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Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет им. М. В. Ломоносова
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[НЕСОРТИРОВАННОЕ]
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Английский язык для горных инженеров

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Besides,

the

contact of

the

deposit

with

the country

rock is

of great

importance.

 

 

 

 

 

According

to their

angle

of dip

the

deposits are

divided

into gently sloping (up to 25°), inclined (25-45°) and steep deposits (45-90°). The thickness of ore deposits also varies. They may be very thin (from 0.7-0.8 m to 20 m) and extremely

thick

(more

than

20

m).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

One must

say that a rational method of mining

ensures

the

following:

1)

safety;

2)

minimum

cost

of

production;

3)

minimum

losses

of

ore;

4)

rate

of

extraction.

 

 

 

In metal

mining

as well

as

in

mining

bedded

deposits

preliminary

activities

(before

mining)

involve

prospecting

and

exploration

required to

locate,

characterize

and prove

a

potential

ore

body.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

After exploration has provided information on the shape

and

size of

a deposit

and

its

general geological

characteris-

tics, site development for mining begins. Mine development depends largely upon the kind of ore body and the mining method to be applied. As a rule mine development work involves development drilling, access road construction; clearing and grubbing; adit, slope or shaft development; overburden removal, construction of facilities such as concentration (dressing, processing) plants, etc. The different type of equipment required range from small, simple units

such as backhoes and dump trucks to earth-movers,

draglines

and power shovels.

 

Mining operations begin with excavation work

(blasting

or separating portions of rock from the solid mass),

loading,

hauling and hoisting of the rock to the surface and supporting mine workings.

Generally speaking, the working of an ore deposit involves opening up, development, blocking out and stoping operations, the basic stoping methods in use now being open stoping, room and pillar mining, shrinkage stoping, block caving and others.

After ores are mined or dredged, they

are usually

pro-

cessed

(crushed, concentrated or dried).

 

 

Extraction processes can be done by

underground

or

open-cast mining. The main trend has been

toward low-cost

open-cast

mining.

 

 

A

great

deal of attention is given now to the improving

of labour conditions and ensuring the safety of miners. Soviet scientists and engineers are working out highly mechanized remotely operated and automated mining enterprises. The only personnel employed at such enterprises will be opera-

210

tors,

dispatchers and specialists to control the machinery

and

equipment.

VII. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста. Проверьте себя по ключу:

1. Ore deposits may be called economically workable natural concentrations of minerals. 2. It is quite enough to take into consideration the shape of the deposit for choosing its method of working. 3. The thickness of ore deposits is a constant value. 4. As a rule exploration provides information for mining. 5. Equipment of various types and capacities is readily available for rock excavation and it includes power

shovels, backhoes, draglines,

bucket

wheel

excavators,

etc.

6. After mining or dredging ores are usually processed, crushed

or dried.

 

 

 

 

*VIII. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

 

 

 

1. What minerals do we

usually

call

economic?

2. Is

the type of ore the only factor

which

the engineer takes

into

consideration in choosing the methods of working ore depos-

its? 3.

What does a rational method of mining

guarantee?

4. What

does before mining activity include? 5.

What pro-

cesses does development work involve? 6. What basic stoping methods are in use now? 7. What are the main methods of working bedded deposits? 8. Is underground or open-cast mining preferable now? Why? 9. Can you give a few examples

of the largest enterprises producing ores in the Soviet

Union?

IX. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов

и сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу:

 

 

 

I. block caving

1. породный

отвал,

терри-

 

 

коник

 

 

 

II. crushing and drying

2.

открытые

горные рабо-

 

 

ты, вскрыша

 

III. power shovel

3.

блоковое (этажное) обо-

 

 

рудование

 

 

 

IV. grabbing

4.

дробление

и

сушка

V. to range (from ... to)

5.

врубо-погрузочная ма-

 

 

шина, горный комбайн

VI. remote control

6.

колебаться

(в

опреде-

 

 

ленных пределах)

VII. shrinkage stoping

7.

погрузка

грейфером

VIII. waste heap

8.

дистанционное управле-

 

 

ние

 

 

 

IX. cutter-loader

9.

выемка системой с ма-

 

 

газинированием

(руды)

н*

2 1 1

X. overcasting and side-

10.

механическая

лопата,

casting

 

экскаватор

 

XI. stripping operations

11.

перелопачивание и внеш-

 

 

нее отвалообразование

X.Заполните пропуски выделенными словами. Проверьте себя по ключу:

а) I. load, II. loader, III. loading

1. Mining

machines

which break out

coal

or rock

from

the face and

... it on

the face conveyer

are

called

either

cutter-...s or tunnelling machines. 2. According to the classification the mining machines are divided into three main

groups:

for breaking rock, for ... and transporting and

setting

supports.

б) I. cut, II. cutter, III. cutting

1. ...s are designed for cutting coal and other minerals, including rock salt, potash, tuff, limestone, etc. 2. The ...

mechanism of a coal-cutter may be a disk or a chain. 3.The cutter can ... mineral of varying thickness.

XI. Подберите из списков А и Б близкие по значению слова. Проверьте себя по ключу:

A. I. lorry, II. stope, III. waste heap, IV. consumer, V. dumping, VI. earth-mover, VII. surface mining, VIII. lim-

it,

IX.

power

shovel,

X.

roof support

 

Б. 1) spoil heap, 2) user, 3) excavator, 4) truck, 5) restrict,

6)

excavator,

7) tip,

8) open-cast mining (strip mining),

9)

roof

timbering,

10)

face

XII. Переведите

предложения, обращая внимание на перевод слова

 

"very":

 

 

 

 

 

1.

Plans have

already

been made for the construction

and

reconstruction

of

very

large open-cast mines. 2. The

very method described in the article is of interest for mine surveying. 3. This is the very colliery where remote control

was used for

the

first time. 4. The region

mentioned above

is

not

very

rich

in useful

minerals.

 

XIII. Определите, какой частью речи

являются

выделенные слова.

 

Переведите предложения:

 

 

 

 

1.

There

exist

various types of

electric

drills which are

in

use

in rocks of

different

hardness. 2. To

increase drilling

212

speed,

modern

drill

bits

(коронка) are

covered

with hard

alloy (сплав).

3. Using electric rotative drills it is possible

to drill

holes

into

coal

and soft rock

such as

soft shales.

4. The Donbas cutter-loader wins and loads coal of low-to- medium hardness and anthracites in gently sloping seams under a roof of average strength. 5. Scraper conveyers can convey great loads per hour. 6. As a measure of safety the shields protect face personnel and equipment from falling rock. 7. For the measurement of the pressure and speed of air there are special barometers which measure the absolute

pressure of air. 8. The drills for making holes

have handles.

9. It is rather difficult to handle the equipment

underground.

XIV. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов "result in", "result from":

I. The problem of fires, resulting from spontaneous combustion of coal, must be paid great attention to. 2. After a mass of rock has been penetrated by a mine, roadway, the loss of balance results in changed pressure around the excavation. 3. In recent years the study of rock deformations resulting from mine excavations has been based on model studies be-

cause mathematical

investigations are too difficult. 4. It

is quite obvious that

the application of cutter-loaders, ploughs

and self-advancing roof supports has resulted in greatly increased face output and rates of advance (скорость проходки).

XV. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, используя следующие пред-

логи. Проверьте себя по ключу:

 

I.

instead of,

II. because of,

III. by means of, IV. due

to, V.

according

to

(in accordance with)

1.

The rapid

and

much more

accurate identification of

new reserves and the ability to establish their quality, fault-

ing,

folding, mode

of occurrence, etc. has

become

possible

... the reliability of new geological information. 2.

In the

most

promising

 

coal-producing

areas

the

rail

and

road

transport systems are used ...

the

complicated

geological

conditions. 3. Steel supports are widely used

now ...

 

timber

supports. 4. Wheel scrapers are earth-moving units

which

are

pulled ... a

drawbar

(тяговый

крюк)

on

the

tractor,

and

its

digging

is controlled by

the

tractor.

5.

Scrapers find

wide

application

...

their

high

degree

of

mobility,

high

production rates, and their limited requirements for

aux-

iliary

support

equipment.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

213

XVI. а) Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на безличные

инеопределенно-личные конструкции:

1.One must say that the remote control of conveyer

sequences, fans and hoists is widely used now. 2. One can

say that

automatic control of pumping and hoisting plants

makes the miners' work easier.

3.

It is

possible to set

roof

supports

using

remote

control.

4.

It is

quite

obvious

that

automation will

ensure

safety for

miners. 5. It

is necessary

to take into consideration the geological conditions in designing mining machinery.

б) Закончите предложения на английском языке. Переведите все варианты предложений:

1. One must say that ... (неглубокиеместорождения полезных ископаемых разрабатывают открытым способом; для вскрышных работ широко используются механические лопаты, драглайны, роторные экскаваторы и другое оборудование). 2. One can observe that ... (одночерпаковые (многочерпаковые) роторные экскаваторы широко применяются при открытых разработках месторождений; методы, применяемые при разработке рудных месторождений, значительно отличаются от методов добычи угля). 3. One must say that ... (промышленность производит различное оборудование для открытых и подземных работ; большое внимание уделяется улучшению условий труда на шахтах

икарьерах). 4. It is very important that ... (счетно-вы- числительные машины используются как для отбойки угля

ипороды, так и для погрузки и транспортировки).

XVII. Употребите данные в скобках глаголы в соответствующей форме:

to carry out, to

continue, to work, to develop,

to create,

to apply, to plan,

to perform, to calculate, to

work out

1. The mechanization and automation of underground processes (будет проводиться) on the basis of a wider use of winning complexes, powered roof supports, remote and automatic control and other modern equipment. 2. For this very purpose different cutter-loaders, winning complexes, loaders, pumps, fans, equipment for setting supports, etc. (создаются). 3. Now a wider use of conveyer belts for level and inclined workings and other means of automation (планируется). 4. Ore deposits (разрабатываются) by the underground and opencast methods. 5. Automated systems of plan-

ning and control (применяются) in the

mining

industry.

6. Automated systems of planning and

control

(подсчиты-

214

вают) wages, efficiency and (производят) other engineering calculations.

*XVIII. Переведите предложения, используя следующие разговорные формулы:

to take part in; to solve important problems; to keep in close touch with; to make a contribution (to); to take into consideration (to take into account); to design; reliable winning complex

1. Научно-исследовательские институты поддерживают тесную связь с шахтами и карьерами. 2. Ученые и инженеры принимают активное участие в проектировании и создании надежных добычных комплексов, мощных экскаваторов и драглайнов, различных насосов и бурового оборудования. 3. Кроме того, они решают важные проблемы, связанные с современными способами транспортировки полезного ископаемого на поверхности, принимая во внимание геологические условия месторождения. 4. Советские ученые внесли большой вклад в разработку методов добычи полезных ископаемых.

XIX. Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста 10Б. Используйте следующие разговорные формулы:

you are not quite right; that's not quite so; I can't agree with you; I don't think so; you are wrong there; quite the contrary; as is known; to my mind; in my opinion; I'd like to stress that

1. One must say that in choosing the method of working ore deposits it is necessary to know only the type of ore and the distribution of metal in the ore body. 2. In fact, the text does not say anything about all the processes of mining operations of an ore deposit. 3. It is obvious that in metal mining as well as in mining bedded deposits the same methods of mining are used. 4. As is known, underground and open-cast mining is used in working iron deposits.

XX.Перескажите вкратце текст 10Б по следующему плану:

1.The importance of working economic minerals. 2. The main factors to be considered in choosing the methods of working ore deposits. 3. Mine development work. 4. Different

types of equipment used in working ore deposits.

XXI. Продолжите диалог,

используя активную лексику урока 10,

а также известные

вам разговорные формулы (§ 89):

215

A.:

By the way, have you ever been to a quarry?

B.:

Certainly,

I have. It was one

of the biggest quarries

A.:

I've

ever

seen.

 

And

what

impressed you most

there? ...

Ill

I. Прочитайте текст 10В. Определите его основную идею:

ТЕКСТ 10В

SURFACE MINING. ITS NATURE AND SIGNIFICANCE

1. As

is

known,

in the

USSR there are large mineral

reserves

suitable for

open-pit mining. These

reserves are

concentrated

mostly

in the

eastern areas, with

only small

per cent being found in the European part of the country,

including

the Ural Mountains.

For example,

Kazakhstan's

Bogatyr

open-cast coal

mine is

the largest in the USSR.

Its annual capacity is 50 million

tons. It is one of the central

projects of the fuel and

energy

complex to be

concentrated

in the area of Ekibastuz, a new town in the Republic. Ekibastuz together with the Kansk-Achinsk and South Yakutia

fuel

and

energy

complexes will

help the USSR meet its

fuel

and

energy

needs. Generally

speaking, surface mining

has been given a high priority in the economic policy of the country.

2. Surface mining consists of removing the overburden that lies above mineral or fuel deposits to recover them. When compared with underground methods, surface mining

offers distinct advantages.

It

makes possible the recovery

of deposits which for physical reasons cannot be mined

under-

ground; provides safer working conditions; usually

results

in a more complete recovery

of

the deposit; and, most

signif-

icantly it is generally cheaper in terms of cost-per-unit of production.

3. The procedure for surface mining usually consists of the following steps: prospecting and exploration (to discover and prove the ore body) and the actual mining or recovery

phase.

Topography and

the

configuration of the deposit

itself

strongly influence

both

processes. Exploration tech-

niques generally employed consist of either drilling to intersect

deeper-lying ore bodies,

or excavating shallow

trenches or

pits

to expose

the

ore.

 

 

4.

Rotary drilling is

widely used for blasting holes for

explosives. The

type

and

quantity of explosive

are governed

216

by the resistance of rock to breaking.

Dynamite

and ammo-

nium nitrate find wide application in

open-pit

mining.

5. Drills have tended to increase

in size and there has

been a movement toward larger diameter holes and wider spacing. Rotary blasthole crawler-mounted drill, for exam-

ple, is capable of producing holes up to 12 in. Faster

penetra-

tion is an obvious way to lower costs

per foot

drilled

and

this may be obtained by automation to give

optimum

rota-

tion speeds and pressure.

 

 

 

 

 

 

6. Regardless of the equipment used, the surface mining

cycle usually consists of four

stages:

1) site

preparation,

clearing vegetation and other

obstructions

from

the

area

to be mined, and constructing

access

roads

and

auxiliary

installations including areas to

be used

for

the

disposal of

spoil or waste; 2) removal and disposal of overburden; 3) ex-

cavation

and

loading

of

ore; and 4) transportation of the

ore

to

a

concentrator,

processing plant,

storage area, or

directly

to

consumers.

 

 

 

 

7. It

should be noted

that excavators are the main types

of

machines

used for

stripping overburden

and excavating

minerals. The two main types of excavators are in use: singlebucket type and multi-bucket type. Multi-bucket excavators which include the chain-type (bucket-ladder excavators) and the wheel-type (bucket-wheel or rotary excavators) are widely used in open-cast operations.

8.More recently large hydraulically-operated excavators have been tried and can be expected to replace mechanical shovels in many operations. Their major advantages include easy maintenance, short cycle time, free digging capability thus eliminating blasting of materials such as sandstones, limestones, and conglomerates.

9.In open-cast mining earth-moving units such as wheeled scrapers are widely used. They dig, transport and unload

material at a

dump or stock

pile.

They

cut

trenches,

clean

the top of the

exposed mineral

and

level

the

benches of

over-

burden. Bulldozers are used for cleaning the top of exposed mineral, for levelling roads and other auxiliary work. Spoil heaps are also made by bulldozers.

10. Rail haulage, trucks and belt conveyers find appli" cation under the proper conditions for transportation of ore and waste. The factors controlling the selection of a haulage system are principally the size and depth of the pit, the production required, and the length of haul to the crusher or waste dump. Locomotives are used now for steeper grades

217

and large loads. Most mines use either all-e!ectric or diesel-

electric

locomotives.

 

 

 

11. Mine cars range in capacity from

50 to 100 tons of

ore. Ore is transported in various

types of

cars — solid bot-

tom, side-dump or bottom-dump.

Waste

is

mostly handled

by the

side-dump car. Trucks are

also used

for longer hauls

in case of rough topography, and short mine life. Self-loading scraper-type trucks are applicable for removing unconsolidated overburden. Belt conveyers are especially useful for transporting large tonnages over large distances.

The main consideration in planning new open-cast mines is the use of fully-automated, highly-productive stripping equipment.

The importance of surface mining to the extractive industries is great. Economists recognize that the extractive mineral industries are main suppliers of basic materials.

Nowadays one of the largest problems to be solved is environmental protection. Irrespective of the actual methods of mining being used, mining processes lead to extended land disturbances. Therefore study and classification of properties of disturbed surfaces are considered as very important. Thus, in the Soviet Union all land reclaiming activity is controlled by a series of legal laws. Article 18 of the Constitution of the USSR emphasizes the importance of natural resource protection in the interests of the Soviet people.

II. В каждом абзаце текста 10В найдите предложения, выражающие его основную мысль. Озаглавьте каждый абзац.

III. Составьте краткий план текста.

IV. Найдите в тексте, ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. Why does the country give a high priority to surface mining? 2. What example can you give of large open-cast mines or quarries? What do you know about their daily or annual output? 3. What are the type and quantity of explosive governed by? 4. What are the main types of equipment used in surface mining? 5. What is taken into account in selecting haulage systems?

V. Найдите в тексте 10В английские эквиваленты следующих слов:

выемка (добыча) полезного ископаемого (2); бурение, траншеи (3); взрывание шпуров, сопротивление породы разрушению (4); самоходная бурильная каретка на гусеничном ходу (5); удаление вскрыши, обогатительная фабрика (6); многоковшовый экскаватор, роторный экскава-

218

тор, одноковшовый экскаватор, механическая лопата (7); отвал, терриконик, отвалообразователь (9); рельсовый транспорт, грузовой автотранспорт, породный отвал карье-

ра

(10);

самосвал

с боковой

разгрузкой (11)

VI. Составьте

аннотацию

к тексту

10В, используя следующие раз-

 

говорные

формулы:

 

 

 

The subject of the text is; The text deals with; It is pointed

out

that;

It

should

be

stressed

that и др.

VII. Опишите своим товарищам крупный разрез или карьер (геологические условия, метод разработки, используемое оборудование, суточная (годовая) добыча угля (руды). Ответьте на их вопросы.

КЛЮЧИ К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ УРОКА 10 I

Т е к с т А. Упр. IX — 2, 3, 5, 6. Упр. XI а) — 1/6, II/5, III/7, IV/8, V/l, VI/3, VI1/9, VIII/10, IX/4, Х/2. Упр. XI б) - 1/3, II/4, III/9, IV/8, V/l, VI/2, VII/10, VII1/5, IX/6, Х/7. Упр. XII — 1/5,

II/3,

III/7,

 

IV/1,

V/4,

VI/6,

VII/8,

VIII/9,

IX/2,

Х/10.

Упр.

XIII — I/II,

2/5,

3/IV,

4/1,.5/111.

Упр. X V I - 1 / 7 ,

II/6,

Ш/1,

IV/2,

V/3,

VI/4,

VI1/8,

VI11/6.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

II

 

 

 

 

 

 

Т е к с

т

Б.

Упр. VII -

1,4,

5, 6. Упр. IX а) -

1/3,

11/4,

Ш/10,

IV/7,

V/6,

VI/8,

VI1/9,

VIII/1, IX/5, Х/11, XI/2.

Упр.

X

а ) - 1 / 1 ,

II; 2/III; Упр. X б) —

1/II, 2/III, 3/1. Упр. XI -

1/4,

II/lO.TII/l,

7, IV/27, VI/3, VI1/8, VIII/5, IX/6,

X/9.

Упр. X V - 1/IV,

2/II, 3/1,

4/111,

5/IV.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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