Civil procedure

To start a civil case, a pleading 1) ………… be filed with the court, called a complaint, naming the party against whom the case is brought (we 2) ……….. call him the defendant). The person or organization filing the case 3) ……….. be called the plaintiff. The complaint 4)……….. state a cause of action (there 5)………… be enough set forth that a defendant 6) ………... know what he is accused of having done). Only some civil cases 7) ……….. be verified (sworn to), and there is a court cost payable at the time of filing a civil case.

Next a summons is issued, inviting defendant to come to court. The summons 8) …………. tell the defendant how many days he 9) ………… make appearance and file an answer. If he does/not, a default judgement 10) ………… be entered against him. A defendant 11) …………. to defend without a lawyer.

Both parties have a right to jury trial but they 12) ………… to file a paper asking for a jury or they 13) ………… lose the right. There is not, generally, a right to speedy trial in civil cases.

1) must

2) may

3) is to

4) must

5) must

6) can

7) have to/must

8) should

9) has to

10) may

11) is allowed

12) are to

13) may

VI. Translate the following sentences into English using modals.

1. Осуществление прав и свобод человека и гражданина не должно нарушать права и свободы других лиц.

2. К уголовной ответственности может быть привлечено лишь лицо, совершившее запрещенное законом общественно опасное деяние.

3. Согласно принципу “строгой ответственности” требуется установить лишь факт причинения вреда, но нет необходимости доказывать вину правонарушителя.

4. При условном осуждении могут быть назначены дополнительные виды наказаний.

5. Возможно, судьи высших судов назначаются лишь из числа адвокатов высшей категории – барристеров.

6. Платным магистратам и мировым судьям позволено разбирать некоторые категории гражданских споров.

Modals + Perfect Infinitive – See Unit 12.

TEST YOURSELF

Choose the most suitable verb

1. Such a decision……………be made very soon.

a. must b. have to c. ought to d. is able to

2. General election to choose the next Government…………..be held at least every four years.

a. will b. is allowed to c. have to d. must

3. The verdict…………….be passed before a trial.

a. mustn’t b. can’t c. is to d. can

4. The murderer will…………to escape if the police haven’t caught him.

a. can b. must c. be able d. should

5. The judge…………be impartial when making a decision.

a. should b. will c. is able to d. can’t

6. A burglar………….enter your home, grab the most valuable items and escape.

a. should b. can c. must d. has to

7. Thieves…………..to pay damages.

a. have b. must c. can d. ought to

8. Solicitor………..deal with papers and hire the barrister.

a. can b. is to c. should d. is able

9. Crime………….be committed by a law-abiding person.

a. should b. could c. might d. can’t

10. A jury……………be chosen from citizens of this town.

a. are to b. is to c. have d. is allowed to

11. The copyright law……………be adopted as soon as possible.

a. can’t b. are to c. should to d. must

12. An accused……………be acquitted as he is not guilty.

a. should b. can’t c. mustn’t d. is allowed

UNIT 6