,

'easy, 'easily, 'medium

Ы

— some,

run,

such,

a'bove,

'structure,

'other

fei I —

'nature,

'slate,

'layer, 'flaky, 'trace,

great

[a11 —

'mica,

'primary,

de'fine,

'crystalline

[ou] — show,

low,

slow, com'pose,

'process,

know

[э:1 — third,

Earth, oc'cur,

'surface

[a:l

— marble,

large

causes of

its metarnorphism; to be subjected

to pressure,

heat and

chemically active fluids beneath the

Earth's sur-

compose

the

third

large

family

of

rocks.

"Metamorphic"

means "changed from". It shows that the original rock has

been

changed from its primary form to a new one. Being

subjected to pressure, heat and chemically active fluids

beneath the Earth's surface, various rocks in

the

Earth's

crust

undergo changes

in

texture,

in

mineral

composition

and structure and are transformed into metamorphic rocks.

The

process

described

is

called

metamorphism.

As

is

known,

metamorphic

rocks

have been

developed

from

earlier

igneous

and

sedimentary

rocks

by

the

action

^of

heat

and

pressure.

Gneisses,

mica

schists,

phyllites,

marbles,

slate,

quartz,

etc.

belong to the same group of rocks. Having the same

mineral composition as granite, gneisses consist chiefly of

quartz, orthoclase and mica. However unlike

granite, they

have

a

schistose

structure.

It means that their constituents

are distributed in bands or layers and run parallel to each

other

in one direction. If disturbed the rock cleaves easily

into

separate plates.

>

The role of water in metamorphism is determined by at

least

four variable geologically related parameters: rock

pressure, temperature, wafer pressure, and the

amount

of

water

present.

During a normal progressive metamorphism rock pressure

and

temperature are interdependent, and the

amount

of

water and the pressure of water are related to the sediments

and to the degree of metamorphism in such a way

that,

gener-

ally

speaking, the low-grade metamorphic

rocks

are

charac-

terized by the excess of water. The medium-grade rocks defined

by some deficiency of water and

the high-grade metamorphic

rocks

are

characterized

by

the

absenq^pf, )Yf.^cr• • ••"

. M a n y

of

the mej^opgi^ic rocks

mentioned

above

consist

, of.. Hfiky materials

sucfi, as

mica and chdprite. These minerals

./1raus£ the

rock,to

sSur

into,, thin

sneefc,

and

rocks

become

A ! f

o

l

i

a

t e

d .

&

KO/uaea

а«ши**е.

Slate,

phyllite,

schist

and gneiss belong to the group

of

foliated

metamorphic

rocks. Marble and quartzite are

non-foliated metamorphic rocks.

The structure of metamorphic rocks is of importance be-

cause it shows the nature of pre-existing rocks and the mecha-

nism of metamorphic deformation. Every trace of original

structure is of great importance to geologists.

It

gives

an

opportunity of analysing the causes of its metamorphism.

Being often called crystalline schists, metamorphic rocks

such

as gneisses

and

mica

schists

have a

schistose

structure.

developed from ores. 2. Marble, slate and

phyllite belong to

the group of metamorphic rocks. 3. As

is known,

unlike

granite

metamorphic

rocks have a schistose structure.

4.

It

is quite

obvious that

the role of water in metarnorphism

is

terized

by

the

absence of water. 6. Flaky materials

cause

the rock

to

split

into thin sheets. 7. It should be noted

that

I. as

a

result

of

the

1.

полоса

(или

прослоек)

chemical

and

physical

угля

changes

2.

составляющие

пород

II. constituents

of

rocks

III. to

be

subjected to

3.

расщепляться на отдель-

constant

development

ные слои

IV. to undergo changes

4.

вообще

говоря

V. excess

of

water

5.

в результате химических

VI. low-grade ores

и физических изменений

6.

избыток

воды

VII. coal

band

7.

изменяться

V I I I . to cleave

into

sepa-

8.

находиться в

постоян-

rate

layers

ном развитии

IX. traces

of

original

9.

низкосортные

руды

structure

X. generally

speaking

10.

следы

первоначальной

структуры

б)

Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих

слов

и сочетаний

слов:

I. иметь

значение

1.

unlike

granite

II. упомянутые

выше

2. to be of importance

III. сланцеватая структу-

3.

pre-existing

rocks

ра

4.

mentioned

above

IV. в отличие от гранита

V. недостаток

воды

5.

schistose

structure

VI. существовавшие

ра-

6.

to

give

an

opportunity

нее породы

(of

doing

smth)

VII. слоистые

породы

7.

to

define

(determine)

rock

texture

VIII. мрамор и сланец

8.

deficiency

of water

IX.

гнейс

9.

flaky rocks

X. давать

возможность

10.

marble

and

slate

XI. определять

текстуру

11.

gneiss

породы

XII. Заполните пропуски в предложениях,

используя следующие

сло-

ва. Проверьте себя по ключу:

а)

I.

cleave,

II.

cleaves,

III.

cleavage

1. Metamorphic

rocks

which

have

a

schistose

structure

can ...

. 2. As a

result

of

splitting ... is

formed. 3.

General-

ly speaking, the constituents of

gneisses

are

distributed

in

bands

or

layers

and

the

rock

... easily.

б)

I.

relate,

II.

related, III.

relationship,

IV.

relating

(to)

1. ...

means that the constituents of rock are

distributed

in layers

and run parallel to each other. 2. ...

means the

XIII. а)

Подберите из списков А и Б близкие по значению слова.

Проверьте

себя

по

ключу:

А.

1)

band,

2) cleave, 3) constituent, 4) foliated, 5) be

like,

6)

permit,

7)

crack,

8)

occur,

9)

rate,

10)

dimension

Б.

I.

allow

(let), II. size, III. fissure,

IV.

take

place,

V. speed, VI. layer, VII. split, VIII. component,

IX. flaky,

X.

be

similar

to

б) Подберите из списков А и Б противоположные по значению

слова. Проверьте себя по ключу:

А.

1) ash, 2) cool,

3) slowly,

4) vast,

5) extrusive,

6) like,

7)

high-grade,

8)

common,

9)

excess,

10)

foliated

Б. I. cleavage, II. definition, III.

low-grade, IV. non-

foliated, V. rapidly, VI. unlike, VII. intrusive,

VIII. defi-

ciency,

IX. small,

X. heat,

XI.

uncommon

XIV. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, употребив данный в скоб-

ках глагол в соответствующем времени и залоге:

1. Scientists and engineers ... computers in their work.

Computers ... in different fields

of

science

and engineering.

(to

apply)

2.

Materials for sedimentary rocks ... fragments

of

pre-existing

rocks.

Conglomerate,

sandstone

and

shale ...

into the group

of sedimentary rocks,

(to

include)

3.

Geophysi-

cists

... the changes

which

take

place

deep

in

the

Earth.

only

with

the

help of modern

instruments

and

computers.

(to

observe)

4. Water greatly ... the decomposition

of rocks.

It is quite obvious that weathering ... by

the

action

of

water,

(to

facilitate)

XV. Определите, какие функции в предложении выполняют совпа-

дающие

по форме выделенные

слова. Переведите

предложения:

1.

The

term

"prospecting"

includes the

whole

range

of

occupied vast areas of the Earth's surface. It is quite

obvious

that the regions

occupied by limestones have been

covered

by seas. 3. Modern deposits of Kamchatka volcanoes

investi-

gated by Soviet

geologists show that

volcanism

is active

there. The Institute of Volcanology of

the Siberian

Depart-

О б р а з е ц

1: The mining method used depends

on

many

factors. --=• Используемый

метод

разработ-

ки зависит от многих

факторов.

1. The problems discussed are connected with the in-

vestigations of the Earth's crust depths.

2.

Metamorphic

rocks described represent the oldest part

of

the

Earth's

crust. 3. The process of metarnorphism mentioned

above

creates such minerals as tremolite, sillimanite and

others

which

are uncommon

in

sedimentary

and

igneous

rocks.

4. In all the mines visited automated computerised

control

systems

were

used. 5.

A

new system of

planning

employed

О б р а з е ц

2: When

burnt,

coal

produces

heat. ->

При

сжигании

уголь

выделяет

тепло.

1. If disturbed, rocks cleave

easily

into

separate

plates.

2. When needed the additional

experiments

are

carried

out.

3. When subjected to pressure,

heat

and chemically

active

fluids, various rocks in the Earth's crust are transformed

into

metamorphic

rocks.

О б р а з е ц

3: Being equipped

with

modern

machinery

the

colliery

fulfils

the plan ahead of time.

Шахта,

оборудованная

современными

ма-

шинами,

досрочно выполняет

план.

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