Английский язык для горных инженеров
.pdfV.Определите значения следующих слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:
horizontal slices; type of overburden; the whole production process; the following basic parts; mineral excavation; various mechanical handling equipment; specially equipped permanent stations; in harmony with environment
VI. Определите значение слова "unit" в контексте:
1. Bulldozers are earth-moving units which dig, transport and unload waste rock at a dump. 2. The output of a power shovel is the number of cubic metres of rock dug and loaded in a unit of time. 3. In designing electrical equipment for use underground the tendency is to use flameproof units to provide safe power supply for electronic equipment. 4. Remotelyoperated longwall face units include remote control of roof supports, winning machines, the face conveyer and various other devices.
VII. а) Прочитайте |
вслух следующие |
слова: |
|
|
|
|||||||
laeJ — ex'tract, |
'gravel, |
'narrow, |
'shallow, |
'handle, |
'latter |
|||||||
[a:l — 'opencast, |
part, |
hard, |
car, |
'overcast, |
'overcasting |
|||||||
[i:] — cheap, |
heap, |
need, reach |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
[Л] — 'shovel, |
'number, |
pump, |
|
dump |
|
|
|
|||||
[ei] — 'basic, |
'breaking, |
de'cade, |
waste, |
rail |
|
|||||||
[ou] — open, load, |
un'load, |
'process, whole, stone |
|
|||||||||
[au] — doubt, |
mount, |
power, 'in'side, 'out'side |
|
|||||||||
б) Прочитайте слитно следующие сочетания слов: |
|
|||||||||||
equipment |
needed |
for |
extracting |
mineral |
in the |
open; |
||||||
the use of mechanical |
plant |
or |
hydraulicking; |
the removal |
||||||||
of waste rock or mineral; mention should be made; large near-
surface |
low-grade deposits; the possibility of achieving |
greater |
outputs |
VIII. Прочитайте текст 10A. Назовите основные этапы и перечислите технологические процессы открытой разработки месторождений полезных ископаемых:
ТЕКСТ 10А
HARMONY WITH ENVIRONMENT
Minerals at shallow depths are extracted by open-cast mining which is cheaper than underground mining. Open-cast mining consists in removing the overburden, and other strata that lie above mineral or fuel deposits to recover them.
Opencastsor open-pit mines are in fact quarries for getting coal or metalliferous minerals. In the USA opencasts are called strip mines (strip pits).
All the surface excavations, waste heaps and equipment needed for extracting mineral in the open form an independent mining unit. An opencast is a long, wide and comparatively shallow working though it can reach 200 m or even more in depth.
Fig. 10, Open-cast working
In opencasts the excavation is by horizontal slices corresponding to the type of mineral or overburden in slice. In Fig. 10 one can see the benches (or slices). A bench is a thickness of rock or mineral which is separately broken or excavated. Other open workings are called trenches, which are long, narrow, shallow exploratory workings.
The whole production |
process in |
opencasts can be |
divided |
|
into the following basic |
stages: 1) |
preparing the site to |
be |
|
worked; 2) dewatering it |
and preventing inflows of |
water |
to |
|
the site; 3) providing access (entry) to the deposit by the necessary permanent investment; 4) removal of overburden (stripping); 5) mineral excavation.
Stripping the overburden and mineral production include breaking rock or mineral, transporting it and loading it.
Minerals can often be dug directly by earth-moving equipment while to break hard rocks it is necessary to use explosives.
Modern methods of working opencasts involve the use of
mechanical |
plants or hydraulicking. The basic units of a |
|
mechanical |
plant are excavators, car drills or other |
mounted |
drills, and |
various mechanical handling equipment |
whereas |
the basic units of hydraulicking are monitors, pumps such as sludge pumps or gravel pumps. Hydraulicking can be used in soft or friable ground.
Transport operations involve the removal of waste rock
2QH
or mineral, the latter being transported |
to coal |
washeries, |
ore concentration plants, to power stations, or to a railway |
||
station. Waste rock is removed to a spoil |
heap or |
dump (tip) |
either outside the deposit or in an extracted area; these being called external or internal dumps, respectively.
The transport used in opencasts are rail cars, large lorries, and conveyers. Sometimes the overburden is stripped and dumped by excavators without other transport, in overcasting or sidecasting.
Mineral is usually unloaded at specially equipped permanent stations. Waste rock is dumped at various points which are moved as the work develops.
Summing up, mention should be made of the fact that last decades have seen a marked trend towards open-cast
operations. |
Large |
near-surface (though usually |
low-grade) |
|
deposits offer |
the |
possibility of achieving greater outputs. |
||
There can |
be |
little |
doubt that the cost per ton of |
ore mined |
by underground methods is generally higher than that for open-cast mining.
At the same time it is necessary to say that although efforts are made to develop mine sites in harmony with the environment, extraction methods produce some disturbances on the Earth's surface which reduce its economic value. In recent years the USSR and other countries have developed national programmes for environmental protection. The aim of such programmes applicable to the mining industry is to control and protect natural resources and regulate reclamation and landscape restoration.
IX. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста. Проверьте себя по ключу:
1. An opencast is a long, shallow, narrow |
exploratory |
|
working. 2. Explosives are used for excavating |
hard rocks. |
|
3. Monitors, different types of pumps |
and other handling |
|
equipment are the basic units used in |
open-cast |
operations. |
4. Waste rock is always removed to a spoil heap outside the
deposit. 5. Large near-surface, usually low-grade |
deposits |
are extracted by the open-cast method. 6. Open-cast |
mining |
has all the advantages of low-cost production. |
|
*X. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What deposits can be extracted by the open-cast method? 2. What is called an opencast? 3. What is the difference between a trench and an opencast? 4. Is the removal of over-
202
burden the first operation in open-cast mining? 5. In what case is it necessary to use explosives to break mineral? 6. Is hydraulicking used only in open-cast mining? 7. What equipment is used in hydraulicking? 8. What transport systems are used in opencasts? 9. Where is waste rock dumped? 10. What is the main advantage of open-cast mining?
XI. а) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу:
I. |
to consume energy |
1. |
автоматический |
опрокид |
||||||
II. |
friable |
roof |
|
2. |
не говоря |
о |
(чем-л.) |
|||
III. |
waste heap (spoil |
heap) |
3. |
перфоратор |
на |
колонке |
||||
IV. sludge |
and |
gravel |
4. |
слоевая |
система |
разра |
||||
|
pumps |
|
|
|
|
ботки |
|
|
|
|
V. automatic |
dumper |
5. |
слабая |
кровля |
|
|||||
VI. mounted |
drill |
|
6. |
потреблять |
энергию |
|||||
VII. |
explosives |
|
7. |
отвал, |
террикон |
|
||||
VIII. |
overcasting |
|
8. |
песковый |
и |
шламовый |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
насосы |
|
|
|
|
IX. slicing |
method |
|
9. |
взрывчатые вещества |
||||||
X. not to |
mention ... |
10. |
перелопачивание |
|||||||
б) |
Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты |
следующих |
||||||||
слов и сочетаний слов. Проверьте себя по ключу: |
|
|
|
|||||||
I. участок |
(место) |
1. |
washery |
|
|
|
||||
II. внешнее |
отвалообра- |
2. |
overburden |
|
|
|
||||
|
зование |
|
|
|
|
site |
|
|
|
|
III. |
открытая |
разработка, |
3. |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
вскрыша |
|
|
|
sidecasting |
|
|
|
||
IV. агрегат |
(установка) |
4. |
|
|
|
|||||
V. углемойка |
|
5. |
lorry (truck) |
|
|
|||||
VI. вскрыша; |
покрываю- |
6. |
to attract |
smb's atten- |
||||||
|
щие породы |
|
|
tion |
|
|
|
|
||
VII. |
гидродобыча |
|
7. |
landscape |
restoration |
|||||
VIII. грузовик |
|
|
8. |
unit |
|
|
|
|
||
IX. привлекать чье-л. вни- |
9. |
stripping |
|
|
|
|||||
|
мание |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. восстановление |
ланд- |
10. |
hydraulicking |
|
|
|||||
|
шафта |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
XII. Подберите к глаголам из списка А соответствующие существительные из списка Б. Проверьте себя по ключу:
A. I. to attract, II. to dump, III. to extract, IV. to offer,
V.to prepare, VI. to prevent, VII. to provide, VIII. to re-
move, IX. to strip, X. |
to |
use |
Б. 1) the possibility |
of |
(doing smth), 2) overburden, |
203
3) waste rock at special |
points, 4) the site, 5) the attention, |
||
6) inflows of water, |
7) |
mineral, 8) access |
(entry) to the de- |
posit, 9) waste rock |
to |
a spoil heap, 10) |
explosives |
XIII. Подберите соответствующие определения к следующим словам. Проверьте себя по ключу:
I. trench, II. underground mining, III. open-cast mining, IV. bench, V. quarry
1. The extraction of coal or ore from the seam or vein without the removal of overlying strata. 2. A long, wide, comparatively shallow working. 3. A thickness of rock which is separately broken and excavated. 4. A long, narrow, comparatively shallow exploratory working. 5. The extraction of minerals from the exposed area after the removal of overburden.
XIV. а) Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод самостоятельного причастного оборота:
О б р а з е ц 1: At this colliery the method of working is longwall, the faces being rather long.
На этой шахте применяется система длинных столбов, причем забои достаточно длинные.
1. Mineral reserves suitable (пригодный) for open-cast mining in the USSR are concentrated mostly in the eastern areas, with only small per cent of them being found in the European part, including the Ural Mountains. 2. The discovery of such deposits as coal, shale, iron, manganese, salts, sulphur, etc. is facilitated by their considerable dimensions and relatively large aerial distribution, the detection of con - cealed (скрытый) deposits being very much more difficult. 3. The most widely used hydraulic method of mining involves the use of water jets (струя), this method being increasingly used, both underground and in quarries. 4. The type of power which drives mining machines can be either electricity or compressed air, most mining machines in the USSR being electrically driven. 5. Soviet coals are of high quality, only 20 per cent being brown coal. 6. Different kinds of exploratory drilling are used, their choice depending on the geological
conditions of |
the |
deposit. |
|
|
|
О б р а з е ц |
2: In |
the |
Kuznetsk |
coal-field most |
seams |
|
being steeply inclined, over half the |
coal- |
|||
|
faces are |
worked |
by the shield mining. |
||
204
Так |
как |
в |
Кузнецком |
угольном |
бассейне |
|||
большинство |
пластов |
крутопадающие, |
бо- |
|||||
лее чем в половине угольных забоев при- |
||||||||
меняется |
щитовая система |
разработки. |
||||||
1. The mine being gassy, |
flameproof |
equipment |
should |
|||||
be used. 2. Reliable |
communication |
being |
essential |
on |
the |
|||
surface and underground, automatic and remote control systems are widely used. 3. Computerized systems of planning and control being introduced in the coal industry, the methods of management, planning and control will be greatly improved. 4. In the longwall system almost all the seams being extracted, there is no coal left in the form of pillars, except the shaft pillar.
*б) Найдите в тексте 10A предложения, в которых употребляется самостоятельный причастный оборот. Переведите предложения.
XV. Переведите предложения,обращая внимание на способы выражения модальности в английском языке:
I. Large shovels are to be used in strip mines because they can handle all types of mineral, including blocky material. 2. Draglines are normally used for handling unconsolidated and softer material, but larger units can handle blasted rock. They may or may not require waste haulage equipment. 3. Scrapers have good mobility. Their use should be limited to soft and easily broken material for good production. 4. Bucket-wheel excavators must be widely used in opencast mining for stripping overburden and excavating minerals. 5. Many factors have to be taken into consideration in designing various types of equipment which is to be utilized for stripping operations.
XVI. Соедините главные предложения с придаточными. Проверьте себя по ключу:
I.The general tendency now is toward the development of very large, ; high-capacity open-cast mining operations
II. As is known, an opencast can be very long, wide and comparatively shallow
III. Geological conditions
1. because they determine the choice of the mining method.
2.when the non-transport system is used.
3.as the use of roadless and
205
and the nature of the deposit are of great importance
IV. The overburden is often removed by an excavator
V.The overburden was removed to exterior dumps by lorries
VI. The basic units of mechanical plants are excavators, car drills, mounted drills and various mechanical handling equipment
VII. Waste rock is dumped at various stations which are moved
VIII. Hydraulicking can be used
railless systems was impossible.
4. whereas the basic units of hydraulicking are monitors and different pumps.
5.provided (that) rocks are soft and friable.
6.though sometimes it reaches 200 m or even more in depth.
7.because they have all the advantages of low-produc- tion costs.
8.as the work develops.
*XVII. а) Найдите в тексте 10A и переведите предложения, в которых глагол-сказуемое употребляется в страдательном залоге, б) Найдите в тексте 10А и переведите предложения, в которых употребляется: 1) герундий; 2) причастные обороты; 3) инфинитив в функции определения; 4) сложноподчиненные предложения.
*XVIII. Переведите предложения, используя следующие слова и сочетания слов:
mineral excavation; waste rock; stripping the overburden; mechanical plants; hydraulicking; to include; to dump; transport-and-dumping bridge; friable and soft rocks
1. Вскрышные и добычные работы включают следующие процессы: выемку, транспортировку и разгрузку пустой породы и полезного ископаемого. 2. Современные способы
открытой разработки |
месторождений |
полезных |
ископае- |
мых включают механические и гидромеханические |
средства. |
||
3. Гидромеханизацию |
применяют при |
разработке |
рыхлых |
и мягких пород. 4. Экскаваторы применяются для отвалообразования. 5. Внутренние отвалы могут быть образованы при помощи транспортно-отвальных мостов.
XIX. Закончите предложения соответствующими словами из текста 10А, используя следующие разговорные формулы:
generally |
speaking; |
as far as I know; my point is that; |
is should be |
noted; I'd |
like to say that |
206
1. In opencasts the excavation |
is ... |
. |
2. Before mineral |
|
is extracted, the following operations should |
be performed ... . |
|||
3. As |
for the handling equipment |
used, |
the basic units in- |
|
clude |
... . 4 . Open-cast mining as compared with underground |
|||
mining has the following advantages ... .
*XX. Перескажите вкратце текст 10A, используя следующие ключевые слова:
to be extracted; to include; |
to be called; to be divided |
|
into; |
to be dug; to involve; to |
be removed; to be stripped |
and dumped; to be unloaded; to |
attract the attention of ...; |
|
to be |
higher than ... |
|
XXI. Расскажите коротко о разработке полезных ископаемых открытым способом (см. рис. 10). При рассказе ответьте на сле-
дующие вопросы: |
|
1. What does Fig. 10 show? 2. Is it a quarry or |
a trench? |
3. What is the difference between the workings |
mentioned |
above? 4. What minerals can be extracted by the |
open-cast |
method? 5. What methods of excavation are used nowadays? 6. What is a bench? 7. Where is waste rock removed to? 8. What types of dumps can be formed? 9. What transport systems can be used in opencasts?
XXII. Скажите, в каком случае предпочтительнее разрабатывать новое месторождение открытым способом и почему. Дайте обоснование своего ответа.
II
Грамматика: Сложноподчиненное предложение. Типы придаточных предложений — § 8 1 . Безличные и неопределенно-личные предложения — § 8.
I. Запомните следующие слова и сочетания слов: |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
backhoe |
['baskhou] |
я |
|
обратная |
землеройное |
оборудование; |
|||||||||
лопата |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
syn |
excavator |
|
|
||||
blast |
[bla:st] |
я взрыв; |
v |
взры- |
excavator |
['ekskaveita] |
я |
экска- |
|||||||
вать; дуть; |
продувать; |
blast- |
ватор; bucket-wheel excavator |
||||||||||||
ing |
я |
|
взрывание; |
взрывные |
роторный |
экскаватор; |
multi- |
||||||||
работы; |
взрывная |
отбойка |
bucket |
excavator многочерпа- |
|||||||||||
block |
out |
['bbk 'aut] |
v |
нарезать |
ковый экскаватор; single-buck- |
||||||||||
залежь |
|
на |
блоки; |
нарезать |
et |
excavator |
одночерпаковый |
||||||||
столбы |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
экскаватор |
|
|
|
|
|||
clearing |
['kliarir)] я |
|
выравнива- |
grab |
[Qrseb] |
п |
грейфер, |
ковш, |
|||||||
ние |
почвы; |
планировка |
грунта |
черпак; |
экскаватор; |
v |
захва- |
||||||||
crush [кгл]1] v |
дробить; |
|
разру- |
тывать; |
|
grabbing |
погрузка |
||||||||
шать; |
обрушать(ся) |
|
|
|
грейфером; |
захватывание |
|||||||||
earth-mover |
['э:0 |
|
'mu:va] я |
hoist |
[hoist] |
я |
подъемная |
уста- |
|||||||
207
новка |
(машина); |
|
подъемник; |
||||||
лебедка; |
v |
поднимать; |
hoist- |
||||||
ing |
|
я |
|
шахтный |
|
подъем; |
|||
plough |
[plau] |
я |
струг |
|
|
|
|||
power |
shovel |
['раиэ |
'j ,wl| |
меха- |
|||||
ническая |
лопата; |
|
экскаватор |
||||||
типа |
механической |
лопаты |
|||||||
range |
[reind3] |
п |
колебание в |
||||||
определенных |
пределах |
|
|||||||
rate [reit] |
п |
норма; |
скорость, |
||||||
темп; |
коэффициент; |
степень; |
|||||||
разрез; |
сорт; |
мощность; |
рас- |
||||||
ход |
(воды) |
|
а |
|
|
|
|
||
remote |
[n'mout] |
отдаленный; |
|||||||
remote |
control |
дистанционное |
|||||||
управление |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
result |
[ri'zAlt] v |
(in) |
приводить |
||||||
(к); |
иметь |
своим |
результатом; |
||||||
(from) |
следовать |
(из), |
проис- |
||||||
ходить |
в |
результате |
|
|
|||||
safety ['seifti] п безопасность; техника безопасности
stope [stoup] п забой, сплошной забой, очистной забой; v очищать забой, вынимать породу, уголь; syn face; stoping очистные работы; очистная выемка; open stoping выемка с открытым забоем; shrinkage stoping выемка системой с магазшшрованием уруды)
support [sa'p.):t] v крепить; поддерживать; подпирать; я стойка; опора; поддержание; крепление; syn timbering; powered roof support механизированная крепь; self-advanc- ing powered roof support передвижная механизированная , репь
II. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:
the recovery of valuable minerals; the shape of the deposit; along the strike and down the dip; bedded deposits; country rock; inclined and steep deposits; rate of extraction; site
development; |
development |
drilling; |
overburden |
removal; |
|||||||
processing |
(dressing) |
plants; |
backhoes |
and |
dump |
|
trucks; |
||||
earth-movers |
and power shovels; loading, hauling and |
hoist- |
|||||||||
ing of |
the |
rock; |
open stoping; |
shrinkage |
stoping; |
block |
|||||
caving; low-cost open-cast mining; the capacity of |
|
mining |
|||||||||
enterprises; |
annual iron ore output; |
to affect mining |
methods; |
||||||||
to ensure safety; |
to |
support mining workings; |
to result in in- |
||||||||
creasing |
output |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
III.Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:
metallic and non-metallic ore minerals; types of ore; the contact of the deposit with the country rock; rational methods
of |
opening |
up |
a deposit; minimum cost of production; rate |
|||
of |
extraction; |
potential ore |
body; general geological char- |
|||
acteristics |
of |
an ore body; mining methods to be applied; |
||||
draglines and |
earth-movers; |
blasting |
or |
separating portions |
||
of rock; millions of tons of |
iron ore |
per |
each mining enter- |
|||
prise |
|
|
|
|
|
|
IV. а) Переведите глаголы с префиксом "re-":
to reconstruct, to re-equip, to rebuild, to reassemble, to remove, to retool
208
б) Заполните пропуски глаголами с префиксом "гс-", образован* ными от выделенных глаголов:
1. After the Great Patriotic War the Soviet people constructed and ... collieries, plants and factories in the Donets Coal Basin. 2. They equipped and ... all the collieries with hoisting and ventilation machines, 3. Mining machines function in special conditions and under these conditions it is difficult to assemble and ... them.
V. а) Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:
[л] — 'shovel, |
pump, |
dump, |
re'sult, |
crush, |
re'cover |
||||
[ae] — ex'tract, |
'rational, |
'access, |
'handle, |
'dragline |
|||||
[o:] — haul, |
'haulage, |
ore, |
su'pport, |
force |
|
|
|||
[ei ] — same, |
rate, cave, 'caving, |
shape, |
'safety |
||||||
[ail — pro'vide, size, |
site, |
'highly, |
re'quire |
||||||
fou] — stope, |
'stoping, |
'open, |
load, |
un'load |
|
||||
б) Прочитайте |
слитно |
следующие сочетания |
слов: |
||||||
to deal with the recovery of valuable minerals; to be of great |
|||||||||
importance; to |
depend largely upon the |
kind |
of ore body and |
||||||
the mining method; giant enterprises capable of producing
tens of |
millions |
of |
ore every year; highly |
mechanized, |
re- |
||
motely operated and automated mining enterprises |
|
||||||
VI. Прочитайте текст 10В. Назовите основные системы разработки |
|||||||
рудных |
месторождений: |
|
|
||||
ТЕКСТ |
Ц Б |
|
|
|
|
|
|
ORE MINING |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As |
has |
already |
been said mining is a |
branch of industry |
|||
which |
deals |
with |
the recovery of valuable minerals |
from |
|||
the interior |
of |
the Earth. |
|
|
|||
When minerals occur so that they can be worked at a profit, they are called ore deposits. Economic minerals are those which are of economic importance and include both metallic (ore minerals) and non-metallic minerals such as building materials (sand, stone, etc.).
In choosing the methods of working ore deposits one must take into consideration the following main factors: 1) the
shape of the deposit; 2) the dimensions of the |
deposit in |
||||
thickness, along the strike and |
down |
the dip; |
3) |
the type |
|
of ore and the distribution of metal |
in the |
ore |
body. |
||
The shape of the ore deposit |
affects the |
mining |
method. |
||
14—2132 |
209 |