2. Discuss with your group mates the famous proverb “To err is human”. Can this proverb be applied to the sphere of medicine and health? Do doctors have a right to be mistaken?

3. What is your opinion about health insurance? Do you consider it to be necessary in modern society? Give your reasons.

4. Explain the meaning of the following words:

Staggering

Evolve -

Disclosure -

Magnitude -

To be alarmed -

Mishaps -

Ordinary -

Economic incentives –

5. Expressions with the word finger. Match the expressions with their definitions:

1. be all fingers and thumbs	a. hope that smth will happen in the way one wants
2. Keep one’s fingers crossed	b. be able to persuade smb to do what one wants
3. lay a finger on somebody	c. hurt or hit smb
4. put one’s fingers on something	d. work very hard
5. work one’s fingers to the bone	e. use one’s hands in a clumsy way
6. wrap somebody round one’s finger	f. manage to understand what is wrong or different

6. Look at the idioms above. Make a short story, using as much of them as you can. Retell the story to your group mates:

7. Fill in proper word:

habituation, function, prescribed, enhance, substances, broadly, distinguished, synthesized, ingested, colloquial

A drug, ……..speaking, is any chemical substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily ……… . There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings inmedicine,government regulations, and ……………… usage.

Pharmacologydefines a drug as "achemicalsubstance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise ………….. physical or mental well-being." Drugs may be ……… for a limited duration, or on a regular basis forchronic disorders.

Recreational drugsare chemical ……….. that affect thecentral nervous system, such asopioidsorhallucinogens. They may be used for perceived beneficial effects onperception,consciousness,personality, andbehavior. Some recreational drugs can causeaddictionand…………. .

Drugs are usually …………… from endogenousbiochemicals by being introduced from outside the organism. For example,insulinis a hormone that is …………… in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug.

Many natural substances such as beers,wines, and somemushrooms, blur the line between food and drugs, as when ……….. they affect the functioning of bothmindandbody.

8. Retell the text from ex.7, using the words underlined.

9. Write an article on the topic “The impact of the drugs on the human organism”.

10. Study the short articles below. Make your own notes about popular consumers’ goods nowadays and their impact on our health:

A.

Coffeeis a widely-consumedstimulantbeverageprepared from roastedseeds, commonly calledcoffee beans, of thecoffee plant. Coffee was first consumed in the 9th century, when it was discovered in the highlands ofEthiopia. From there, it spread toEgyptandYemen, and by the 15th century had reachedArmenia,Persia,Turkey, andnorthern Africa. From theMuslim world, coffee spread toItaly, then to the rest ofEurope,Indonesiaand the Americas. Today, coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide.

Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and its impact on the environment. Many studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and certain medical conditions; whether the effects of coffee are positive or negative is still disputed.

Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried. The seeds are then roasted, undergoing several physical and chemical changes. They are roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. They are then ground and brewed to create coffee. Coffee can be prepared and presented in a variety of ways.

B.

Tobacco smokingis the inhalation of smoke from burned dried or cured leaves of thetobaccoplant, most often in the form of acigarette. People may smoke casually for pleasure, habitually to satisfy anaddictionto thenicotinepresent in tobacco and to the act of smoking, or in response to social pressure. In some societies, people smoke for ritualistic purposes. According to theWHOabout one-third of the world's male population smokes tobacco. Tobacco use byNative Americansthroughout North and South America dates back to 2000 BC. The practice was brought back to Europe by the crew ofChristopher Columbus. Tobacco smoking took hold in Spain and then was introduced to the rest of the world by trade. Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the fresh leaves of plants in the genusNicotiana. Tobacco has been growing on the northern continents since about 6000 BC and began being used by native cultures at about 3000 BC. It has been smoked in one form or another since about 2000 BC. There are pictoral drawings of ancient Mayans smoking crude cigars from 1400 BC.

Tobacco smoke contains the psychoactive alkaloidsnicotineandharmane, which combined give rise toaddictivestimulantand euphoriant properties. The effect of nicotine in first time or irregular users is an increase inalertnessand memory, and mildeuphoria. Nicotine also disturbsmetabolismand suppresses appetite. This is because nicotine, like many stimulants, temporarily increases blood sugar levels.

Medical research has determined that tobacco smoking causes lung cancer,emphysema, andcardiovascular diseaseamong other health problems. TheWorld Health Organizationreported that tobacco smoking killed 100 million people worldwide in the 20th century and warned that it could kill one billion people around the world in the 21st century.