Index
Abbreviations: RT, radiotherapy. Page numbers in bold refer to the glossary.
abortive cell division |
153–4, |
angiotensin pathway interventions |
ATM (ataxia telangiectasia |
|
|||||||||||||
155, 353 |
|
|
|
309–10 |
|
|
|
|
mutated protein) |
14–16 |
|||||||
ABX-EGF (panitumumab) |
294 |
anti-angiogenic drugs |
242, 243, |
cell cycle checkpoint activation |
|||||||||||||
accelerated RT |
140–4, 353 |
|
|
294–5 |
|
|
|
|
and |
18, 19 |
|
||||||
clinical evaluation |
140–4 |
antibiotic (anticancer) with RT |
drugs targeting 317–18, 320 |
||||||||||||||
hyperfractionation compared |
therapeutic interactions |
252 |
programmed cell death and 17 |
||||||||||||||
with 144 |
|
|
toxicity |
254 |
|
|
|
ATR (AT-related kinase) |
16 |
||||||||
normal-tissue damage |
|
anti-inflammatory agents |
308 |
cell cycle checkpoint activation |
|||||||||||||
early |
174 |
|
|
antimetabolite with RT |
|
|
and |
18, 19 |
|
||||||||
late |
145 |
|
|
|
therapeutic interactions |
252 |
ATR-interacting protein |
|
|||||||||
see also ARCON; continuous |
toxicity |
254 |
|
|
|
(ATRIP) |
16 |
|
|||||||||
hyperfractionated |
|
antioxidants |
304–5, 309 |
|
ATRIP |
16 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
accelerated radiotherapy |
APEX1 inhibition |
317 |
|
|
autophagy |
29, 30–1, 353 |
|
||||||||||
acetylsalicylic acid 308 |
|
apoptosis |
17, 28–30, 319, 353 |
autophosphorylation of |
|
||||||||||||
adaptation to hypoxia |
225 |
|
drug-induced |
319, 321 |
|
DNA-dependent protein |
|||||||||||
adrenal glands |
181 |
|
|
cytotoxic |
251–2, 252 |
|
kinase catalytic |
|
|||||||||
adverse events see side-effects |
mitotic catastrophe and |
37 |
subunit |
23 |
|
||||||||||||
AE-941 295 |
|
|
|
AQ4N |
241 |
|
|
|
|
Avastin |
295 |
|
|
|
|||
age and second cancer risk |
339 |
ARCON (Accelerated |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
AKT (protein kinase B) inhibitors |
|
Radiotherapy to overcome |
banoxantrone |
|
241 |
|
|||||||||||
295–6, 318 |
|
|
|
tumour cell proliferation |
BARD1 |
22 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
alkylating agent with RT |
|
|
with CarbOgen and |
|
base excision repair (BER) |
12, |
|||||||||||
therapeutic interactions |
252 |
|
Nicotinamide) |
238–9, |
24–5, 353 |
|
|||||||||||
toxicity |
254 |
|
|
|
353 |
|
|
|
|
|
inhibition |
|
317, 320 |
|
|||
/ ratio |
9, 50, 63, 106–8, 108, |
Artemis protein |
23 |
|
|
BAX 30 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
353 |
|
|
|
aspirin (acetylsalicylic |
|
|
Beclin 1 |
31 |
|
|
|
|
|||||
organ/tissue-specific |
107, |
|
acid) |
308 |
|
|
bevacizumab |
295 |
|
||||||||
179–81 |
|
|
astrocytoma, PET-aided treatment |
BIBX1382BS |
|
307 |
|
||||||||||
tumours with low values |
|
|
planning |
277 |
|
|
biliary tract |
|
180 |
|
|||||||
132–3 |
|
|
|
asymmetrical stem cell division |
biologic effect estimates |
|
|||||||||||
-particles |
60 |
|
|
|
353 |
|
|
|
|
|
adjusting for dose-time |
|
|||||
amifostine |
304 |
|
|
loss |
152–3, 154, 173–4, |
|
fractionation 120–1 |
||||||||||
anal carcinoma, |
|
|
|
353 |
|
|
|
|
|
uncertainty |
|
131–2 |
|
||||
chemoradiotherapy |
247, |
AT-related kinase see ATR |
|
biological phase of radiation |
|||||||||||||
248 |
|
|
|
ataxia telangiectasia mutated |
effects |
|
4, 5 |
|
|||||||||
angiogenesis |
209 |
|
|
|
protein see ATM |
|
|
biological response modifiers |
|||||||||
inhibitors |
242, 243, 294–5 |
ATF6 |
231 |
|
|
|
|
|
301–15 |
|
|
||||||
362 |
Index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
biologically effective dose |
|
BRCA genes |
22, 321 |
|
|
function, early changes in |
171 |
|||||||||||||
|
(extrapolated total dose) |
breast, side-effects |
|
180–1 |
|
growth assays |
46 |
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
114–16, 120, 353, 355 |
in re-irradiated patients |
268 |
loss/depletion |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
biomarker, hypoxia-inducible |
breast cancer |
344–6 |
|
|
in normal tissues |
171–4, |
||||||||||||||
|
factor as |
|
227–9 |
|
|
/ ratio for subclinical disease |
174 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
bioreductive drugs |
239–41, 323 |
133 |
|
|
|
|
|
in tumours, calculation |
83, |
|||||||||||
bladder |
180, 185 |
|
|
|
|
chemoradiotherapy |
249 |
|
354 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
/ ratio |
107, 180 |
|
|
re-irradiation tolerance |
268 |
survival see survival |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
re-irradiation responses |
|
role of RT |
1–2 |
|
|
|
|
cell cycle |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
early |
262 |
|
|
|
|
|
second cancer risk after |
|
cell killing variations through |
||||||||||
|
late |
264 |
|
|
|
|
|
treatment of |
344–6 |
94–5 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
bladder cancer |
|
|
|
|
|
bronchial cancer, brachytherapy |
checkpoint activation |
17–20, |
||||||||||||
post-treatment risk of |
|
|
125 |
|
|
|
|
|
354 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
|
in cervical cancer |
343 |
BW12C |
303 |
|
|
|
|
|
accelerated senescence and |
||||||||||
|
in prostate cancer |
344 |
bystander-induced cell death 39, |
32 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
role of RT |
3 |
|
|
|
|
116–17 |
|
|
|
|
drugs interfering with |
319, |
||||||||
BLM |
21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
321 |
|
|
|
|
blood transfusion |
238, 241 |
C225 see cetuximab |
|
|
|
mitotic catastrophe and |
32 |
|||||||||||||
blood vessels see vasculature |
CA4DP |
243, 244 |
|
|
|
|
chemotherapy-associated |
|
||||||||||||
bone |
179, 188 |
|
|
|
|
|
caffeine |
318, 319 |
|
|
|
|
synchronization |
|
251, 252 |
|||||
bone marrow |
181 |
|
|
|
cancer see tumours |
|
|
|
resensitization |
72 |
|
|
|
|||||||
dose-rate effect |
162 |
|
|
capillaries |
179 |
|
|
|
|
time 80–2, 354 |
|
|
|
|||||||
re-irradiation tolerance |
261–2 |
captopril |
310 |
|
|
|
|
cell death and killing (radiation- |
||||||||||||
repopulation by |
|
|
|
carbogen |
234, 241 |
|
|
|
induced) |
5, 27–40, 354 |
||||||||||
|
haematopoietic stem cells |
see also ARCON |
|
|
|
|
brachytherapy, variations |
|
||||||||||||
|
195 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
carbon ion therapy |
75–6, 336 |
around implanted |
|
|
||||||||
stem/progenitor cells |
|
|
carcinogens and second cancers |
radioactive source |
165 |
|||||||||||||||
|
mobilization |
310–11 |
340 |
|
|
|
|
|
definitions 27 |
|
|
|
||||||||
|
transplantation |
311, |
|
carcinomas |
|
|
|
|
|
independent, in |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
311–12 |
|
|
|
|
|
chemoradiotherapy |
247 |
|
chemoradiotherapy |
249 |
|||||||||
transplantation |
310 |
|
|
differentiation status |
41 |
|
mechanisms |
28–33 |
|
|
|
|||||||||
bowel/intestine |
107, 115, |
|
see also specific tissues/organs |
programmed see programmed |
||||||||||||||||
|
179–80, 183–4 |
|
|
cardiomyopathy |
188 |
|
|
cell death |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
brachial plexopathy |
187 |
|
caries 183 |
|
|
|
|
|
target theory of killing |
47–9, |
||||||||||
brachytherapy (incl. intracavitary |
cartilage |
179, 188 |
|
|
|
359 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
therapy) |
123, 125, |
caspases |
28, 29, 30 |
|
|
|
variation through cell cycle/ |
||||||||||||
|
164–7, 353 |
|
|
|
|
cataracts |
181, 188 |
|
|
|
cell-cycle delay/ |
|
|
|
||||||
cervical cancer, re-treatment |
CB1954 |
240 |
|
|
|
|
|
redistribution |
94–5 |
|
||||||||||
|
using, tolerance |
268 |
CDKs (cyclin-dependent kinases) |
when and why of 33–9 |
|
|||||||||||||||
endobronchial cancer |
125 |
18–19, 354 |
|
|
|
|
cell division (normal tissue stem |
|||||||||||||
pulsed |
166–7 |
|
|
|
|
celecoxib |
308 |
|
|
|
|
cells post-irradiation) |
|
|||||||
Bragg peak |
75, 76, 332, 353–4 |
cell(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
152–5, 172 |
|
|
|
||||||||
brain (incl. cerebrum) |
181, 186 |
chemoradiotherapy |
|
|
abortive 153–4, 155, 353 |
|
||||||||||||||
tumours |
|
|
|
|
|
|
interactions on |
249–50 |
acceleration of |
153, 154–5 |
||||||||||
|
chemoradiotherapy |
246, |
counting, precise |
46 |
|
|
asymmetrical see asymmetrical |
|||||||||||||
|
247 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
cultured, molecular-targeted |
stem cell division |
|
|
|||||||||
|
PET-aided treatment |
|
drug evaluation in |
|
symmetrical see symmetrical |
|||||||||||||||
|
planning |
276–7 |
|
289–90 |
|
|
|
|
cell division |
|
|
|
||||||||
|
see also skull base tumours |
detoxification |
304–5 |
|
see also proliferation |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Index |
363 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
central nervous system see brain; |
paediatric, second cancer risk |
anti-VEGF monoclonal |
|
||||||||||||
spinal cord |
|
|
|
340 |
|
|
|
|
antibodies |
295 |
|
||||
cerebrum see brain |
|
|
|
see also drugs |
|
|
|
chemoradiotherapy |
247 |
|
|||||
cervical cancer/carcinoma |
children |
|
|
|
|
|
dose per fraction |
128 |
|
||||||
chemoradiotherapy |
246, |
ion beam RT 336 |
|
|
lymph node staging, |
|
|
||||||||
246–7 |
|
|
|
second cancers after treatment |
PET/CT/MRI in 273 |
||||||||||
therapeutic ratio |
255 |
of |
340, 347–8 |
|
|
PET-aided treatment planning |
|||||||||
lymph node staging, |
|
|
chlorambucil N-oxide |
241 |
281 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
PET/CT/MRI in |
273 |
chondrosarcoma, skull base |
post-treatment risk of |
|
|||||||||||
PET-aided treatment planning |
heavy ion RT |
336 |
|
|
in cervical cancer |
343 |
|
||||||||
281–2 |
|
|
|
proton therapy |
335 |
|
|
in prostate cancer |
344 |
||||||
re-irradiation tolerance |
268 |
chordoma, skull base |
|
|
re-irradiation tolerance |
268 |
|||||||||
role of RT 2 |
|
|
|
heavy ion RT |
336 |
|
|
combined chemotherapy and |
|||||||
second cancers after treatment |
proton therapy |
335 |
|
|
radiotherapy see |
|
|||||||||
of |
342, 342–3 |
|
|
chromatin |
|
354 |
|
|
|
chemoradiotherapy |
|
||||
cetuximab (C225; Erbitux) |
drugs affecting structure |
296, |
Common Terminology Criteria |
||||||||||||
colorectal cancer |
294 |
|
318–19 |
|
|
|
for Adverse Events v3 |
||||||||
head and neck cancer |
293–4 |
chromosome aberrations and |
177 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
charged particles (ions) |
|
68, 69, |
instability |
354 |
|
|
comparative genomic |
|
|
||||||
74–6, 332–8 |
|
|
chemotherapy-related |
250–1, |
hybridization |
324–5, |
|||||||||
dose specification and planning |
252 |
|
|
|
|
354 |
|
|
|
|
|||||
334–5 |
|
|
|
pre-mitotic cell death and |
complications see side-effects |
||||||||||
physical/biological basis for |
35–7 |
|
|
|
|
computed tomography |
|
|
|||||||
therapy using |
74–5, |
cisplatin |
|
|
|
|
|
dual PET and see positron |
|||||||
332–4 |
|
|
|
in head and neck squamous |
emission tomography/CT |
||||||||||
CHART see continuous |
|
|
cell carcinoma, with RT |
for lymph node staging, PET |
|||||||||||
hyperfractionated |
|
247 |
|
|
|
|
compared with |
272–3 |
|||||||
accelerated radiotherapy |
radiosensitizing effects |
316 |
conjunctiva |
181 |
|
|
|
||||||||
checkpoint activation, cell cycle |
clinical tumour volume (CTV) |
connective tissue 179 |
|
|
|||||||||||
see cell cycle |
|
|
191, 192 |
|
|
|
continuous hyperfractionated |
||||||||
chemical phase of radiation effects |
PET-aided treatment planning |
accelerated radiotherapy |
|||||||||||||
4, 5 |
|
|
|
|
of oesophageal cancer |
(CHART) |
141–2, 145, |
||||||||
chemical radiosensitizers |
234–7 |
280 |
|
|
|
|
146, 354 |
|
|
|
|||||
chemoradiotherapy (combined |
clonogenic cells (colony-forming |
molecular-targeted drugs |
293 |
||||||||||||
chemotherapy and RT) |
cells) |
41, 354 |
|
|
side-effects |
145, 149–50 |
|
||||||||
8, 246–58, 287, 346–7 |
assays |
6, 42–3 |
|
|
|
continuous low-dose-rate |
|
||||||||
clinical overview |
246–8 |
survival |
|
84–5, 354 |
|
|
(CLDR) irradiation |
158, |
|||||||
interactions in |
248–53 |
calculation and assays |
|
162–4 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
spatial cooperation |
248–9, |
44–6, 85, 90 |
|
|
pulsed dose rate brachytherapy |
||||||||||
358 |
|
|
|
|
colon (large intestine) |
180 |
vs 166, 167 |
|
|
||||||
LQ model and |
133 |
|
|
/ ratio |
107, 180 |
|
|
continuous radiation |
123–5 |
||||||
molecular-targeted drugs in |
recovery from damage |
115 |
incomplete repair in |
112 |
|||||||||||
287–300 |
|
|
|
colony-forming cells see |
|
|
copper-ATSM PET |
282 |
|
||||||
proton beam therapy |
337 |
clonogenic cells |
|
|
corticosteroids (glucocorticoids) |
||||||||||
second cancers risk |
346–7 |
colony stimulating factors (CSFs) |
308 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
therapeutic ratio |
255 |
|
305–6, 306, 310–11 |
|
counting, cell, precise |
46 |
|
||||||||
toxicity |
253–5 |
|
|
|
colorectal cancer/carcinoma |
Courtenay–Mills assay |
44 |
|
|||||||
chemotherapy (cytotoxic drugs) |
anti-EGFR monoclonal |
|
cranial base tumours see skull base |
||||||||||||
hypoxia and resistance to 215 |
antibodies |
294 |
|
|
tumours |
|
|
|
|||||||
364 Index
CSFs (colony stimulating factors) |
DNA damage |
11–26, 47 |
dependency of relative |
||||||||||
305–6, 306, 310–11 |
|
assays 46, 211 |
|
|
|
biological effectiveness on |
|||||||
CTCAE v3 |
177 |
|
|
|
checkpoints in cell cycle see cell |
71–2 |
|
|
|||||
cure see local tumour control |
|
cycle |
|
|
|
|
dose recovered per day due to |
||||||
cyclin-dependent kinases |
18–19, |
chemotherapy enhancing |
proliferation (Dprolif) |
||||||||||
354 |
|
|
|
|
250–1, 252 |
|
|
|
125–6 |
|
|
||
cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors |
|
double-strand see double- |
equivalent, in 2-Gy fractions see |
||||||||||
see non-steroidal |
|
|
strand breaks |
|
|
equivalent dose in 2-Gy |
|||||||
anti-inflammatory drugs |
hypoxia and reoxygenation |
fractions |
|
||||||||||
cytokines |
171, 327 |
|
|
|
affecting |
226 |
|
equivalent uniform (EUD) |
|||||
cytotoxic drug therapy see |
|
lethal–potentially lethal (LPL) |
194, 355 |
|
|
||||||||
chemoradiotherapy; |
|
model of |
50–1, 160, 163 |
extrapolated total/biologically |
|||||||||
chemotherapy |
|
|
|
repair see DNA repair |
|
effective |
114–16, 120, |
||||||
cytotoxins, hypoxic cell |
239–41 |
responses to (DDRs) |
14–20, |
353, 355 |
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
354 |
|
|
|
|
|
in ion beam therapy, |
||
D0 concept |
44, 47–8, 49, 50, 354 |
cell death |
17, 27, 32, 33, |
specification |
334–6 |
||||||||
DAHANCA see Danish Head and |
34, 35 |
|
|
|
|
isoeffective, in 2-Gy fractions, |
|||||||
Neck Cancer Group |
|
sensors |
14–16, 358 |
|
converting dose into 123 |
||||||||
damage, DNA see DNA |
|
|
signalling to effectors |
16–17 |
per fraction |
127, 127–9 |
|||||||
Danish Head and Neck Cancer |
single-strand see single-strand |
changing/modifying 121–3, |
|||||||||||
Group (DAHANCA) |
|
breaks |
|
|
|
|
136–8 |
|
|
||||
126, 130, 142–3 |
|
|
sublethal see sublethal damage |
in colorectal cancer patient |
|||||||||
blood transfusion |
238 |
|
DNA-dependent protein kinase |
128 |
|
|
|||||||
molecular-targeted drugs |
293 |
catalytic subunit |
|
errors and their correction |
|||||||||
radiosensitizing drugs |
235, |
(DNA-PKcs) |
16, 23 |
127–9 |
|
|
|||||||
236 |
|
|
|
|
inhibitors |
317 |
|
|
|
see also hyperfractionation; |
|||
death see cell death |
|
|
|
DNA polymerase beta inhibition |
hypofractionation |
||||||||
deblurring, PET images |
274 |
317 |
|
|
|
|
|
in spinal cord irradiation |
|||||
delayed-plating experiments |
94 |
DNA repair |
12, 20–5 |
|
lateral dose distribution |
||||||||
dentition |
183 |
|
|
|
base excision see base excision |
200 |
|
|
|||||
3’-deoxy-3’-fluorothymidine see |
repair |
|
|
|
|
surrounding the high-dose |
|||||||
fluorothymidine |
|
|
double-strand |
|
|
|
volume |
199–200 |
|||||
detoxification, cellular |
304–5 |
see double-strand breaks |
tolerance see tolerance |
||||||||||
diffuse gliomatosis, PET-aided |
drugs inhibiting |
317, 320 |
tumour control (TCD50), assay |
||||||||||
treatment planning |
277 |
cytotoxic |
250–1, 252 |
86–90, 359 |
|
||||||||
diffusion-limited (chronic) hypoxia |
EGFR and |
9 |
|
|
|
see also nominal standard dose; |
|||||||
210, 218, 222, 354 |
|
|
hypoxia and reoxygenation |
time–dose–fractionation |
|||||||||
clinical procedures operating |
affecting |
116 |
|
dose fractionation see |
|
||||||||
against 238 |
|
|
|
incomplete see incomplete |
fractionation |
|
|||||||
division see cell division |
|
|
repair |
|
|
|
|
dose-modifying factor (DMF) |
|||||
DNA |
|
|
|
|
saturation model |
51–2, 358 |
354 |
|
|
||||
methylation, measurement |
single-strand see single-strand |
calculation |
89, 92, 249–50 |
||||||||||
324–5 |
|
|
|
breaks |
|
|
|
|
dose-rate effect |
94, 158–68, 354 |
|||
structure |
13 |
|
|
|
systems of |
12 |
|
|
|
cell survival and 159–60 |
|||
synthesis, hypoxia and |
|
|
doranidazole |
236 |
|
|
inverse 164 |
|
|
||||
reoxygenation affecting |
dose |
|
|
|
|
|
mechanisms |
158–9 |
|||||
226 |
|
|
|
|
converting to response rates |
in normal tissues |
160–2 |
||||||
transcription, hypoxia affecting |
from change in |
130 |
dose-recovery factor |
160 |
|||||||||
227–9 |
|
|
|
delivery, errors |
127–9 |
dose-reduction factor |
354–5 |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Index |
365 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
dose–response curves |
6–7 |
ear |
181, 188 |
|
|
|
|
|
for continuous irradiation |
|
||||||||
position |
|
59–60 |
|
|
edge-preserving filtering (PET) |
112 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
shapes |
57–9 |
|
|
|
|
275 |
|
|
|
|
|
equivalent uniform dose (EUD) |
||||||
steepness |
|
|
|
|
EF3 (3,3,3-trifluoropropylamine) |
194, 355 |
|
|
|
|||||||||
clinical estimates |
61–3 |
|
282 |
|
|
|
|
|
Erbitux see cetuximab |
|
|
|||||||
modifying |
64–5 |
|
effective dose (ED50) |
43 |
|
ERCC1 |
25 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
quantifying |
60–1 |
|
biologically |
|
114–16, 120, 353 |
erlotinib |
294 |
|
|
|
||||||||
dose–response relationships |
effectors in DNA damage |
355 |
errors in dose delivery |
127–9 |
||||||||||||||
56–67 |
|
|
|
signalling to |
|
16–17 |
|
|
erythropoietin (EPO) |
238 |
|
|||||||
methodological problems in |
EGFR see epidermal growth factor |
essential fatty acids |
308 |
|
||||||||||||||
estimation from clinical |
|
receptor |
|
|
|
|
etanidazole |
236 |
|
|
|
|||||||
data |
64 |
|
|
|
eIFs (translation initiation |
|
Ethyol |
304 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
dose–survival relationships |
47, 59 |
|
factors) |
230, 231 |
|
European Organisation for |
|
|||||||||||
dose–volume models and |
|
Elkind recovery see recovery from |
Cancer Research |
|
||||||||||||||
distribution |
194–5 |
|
sublethal damage |
|
(EORTC), head and neck |
|||||||||||||
dose–volume histogram (DVH) |
endobronchial cancer, |
|
|
cancer |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
66, 193, 194, 203 |
|
|
brachytherapy |
125 |
accelerated RT 143, 174 |
|
||||||||||||
second cancer risk reduction |
endoplasmic reticulum, hypoxic |
early effects of radiation |
174 |
|||||||||||||||
and |
349, 350 |
|
|
stress |
231 |
|
|
|
hyperfractionation |
|
137 |
|
||||||
dosimetric aspects of |
|
|
endothelial cells |
175 |
|
|
see also Radiation Therapy |
|
||||||||||
methodological problems |
function inhibitors |
243 |
Oncology Group/EORTC |
|||||||||||||||
in estimation of |
|
endpoint dilution assay |
90 |
joint classification of |
|
|||||||||||||
dose–response relationships |
enhancement ratio (ER) |
92 |
side-effects |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
from clinical data |
64 |
oxygen see oxygen |
|
|
|
European Organisation for |
|
|||||||||||
see also microdosimetry |
|
sensitizer (SER) |
235, 236, 358 |
Cancer Research/NCIC |
||||||||||||||
dosimetric hot spots |
130 |
|
EO9 |
240 |
|
|
|
|
|
joint study of glioblastoma |
||||||||
double-strand breaks (DSBs) 13, |
EORTC see European |
|
|
chemoradiotherapy |
246 |
|||||||||||||
47 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Organisation for Cancer |
excision assay |
87, 90 |
|
|
|||||||
repair |
12, 20–3 |
|
|
|
Research; Radiation |
excision repair |
|
|
|
|||||||||
EGFR and |
9 |
|
|
|
Therapy Oncology |
|
base (BER) |
12, 24–5 |
|
|||||||||
targeting 317 |
|
|
|
Group/EORTC joint |
nucleotide (NER) |
12, 25 |
|
|||||||||||
sensors |
|
15–16 |
|
|
|
classification of |
|
|
experimental assays |
|
|
|
||||||
single and, link between |
24 |
|
side-effects |
|
|
|
molecular-targeted drugs |
|
||||||||||
double trouble phenomenon |
epidermal (epithelial) growth |
289–90 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
130, 131, 355 |
|
|
|
factor receptor (EGFR) |
radiation effects on tumours |
|||||||||||||
doubling time |
355 |
|
|
|
9, 96, 171, 289, 307 |
|
85–92 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
potential |
82–3, 323, 357 |
inhibitors |
290, 291–4, 297, |
exponential growth |
79–80, 355 |
|||||||||||||
volume |
|
78–9, 359 |
|
|
307 |
|
|
|
|
|
expression microarrays |
325–6, |
||||||
drugs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
clinical data 292–4 |
|
357 |
|
|
|
|
|||||
bioreductive |
239–41, 323 |
epidermis, re-irradiation tolerance |
extrapolated total dose |
|
|
|||||||||||||
cytotoxic see |
|
|
|
|
260 |
|
|
|
|
|
(biologically effective dose) |
|||||||
chemoradiotherapy; |
epithelial growth factor receptor |
114–16, 120, 353, 355 |
|
|||||||||||||||
chemotherapy |
|
|
|
see epidermal growth |
extrapolation number |
234, 355 |
||||||||||||
modulation of radiation effects |
|
factor receptor |
|
|
eye 181, 188 |
|
|
|
||||||||||
on normal tissues |
301–15 |
Eppendorf histograph |
212, 213, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
radiosensitizing see |
|
|
|
323 |
|
|
|
|
|
F-Miso |
282 |
|
|
|
|
|||
radiosensitivity |
|
equivalent dose in 2-Gy fractions |
FANC (Fanconi genes) |
22 |
|
|||||||||||||
targeted see molecular targeted |
|
(EQD2) |
109, 121, 122, |
farnesyltransferase inhibitors |
|
|||||||||||||
agents |
|
|
|
|
126, 355 |
|
|
|
|
296 |
|
|
|
|
||||
366 Index
FAS ligand |
28 |
|
changing time-interval |
glioblastoma, chemoradiotherapy |
||||||||
fatty acids, essential |
308 |
between dose fractions |
246, 247 |
|
|
|||||||
FGF (fibroblast growth factor) |
123 |
|
|
|
glioblastoma multiforme, proton |
|||||||
306 |
|
|
|
free radicals |
5, 208–9, 355 |
therapy |
335 |
|
||||
fibroblast(s) |
175–6 |
|
scavenging |
304–5 |
|
glioma, PET-aided treatment |
||||||
fibroblast growth factor (FGF) |
function |
|
|
|
planning |
277 |
||||||
306 |
|
|
|
cell, early changes in |
171 |
glucocorticoids |
308 |
|
||||
fibrosis, subcutaneous see |
tissue, assays 6 |
|
|
glutathione peroxidase |
||||||||
subcutaneous fibrosis |
functional (molecular) imaging |
stimulation |
305 |
|||||||||
field-size effect |
355 |
|
8, 166, 271–86, 355, 357 |
GM-CSF (granulocyte |
||||||||
filtering, PET images |
274, 275 |
functional subunits (FSUs) |
macrophage colony |
|||||||||
flow cytometry |
81–2, 355 |
193–4, 355 |
|
|
stimulating factor) 305, |
|||||||
FLT see fluorothymidine |
repopulation and arrangement |
306 |
|
|
||||||||
fluorescence-activated cell sorter |
of 195 |
|
|
Gompertz equation |
79 |
|||||||
46 |
|
|
|
tolerance dose and |
192–3 |
gossypol |
319 |
|
|
|||
fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) see |
|
|
|
|
|
gradient-based PET image |
||||||
positron emission |
G1/S checkpoint (and its |
segmentation |
275–6 |
|||||||||
tomography |
|
activation) |
18, 20 |
grading of normal tissue effects |
||||||||
fluoromisonidazole |
282 |
inhibition |
319 |
|
|
177 |
|
|
||||
fluorothymidine (FLT) in PET |
transient, leading to accelerated |
granulocyte colony stimulating |
||||||||||
282 |
|
|
|
senescence |
32 |
|
factor (G-CSF) 305, 306, |
|||||
tumour proliferation estimates |
G2 checkpoints |
|
|
310–11 |
|
|
||||||
using |
|
82 |
|
early |
19, 20 |
|
|
granulocyte macrophage colony |
||||
foci, ionizing radiation-induced |
inhibition |
319 |
|
|
stimulating factor |
|||||||
(IRIF) |
14, 356 |
late |
19, 20 |
|
|
|
(GM-CSF) 305, 306 |
|||||
four-dimensional distribution of |
mitotic catastrophe and 32 |
Gray (Gy) |
335, 355 |
|
||||||||
radiation dose |
282–3 |
-rays |
68, 69 |
|
|
Gray equivalents |
355–6 |
|||||
fraction |
|
|
|
-value |
60 |
|
|
|
gross target volume |
191, 192 |
||
dose per see dose |
clinical importance |
61–3, 64 |
PET-aided treatment |
multiple, per day, incomplete |
gaps in treatment |
|
planning |
repair in 124 |
planned/intentional |
144 |
head and neck squamous cell |
fractionation 5, 9, 102–19, |
unplanned/unintentional 127 |
carcinoma 277, 278 |
|
135–48, 162–4 |
|
gastrointestinal tract, volume |
lung cancer (non-small cell) |
||
biological effect estimates and |
effects 201–3 |
278–80 |
|
||
adjustment for dose–time |
see also specific regions |
oesophageal cancer |
280–1 |
||
fractionation |
120–1 |
G-CSF (granulocyte colony |
gross tissue effects, scoring |
6 |
|
conventional 135–6 |
stimulating factor) 305, |
gross tumour volume 191, 192 |
|||
modified 135–48 |
|
306, 310–11 |
growth |
|
|
late increased normal-tissue |
gefitinib 294 |
delay |
356 |
|
|
damage after |
145 |
genes |
assay of delayed regrowth |
||
scheduling considerations |
in cell death control 28–32 |
87, 91–2 |
|
||
145–6 |
|
and their expression, methods |
net |
91 |
|
see also hyperfractionation; |
of looking at 9, 324–6 |
specific |
91 |
|
||
hypofractionation |
genetic instability 355 |
tumour |
78–83 |
|||
reoxygenation and |
214–15 |
hypoxia and 226 |
exponential |
79–80, 355 |
||
sensitivity of normal tissues |
genetic predisposition to cancer |
measuring |
78 |
|||
and tumours |
122, 355 |
340 |
time (TGT) |
91 |
||
sparing effect |
94 |
|
genome-wide studies/assays 9, |
see also regrowth |
||
time factors |
138–40 |
324–6 |
tumour cell, assays 46 |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Index |
367 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
growth factors |
305–8 |
|
|
normal-tissue damage after |
hyperfractionation |
108–9, |
|
|||||||||||
endogenous, targeting |
|
modified fractionation |
136–7, 356 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
signalling |
307–8 |
|
150, 174 |
|
|
|
|
accelerated RT vs |
144 |
|
|
|||||||
exogenous, therapeutic use |
late |
145 |
|
|
|
|
late normal-tissue damage |
145 |
||||||||||
305–7 |
|
|
|
|
|
PET-aided treatment planning |
see also continuous |
|
|
|||||||||
growth fraction 80–2, 356 |
|
277–8 |
|
|
|
|
hyperfractionated |
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
re-irradiation tolerance |
|
266–8 |
accelerated radiotherapy |
|||||||||
H2AX phosphorylation see histone |
role of RT 2–3 |
|
|
|
hyperradiosensitivity (HRS), |
|
||||||||||||
H2AX phosphorylation |
heart 179, 187–8 |
|
|
|
|
low-dose |
53–4, 164 |
|
||||||||||
haematopoietic growth factors |
recovery from damage |
|
115 |
hyperthermia |
|
356 |
|
|
|
|||||||||
305–6, 306 |
|
|
|
|
heavy particles/ion therapy |
68, |
hypofractionation |
108–9, 137–8, |
||||||||||
haematopoietic stem cells, bone |
75–6, 332, 334, 335, 336 |
356 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
marrow repopulation by |
helicases |
21 |
|
|
|
|
late normal-tissue damage |
145 |
||||||||||
195 |
|
|
|
|
|
helium ion beams |
75–6 |
|
|
hypoxia 9, 209–15, 217–45, |
|
|||||||
haemoglobin |
|
|
|
|
|
hepatic irradiation see liver |
|
322–3, 356 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
concentrations |
|
|
|
|
high-linear energy transfer |
|
acute/perfusion-limited see |
|
||||||||||
pretreatment |
212 |
|
|
(high-LET) 39, 69, |
perfusion-limited hypoxia |
|||||||||||||
therapeutic raising |
237–8 |
332–4 |
|
|
|
|
adaptation to |
|
225 |
|
|
|||||||
oxygen saturation, |
|
|
|
biological basis and |
|
|
|
chronic/diffusion-limited see |
||||||||||
measurement |
211 |
|
characteristics |
72–3, |
diffusion-limited hypoxia |
|||||||||||||
hair follicles |
178, 179 |
|
|
332–4 |
|
|
|
|
experimental animals |
210–11 |
||||||||
Hayflick limit |
31 |
|
|
|
|
relative biological effectiveness |
heterogeneity |
|
218–24 |
|
|
|||||||
head and neck cancer |
|
|
|
70, 333 |
|
|
|
|
interpatient |
223–4 |
|
|
||||||
accelerated RT |
141–2, 142–3, |
high-oxygen gas breathing |
234 |
in severity |
218–21 |
|
|
|||||||||||
144 |
|
|
|
|
|
histone deacetylase inhibitors |
in space |
221–2 |
|
|
||||||||
chemoradiotherapy |
|
246–7, |
296, 318–19 |
|
|
|
in time |
222–3 |
|
|
|
|||||||
247, 250 |
|
|
|
|
histone H2AX phosphorylation |
high-LET and |
72 |
|
|
|||||||||
converting from change in dose |
14–16 |
|
|
|
|
human tumours |
211–12 |
|
||||||||||
to response rate |
130 |
assays |
46 |
|
|
|
|
malignancy influenced by |
|
|||||||||
correcting for overall treatment |
Hodgkin’s disease, |
|
|
|
|
225–6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
time |
126 |
|
|
|
|
chemoradiotherapy |
249 |
malignant phenotype and |
|
|||||||||
dose recovered per day due to |
second cancer risk |
346–7 |
224–5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
proliferation |
126 |
|
homologous recombination (HR) |
in normal tissues, systemic and |
||||||||||||||
fractionation sensitivity |
122 |
12, 20–2, 356 |
|
|
|
local induction of |
303–4 |
|||||||||||
hyperfractionation |
137, 144 |
choice between |
|
|
|
|
PET tracers |
282 |
|
|
|
|||||||
CHART |
141–2 |
|
|
|
non-homologous |
|
|
response pathways |
226–31 |
|||||||||
hypoxia-related therapeutic |
end-joining and |
23–4 |
therapeutic approaches to |
|
||||||||||||||
approaches |
242 |
|
as drug target |
320 |
|
|
|
212, 233–45 |
|
|
|
|||||||
radiosensitizing drugs |
235, |
hot spots, dosimetric |
130 |
|
assessment of tumour |
|
||||||||||||
236 |
|
|
|
|
|
H-R3 (monoclonal antibody), |
hypoxia |
322–3 |
|
|
||||||||
raising haemoglobin levels |
head and neck cancer |
drugs increasing |
|
|
||||||||||||||
during radiotherapy |
238 |
294 |
|
|
|
|
radiosensitivity of hypoxic |
|||||||||||
incomplete repair in |
145 |
HuMax-EGFr (zalutumumab) |
cells |
234–7, 241, 319, 321 |
||||||||||||||
with multiple fractions per |
294 |
|
|
|
|
transient |
222–3, 359 |
|
|
|||||||||
day 124 |
|
|
|
|
hybridization, comparative |
|
hypoxia-inducible factor |
227–9 |
||||||||||
lymph node staging, |
|
|
genomic |
324–5, 354 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
PET/CT/MRI in |
272–3 |
7-hydroxystaurosporine |
319 |
ice chips, chewing |
304 |
|
|
|||||||||||
molecular-targeted drugs |
|
hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) |
IGF-1 (insulin-like growth |
|
||||||||||||||
292–3 |
|
|
|
|
|
233–4, 241, 356 |
|
|
|
factor-1) |
306 |
|
|
|||||
368 Index
imaging, functional/molecular |
foci induced by (IRIF) |
14, 356 |
after childhood treatment |
||
8, 166, 271–86, 355, 357 |
IRE-1 231 |
|
|
340, 347, 348 |
|
IMPORT High trial 345 |
irradiated volume (IR) |
191, 192 |
life-threatening (grade 4) effects |
||
in vitro assays |
|
isoeffect curve/isoeffect |
|
|
177 |
in vitro colony assays 44, 90 |
relationships 6–7, 94, |
ligase 1 |
21 |
||
short-term 45–6 |
102, 104, 162–4, 356 |
ligase 3 |
25 |
||
incomplete repair |
109–12, 119, |
alternative formulae |
114–16 |
light particles in RT 68 |
|
356 |
|
LQ model and 106 |
|
limiting-dilution assay 45 |
|
clinical impact |
145 |
isoeffective dose in 2-Gy fractions |
linear energy transfer (LET) 39, |
||
in multiple fractions per day |
converting dose into |
123 |
47, 68–77, 357 |
|
|
|||||||||||
124 |
|
|
|
|
for subcutaneous fibrosis 124, |
biological basis and |
|
|
||||||||
increased radioresistance region |
131 |
|
|
|
|
characteristics |
72–3, 104, |
|||||||||
(IRR) |
53–4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
332–4 |
|
|
|
|
|
||
individual patients |
321–8 |
|
JBT3200 |
309 |
|
|
|
biological effects dependent |
||||||||
individualized treatment |
|
jejunum |
|
|
|
|
|
upon |
69–71 |
|
|
|||||
321–8 |
|
|
|
|
/ ratio |
107 |
|
|
|
linear–quadratic–cubic model |
||||||
variability, oxygenation of |
|
recovery from damage |
115 |
(LQC) |
52–3 |
|
|
|||||||||
tumour |
|
223–4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
linear–quadratic model (LQ) |
||||||
variations, dose–response |
65 |
keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) |
49–50, 51, 59, 103–8, |
|||||||||||||
induced repair (IndRep) model |
306, 306–7 |
|
|
|
120–34, 357 |
|
|
|
||||||||
54 |
|
|
|
|
KGF (keratinocyte growth factor) |
in clinical practice |
120–34 |
|||||||||
infliximab 307 |
|
|
|
306, 306–7 |
|
|
|
current issues |
132–4 |
|||||||
initiation factors (IFs), translation |
Ki67 labelling |
81 |
|
|
|
detailed aspects |
105–8 |
|||||||||
230, 231 |
|
|
|
kidney |
180, 184–5, 200–1 |
|
incomplete repair and |
110 |
||||||||
inspired gas, raising oxygen |
|
/ ratio |
107, 180 |
|
|
limited applicability |
116 |
|||||||||
content of |
233–4 |
|
recovery from damage |
115 |
modifications/alternative |
|||||||||||
insulin-like growth factor-1 |
|
re-irradiation tolerance |
264 |
models |
54, 116 |
|
||||||||||
(IGF-1) |
|
306 |
|
volume effects |
200–1 |
|
power-law models vs |
|
103–4 |
|||||||
integrin activity inhibitors |
243, |
killing see cell death and killing |
time factor |
112–14 |
|
|
||||||||||
308 |
|
|
|
|
kinases see specific kinases |
|
lip mucosa, recovery from damage |
|||||||||
intensity-modulated radiotherapy |
kinetics, cell cycle, determination |
115 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
(IMRT) |
|
121, 138, 158, |
80–2 |
|
|
|
|
live cell recognition system, |
||||||||
167, 356 |
|
|
|
Ku70-Ku-80 complex |
16, 22, 23 |
microscopic |
46 |
|
||||||||
dose rate and |
167 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
liver 180, 183, 201 |
|
|
|
||||
PET tracers |
282 |
|
|
lag phase of repopulation |
152, |
volume effects |
201 |
|
|
|||||||
interpatient variability |
|
153, 154 |
|
|
|
local induction of hypoxia in |
||||||||||
see individual patients |
large intestine see colon; colorectal |
normal tissues |
304 |
|||||||||||||
interphase death |
33–4, 42, 356 |
cancer |
|
|
|
|
local tumour control |
|
|
|
||||||
intestine/bowel |
|
107, 115, |
|
larynx |
180 |
|
|
|
|
( cure) |
5, 83–4, 85–90, |
|||||
179–80, 183–4 |
|
lens cataracts |
181, 188 |
|
92–7, 357 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
intracavitary therapy |
|
LENT/SOMA system |
177, 178 |
factors influencing |
92–7 |
|||||||||||
see brachytherapy |
|
lethal damage, potentially (PLD), |
probability ( cure probability; |
|||||||||||||
inverse dose-rate effect 164 |
recovery from |
94, 357–8 |
TCP) |
5, 85–90, 359 |
||||||||||||
ion beams see charged particles |
lethal–potentially lethal (LPL) |
tumour volume and |
96–7 |
|||||||||||||
ionization tracks, |
|
|
|
damage model |
50–1, |
loco-regional recurrence, |
|
|||||||||
microdosimetric |
|
160, 163 |
|
|
|
re-irradiation see |
|
|||||||||
calculations |
68–9 |
|
leukaemia |
|
|
|
|
re-irradiation |
|
|
||||||
ionizing radiation |
|
|
chemoradiotherapy |
249 |
logistic dose–response model |
|||||||||||
DNA damage by |
11–12 |
|
as second cancer |
346, 347 |
57, 59 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Index |
369 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||
low-dose hyperradiosensitivity |
mean inactivation dose |
357 |
molecular targeted agents |
|
||||||||||||||||
53–4, 164 |
|
|
|
Medical Research Council (MRC), |
|
287–300, 305–8, 316–31, |
||||||||||||||
low-dose-rate irradiation |
158 |
hyperbaric oxygen therapy |
|
359 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
effects of proliferation |
163–4 |
trial |
233 |
|
|
|
|
trials |
|
290–1 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
possible radiobiological |
|
melanoma, proton therapy |
335 |
tumour specificity |
320–1 |
|||||||||||||||
advantages |
|
165–6 |
meningioma, PET-aided |
|
monoclonal antibodies |
|
|
|||||||||||||
low-linear energy transfer |
|
treatment planning |
277 |
anti-EGFR |
291, 292 |
|
||||||||||||||
(Low-LET) |
|
47, 69, 72 |
mesenchymal stem cell |
|
|
head and neck cancer |
293–4 |
|||||||||||||
relative biological effectiveness |
transplantation |
310 |
other cancers |
|
294 |
|
||||||||||||||
70 |
|
|
|
|
messenger RNA see RNA |
|
anti-VEGF |
295 |
|
|
|
|||||||||
lung 180, 184, 195–8 |
|
metabolic activity, tumour, |
|
MRC, hyperbaric oxygen therapy |
||||||||||||||||
/ ratio |
107, 180 |
|
measurement |
211 |
|
|
trial |
|
233 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
recovery from damage |
115 |
metastases |
|
|
|
|
|
|
MRE11 |
15, 21, 318 |
|
|
||||||||
re-irradiation tolerance |
|
distant, targeted drugs and 291 |
MRN |
15, 21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
clinical studies |
268 |
|
lymph nodes, imaging methods |
as drug target |
317–18, 320 |
|||||||||||||||
experimental studies |
263–4 |
(in staging) |
272–3 |
mTOR |
|
230–1, 295 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
volume effects |
195–8 |
|
methionine (11C-labelled) in |
multiple fractions per day, |
|
|||||||||||||||
lung cancer |
|
|
|
|
PET-aided treatment |
|
incomplete repair in |
124 |
||||||||||||
accelerated RT |
142, 143 |
planning |
277 |
|
|
multi-target single-hit |
|
|
||||||||||||
angiogenesis inhibitors |
295 |
methoxyamine |
317 |
|
|
|
inactivations |
48, 49, |
||||||||||||
chemoradiotherapy 247 |
methylation, DNA |
324–5 |
|
|
357 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
lymph node staging, |
|
microarrays, expression 325–6, |
myelopathy |
|
186–7 |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
PET/CT/MRI in |
273 |
357 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
volume effect and |
198, 199, |
||||||||||
re-irradiation tolerance |
268 |
microdosimetry |
68–9 |
|
|
|
200 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
role of RT |
2 |
|
|
|
microenvironment, tumour |
myocardial damage |
188 |
|
||||||||||||
tyrosine kinase inhibitors 294 |
209–10, 217–32 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
see also endobronchial cancer |
micronucleus test |
|
45–6 |
|
N-oxides |
240–1 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
lung colony assay |
45, 90 |
|
microRNA |
326, 357 |
|
|
National Cancer Institute |
|
||||||||||||
Lyman–Kutcher–Burman (LKB) |
microscopic live cell recognition |
|
(Canada)/EORTC joint |
|||||||||||||||||
model |
193, 203 |
|
system |
46 |
|
|
|
|
study of glioblastoma |
|||||||||||
Lyman model |
65–6, 193 |
|
mismatch repair (MMR) |
12, 25, |
|
chemoradiotherapy |
246 |
|||||||||||||
lymph nodes |
|
|
|
|
357 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
National Cancer Institute (US) |
||||||||
adverse effects on |
181 |
|
misonidazole |
|
234–6 |
|
|
CTCAE v3 |
177 |
|
|
|
||||||||
imaging methods compared in |
mitomycin-C |
239–40 |
|
|
terminology on normal tissue |
|||||||||||||||
staging of |
272–3 |
|
mitosis (post-irradiation) |
42 |
|
protection |
|
302 |
|
|||||||||||
lymphatic system, adverse effects |
cell death after |
|
34–9, 42 |
NBS1 |
15, 16, 318 |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
on 181 |
|
|
|
cell death before (interphase |
NCI see National Cancer |
|
||||||||||||||
lymphoma |
|
|
|
|
death) |
33–4, 42, 356 |
|
Institute |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
Hodgkin’s see Hodgkin’s disease |
delayed entry |
357 |
|
|
NCIC/EORTC joint study of |
|||||||||||||||
role of RT |
3 |
|
|
|
mitotic catastrophe |
29, 357 |
|
glioblastoma |
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
MMT (tetrazolium)-based cell |
|
chemoradiotherapy |
246 |
||||||||||||
macrophage activity modulation |
growth assays |
46 |
|
necrosis |
29, 31, 357 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
308–9 |
|
|
|
|
modified fractionation see |
|
tumour |
209 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
magnetic resonance imaging |
fractionation |
|
|
neovasculature see angiogenesis |
||||||||||||||||
(MRI) for lymph node |
molecular (functional) imaging |
Neovastat |
295 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
staging, PET compared |
8, 166, 271–86, 355, 357 |
nephropathy, radiation |
184–5 |
|||||||||||||||||
with |
272–3 |
|
|
molecular interactions in |
|
see also kidney |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
malignant tumours see tumours |
chemoradiotherapy |
|
nerves, peripheral |
181, 187 |
||||||||||||||||
MDM2 17 |
|
|
|
|
249–53 |
|
|
|
|
|
fractionation sensitivity |
122 |
||||||||
370 Index
nervous system |
|
186–7 |
|
|
experimental observations |
|
damage by (incl. oxygen |
|||||||||||||
net growth delay |
|
91 |
|
|
|
|
150–1 |
|
|
|
|
|
enhancement ratio) |
108, |
||||||
neutrons (in high-LET) |
69, 74–5 |
late/chronic responses |
|
207–8, 357 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
new primaries see second cancers |
|
174–8, 356 |
|
|
|
linear energy transfer and |
||||||||||||||
NF B inhibitors |
|
318 |
|
|
|
repair halftime |
124 |
|
|
108, 207–8 |
|
|
|
|||||||
Nijmegen breakage syndrome 15 |
tolerance see tolerance |
|
therapeutic use of effect |
|||||||||||||||||
nimorazole |
236 |
|
|
|
|
|
see also organs |
|
|
|
|
212, 233–4 |
|
|
|
|||||
nitroimidazoles |
|
234–7, 240 |
nuclear factor kappa B inhibitors |
importance |
207–9 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
nitroxides, organic |
240–1 |
|
|
318 |
|
|
|
|
in normal tissues, modification |
|||||||||||
NLCQ-1 240 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
nucleotide excision repair (NER) |
|
of normal levels |
303–4 |
||||||||||
nominal standard dose (NSD) |
|
12, 25, 357 |
|
|
|
see also hyperbaric oxygen; |
||||||||||||||
model |
103 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
hypoxia; reoxygenation |
||||||||
non-exponential growth |
79–80 |
ocular (eye) effects |
181, 188 |
oxygen-fixation hypothesis |
208 |
|||||||||||||||
non-homologous end-joining |
oesophagus |
178–83 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
(NHEJ) |
|
12, 22–3, 357 |
cancer/carcinoma |
|
|
|
p53 |
17, 30 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
choice between homologous |
chemoradiotherapy |
247, 248 |
hypoxia and |
225–6 |
|
|
||||||||||||||
recombination and |
23–4 |
lymph node staging, |
|
paclitaxel (taxol) and |
|
|
||||||||||||||
non-small cell lung cancer |
|
|
PET/CT/MRI in |
273 |
|
reoxygenation |
252 |
|
||||||||||||
(NSCLC) |
|
|
|
|
|
re-irradiation tolerance |
260–1 |
paediatric cancer see children |
||||||||||||
accelerated RT |
|
142 |
|
|
volume effects 202 |
|
|
palifermin |
306 |
|
|
|
||||||||
angiogenesis inhibitors |
|
295 |
ophthalmological (eye) effects |
palliative therapy, single-dose |
||||||||||||||||
chemoradiotherapy |
247 |
|
181, 188 |
|
|
|
|
irradiation of |
|
|
||||||||||
lymph node staging, |
|
|
optic nerve |
181 |
|
|
|
|
hypofractionation |
138 |
||||||||||
PET/CT/MRI in |
273 |
oral cavity |
|
|
|
|
pancreas 180, 184 |
|
|
|
||||||||||
tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
294 |
cooling with ice chips |
304 |
cancer, EGFR inhibitors |
294 |
|||||||||||||||
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory |
mucosal reactions (inc. |
|
panitumumab |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
drugs (NSAIDs) |
308 |
|
mucositis) |
122, 150, |
colorectal cancer |
294 |
|
|||||||||||||
COX-2-selective |
296, 308 |
|
178–83 |
|
|
|
head and neck cancer |
294 |
||||||||||||
normal tissue architecture |
|
|
re-irradiated patients |
260–1 |
parotid gland |
183 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
repopulation by stem cells and |
volume effect and |
202 |
volume effects 203–4 |
|
||||||||||||||||
195 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
organ(s) |
|
|
|
|
PARP (poly-(ADP-ribose) |
|
||||||
tolerance dose and |
192–3 |
architecture affecting tolerance |
|
polymerase) |
25 |
|
||||||||||||||
normal tissue responses |
5–6, |
|
dose |
192–3 |
|
|
inhibitors |
24, 317, 321 |
|
|||||||||||
149–57, 169–90 |
|
|
specific |
|
|
|
|
partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) |
||||||||||||
/ ratio |
107 |
|
|
|
|
|
side-effects see side-effects |
|
estimation |
211, 212 |
||||||||||
adverse see side-effects |
|
|
volume effects, clinical and |
patient, individual see individual |
||||||||||||||||
documentation and assessment |
|
experimental studies |
|
patients |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
176–8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
195–204 |
|
|
|
patient-to-patient variability see |
|||||||
dose-rate effect |
|
160–2 |
|
see also functional subunits; |
|
individual patients |
|
|||||||||||||
drugs modulating |
301–15 |
|
normal tissue |
|
|
PDGF (platelet-derived growth |
||||||||||||||
fractionation sensitivity |
122 |
organic nitroxides |
240–1 |
|
factor) |
306 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
recovery from damage |
115 |
ovary |
180 |
|
|
|
|
pentoxifylline |
309, 319 |
|
||||||||||
repopulation see repopulation |
oxidative stress reduction (with |
perfusion-limited (acute) hypoxia |
||||||||||||||||||
retreated patients see |
|
|
|
antioxidants) |
304–5, 309 |
|
210, 218, 222, 353, 345 |
|||||||||||||
re-irradiation |
|
|
|
oxygen |
207–32 |
|
|
|
clinical procedures and |
238 |
||||||||||
time factors |
149–57 |
|
|
assessment of oxygenation |
pericarditis |
188 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
clinical observations |
|
|
|
status in human tumours |
perifosine |
319 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
149–50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
211 |
|
|
|
|
peripheral nerves see nerves |
|
||||||
early responses |
170–4, 355 |
enhancement of radiation |
PERK |
231 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
|
|
Index 371 |
|
|
|
|
perspiratory glands 178, 179 |
image acquisition and |
proton therapy 335–6 |
|
PET see positron emission |
reconstruction |
273–4 |
role of RT 2 |
tomography |
image segmentation |
274–6 |
second cancers after treatment |
phenotype, malignant, hypoxia |
theragnostic 282–3 |
|
of 342, 343–4 |
and 224–5 |
treatment planning |
276–82 |
proteasome inhibitors 318 |
phosphoinositide-3-kinase/ |
positron emission |
|
|
protein |
|
|
|
|
||||||
protein kinase B pathway |
tomography/CT, dual |
synthesis in hypoxia |
229–31 |
|||||||||||
inhibitors 295–6, 318 |
273 |
|
|
|
unfolded protein response |
|||||||||
phosphorylation |
|
|
oesophageal cancer |
280–1 |
231 |
|
|
|
||||||
of DNA-dependent protein |
postmitotic cell death |
34–9, 42 |
protein kinase B inhibitors |
|||||||||||
kinase catalytic |
|
potential doubling time |
82–3, |
295–6, 318 |
|
|
||||||||
subunit |
23 |
|
|
323, 357 |
|
|
|
proteolysis inhibitors |
|
243 |
||||
histone H2AX see histone |
potentially lethal damage (PLD), |
proteomics 326, 358 |
|
|||||||||||
H2AX |
|
|
|
recovery from |
94, 357–8 |
protons (in high-LET) |
69, 334, |
|||||||
see also specific kinases |
|
power-law models |
103–4, 193 |
335–6 |
|
|
|
|||||||
photon treatment |
332, 333, 334, |
LQ vs |
103–4 |
|
|
pulsed brachytherapy |
166–7 |
|||||||
335, 336 |
|
|
PR-104 |
240 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
physical phase of radiation effects |
pre-irradiation gas breathing time |
quinones |
239 |
|
|
|
||||||||
4–5 |
|
|
|
|
(PIBT) |
234 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
pimonidazole |
236, 323 |
|
premature senescence |
31, 32 |
RAD50 |
15, 16, 318 |
|
|
||||||
pituitary glands (child) 181 |
premitotic (interphase) cell death |
RAD51 |
21 |
|
|
|
||||||||
planning (of treatment) |
|
33–4, 42, 356 |
|
Radiation Therapy Oncology |
||||||||||
of gaps |
144 |
|
|
|
probit dose–response model 57 |
Group (RTOG), head and |
||||||||
ion beam therapy |
334–6 |
programmed cell death |
358 |
neck cancer |
|
|
||||||||
PET images for |
276–82 |
type I see apoptosis |
|
hyperfractionation |
137 |
|||||||||
planning target volume (PTV) |
type II |
31 |
|
|
|
molecular-targeted drugs 293 |
||||||||
191, 192 |
|
|
proliferation (cell) |
|
|
Radiation Therapy Oncology |
||||||||
plant derivatives with RT |
|
accelerated |
353 |
|
Group (RTOG)/EORTC |
|||||||||
therapeutic interactions |
252 |
chemoradiotherapy inhibiting |
joint classification of side- |
|||||||||||
toxicity |
254 |
|
|
252–3 |
|
|
|
effects |
177 |
|
|
|||
platelet-derived growth factor |
dose recovered per day due to |
radiosensitivity |
13, 358 |
|||||||||||
(PDGF) |
306 |
|
(Dprolif) 125–6 |
|
cell cycle checkpoints and |
|||||||||
platinum-based chemotherapy + |
early effects of radiation on |
19–20 |
|
|
|
|||||||||
RT in head and neck |
172, 173 |
|
|
|
drugs increasing |
316–31, 321, |
||||||||
squamous cell carcinoma |
stimulation of proliferation |
358 |
|
|
|
|||||||||
246–7 |
|
|
|
309 |
|
|
|
of hypoxic cells |
234–7, 241, |
|||||
Poisson dose–response model |
at low dose-rate |
163–4 |
319, 321 |
|
|
|
||||||||
57–9, 85 |
|
|
measurement |
323–4 |
intrinsic radiosensitivity |
|||||||||
interpatient variability |
65 |
see also repopulation |
|
321 |
|
|
|
|||||||
polarigraphic oxygen electrodes |
proliferation marker (Ki67) |
of normal tissues see normal |
||||||||||||
212, 323 |
|
|
labelling |
81 |
|
tissue responses |
|
|||||||
Pol inhibition |
317 |
|
propyl hydroxylases (PHDs), HIF |
see also hyperradiosensitivity |
||||||||||
poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase see |
227 |
|
|
|
radiotherapy |
|
|
|
||||||
PARP |
|
|
|
prostaglandin synthase inhibitors |
future development of, |
|||||||||
porfiromycin |
240 |
|
|
see non-steroidal |
importance of |
|
||||||||
positron emission tomography |
anti-inflammatory drugs |
radiobiology in |
8–10 |
|||||||||||
(PET - predominantly |
prostate cancer |
|
|
|
role in cancer management |
|||||||||
with FDG) |
271–86, |
/ ratio 132–3 |
|
1–4 |
|
|
|
|||||||
323 |
|
|
|
|
heavy ion RT |
336 |
|
ways of improving |
|
3 |
||||
372 Index
rapamycin and its derivatives |
|
replication protein A |
21 |
|
RTOG see Radiation Therapy |
|
|||||||||||||
|
295–6 |
|
|
|
|
|
repopulation |
358 |
|
|
|
Oncology Group |
|
||||||
Ras pathway inhibitors 296 |
|
in normal tissues (by stem |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Rb (retinoblastoma protein) |
18 |
cells) |
149, 151–5, 159, |
S-phase |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
195, 358 |
|
|
|
checkpoint at |
18–19, 20 |
|
||||||||||||
|
see tyrosine kinase |
|
mechanisms |
151–3 |
|
fraction of cells in |
81–2 |
|
|||||||||||
|
inhibitors |
|
|
|
|
regulation |
154–5 |
|
salivary glands |
179, 183 |
|
||||||||
recovery from sublethal damage |
in tumours/by clonogenic |
|
volume effects |
203–4 |
|
||||||||||||||
|
(split-dose/Elkind |
|
|
tumours cells |
95–6, 159, |
sanazol |
236–7 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
recovery) |
93–4, 355, 358 |
323–4, 358 |
|
|
saturation model of DNA repair |
|||||||||||||
normal tissues |
115 |
|
|
drugs targeting |
321 |
|
|
51–2, 358 |
|
|
|
||||||||
over extended intervals |
125–6 |
measurement |
323–4 |
|
scoring of gross tissue effects |
6 |
|||||||||||||
see also dose-recovery factor |
see also proliferation |
|
sebaceous glands |
178, 179 |
|
||||||||||||||
rectum |
180, 202–3 |
|
|
|
resistance |
|
|
|
|
|
second cancers (new primary |
|
|||||||
cancer see colorectal cancer |
to chemotherapy, hypoxia and |
|
tumours after treatment) |
||||||||||||||||
recovery from damage |
115 |
215 |
|
|
|
|
|
129–30, 259, 339–52 |
|
||||||||||
volume effects |
202–3 |
|
|
to radiotherapy, hypoxia and |
estimating risk |
241–6 |
|
||||||||||||
recurrence, loco-regional, |
|
208, 210, 211, 215, 218–19 |
ion beam therapy and risk of |
||||||||||||||||
|
re-irradiation |
|
|
|
see also increased |
|
|
336 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
see re-irradiation |
|
|
radioresistance region |
|
re-irradiation with see |
|
||||||||||||
redistribution phenomenon |
95 |
respiratory tract |
|
|
|
|
re-irradiation |
|
|
||||||||||
regression (tumour) |
5, 84, 358, |
lower see lung |
|
|
|
reducing risk |
|
349–50 |
|
||||||||||
|
901 |
|
|
|
|
|
upper |
184 |
|
|
|
|
risk factors/epidemiology |
|
|||||
assay |
87 |
|
|
|
|
|
response(s) |
|
|
|
|
|
339–41, 349 |
|
|
||||
regrowth (tumour) |
5 |
|
|
to DNA damage see DNA |
|
selection of malignant cells, |
|
||||||||||||
delay assay |
87, 91–2 |
|
|
damage |
|
|
|
|
hypoxia-driven |
225–6 |
|||||||||
re-irradiation (for recurrence and |
malignant tissue |
5–6, 83–92 |
selenium |
305 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
second primaries) |
|
|
/ ratio |
107 |
|
|
senescence |
29, 31–2, 358 |
|
|||||||||
|
tolerance of normal tissues |
determinants and their |
|
sense organ effects 181, 188 |
|
||||||||||||||
|
129–30 |
|
|
|
|
|
assessment/measurement |
sensitizer enhancement ratio |
|
||||||||||
clinical studies |
266–8 |
|
|
322–8 |
|
|
|
|
|
(SER) |
235, 236, 358 |
|
|||||||
experimental studies |
260–6 |
normal tissue see normal |
|
sensors of DNA damage 14–16, |
|||||||||||||||
early effects |
260–2 |
|
|
tissue |
|
|
|
|
|
358 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
late effects |
263–6 |
|
|
see also dose–response |
|
‘shared’ toxicity, |
|
|
|
||||||||||
relative biological effectiveness |
response curves |
6–7 |
|
|
chemoradiotherapy |
249 |
|||||||||||||
|
(RBE) |
70, 71–2, 358 |
|
see also dose–response curves |
short-term in vitro assays |
|
|||||||||||||
Bragg peak and |
76 |
|
|
response rates, converting from |
|
45–6 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
dose dependency |
71–2 |
|
change in dose to 130 |
side-effects/complications/adverse |
|||||||||||||||
high-LET 70, 333 |
|
|
|
retinoblastoma protein (Rb) |
18 |
|
events/toxic effects of |
|
|||||||||||
renal effects see kidney |
|
|
mRNA (messenger RNA) |
|
|
chemoradiotherapy |
|
||||||||||||
reoxygenation |
159, 212–15, 358 |
in expression microarrays |
|
|
253–5 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
chemotherapy effects |
252 |
325–6 |
|
|
|
|
early |
253–4 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
influencing local control |
95 |
in hypoxia |
|
|
|
|
late |
254–5 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
mechanisms and time scales |
synthesis ( transcription) |
side-effects/complications/adverse |
|||||||||||||||||
|
214 |
|
|
|
|
|
227–9 |
|
|
|
|
|
events/toxic effects of RT, |
||||||
repair |
|
|
|
|
|
|
translation |
230–1 |
|
|
normal tissue |
149–57, |
|||||||
cellular/tissue |
93 |
|
|
|
miRNA (microRNA) |
326, 357 |
|
169–90 |
|
|
|
|
|||||||
DNA see DNA repair |
|
|
RPA (replication protein A) |
21 |
documentation and assessment |
||||||||||||||
incomplete see incomplete repair |
RSU-1069 |
240 |
|
|
|
|
176–8 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Index |
373 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||
in modified fractionation, late |
small intestine/bowel |
179 |
|
repopulation by see |
|
|
||||||||||||||
145 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
volume effects |
202 |
|
|
repopulation |
|
|
|
||||||
pathogenesis |
169–90 |
|
|
smoking |
340 |
|
|
|
|
therapeutic use |
310–12 |
|
||||||||
probability (NTCP) |
193, 357 |
during radiotherapy course |
steroids (glucocorticoids) |
|
308 |
|||||||||||||||
models |
65–6 |
|
|
|
|
237–8 |
|
|
|
|
stomach 179, 183 |
|
|
|
||||||
in retreated patient |
|
|
|
SN23862 |
240 |
|
|
|
|
subcutaneous fibrosis |
178 |
|
||||||||
see re-irradiation |
|
|
spatial cooperation in |
|
|
isoeffective dose in 2-Gy |
|
|||||||||||||
in specific tissues and organs |
chemoradiotherapy |
|
fractions |
124, 131 |
|
|||||||||||||||
107, 178–88 |
|
|
|
|
248–9, 358 |
|
|
|
sublethal damage |
359 |
|
|
||||||||
volume effect and |
195–204 |
spatial oxygen heterogeneity |
|
incomplete repair see |
|
|
||||||||||||||
time factors |
149–57 |
|
|
221–2 |
|
|
|
|
incomplete repair |
|
|
|||||||||
early/acute effects |
169, |
specific growth delay (SGD) |
91 |
recovery from see recovery |
||||||||||||||||
169–70, 170, 170–4 |
|
SPECT, volume effect in lung |
superoxide dismutase |
304–5 |
||||||||||||||||
late/chronic effects |
155, |
195–6 |
|
|
|
|
supra-additivity see synergism |
|||||||||||||
169, 170, 174–6 |
|
|
spinal cord |
|
181, 186–7, 198–200, |
survival (cell) |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
signal transduction pathway |
|
264–6 |
|
|
|
|
clonogenic cell see clonogenic |
|||||||||||||
inhibitors |
295–6, 318, |
/ ratio |
107, 181 |
|
|
cells |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
321 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
isoeffective dose in 2-Gy |
|
curves |
43–4 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
signalling to effectors in DNA |
fractions |
123 |
|
|
dose and, relationships between |
|||||||||||||||
damage |
16–17 |
|
|
recovery from damage |
115 |
47, 59 |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
single-dose irradiation in |
|
re-irradiation tolerance |
|
264–6 |
dose-rate effect on |
159–60 |
||||||||||||||
palliative radiotherapy |
volume effects |
198–200 |
|
linear–quadratic model and |
||||||||||||||||
138 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
spleen colony assay |
44–5 |
|
|
104, 105 |
|
|
|
|
|||||
single-nucleotide polymorphisms |
split-course RT |
144 |
|
|
|
sweat (perspiratory) glands |
178, |
|||||||||||||
(SNPs) |
327–8, 358 |
|
split-dose recovery see recovery |
179 |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
single-photon emission CT |
|
from sublethal damage |
symmetrical cell division |
152, |
||||||||||||||||
(SPECT), volume effect in |
squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
153, 154, 359 |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
lung |
195–6 |
|
|
|
cervical, chemoradiotherapy, |
switch from asymmetrical to |
||||||||||||||
single-strand breaks |
|
|
|
therapeutic ratio |
255 |
152–3, 154, 173–4, 353 |
||||||||||||||
link between double-strand |
haemoglobin concentration |
synergism/supra-additivity |
359 |
|||||||||||||||||
breaks and |
24 |
|
|
as prognostic factor |
237 |
apoptosis induction |
319 |
|||||||||||||
repair (SSBR) |
24–5, 359 |
|
head and neck |
|
|
|
chemoradiotherapy |
248 |
||||||||||||
drugs targeting |
317, 320 |
chemoradiotherapy |
246–7, |
systemic induction of hypoxia in |
||||||||||||||||
single-target single-hit |
|
|
|
247, 250 |
|
|
|
|
normal tissues |
303 |
||||||||||
inactivations |
47–8 |
|
molecular-targeted drugs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
size, tumour, measuring |
78–9 |
293 |
|
|
|
|
|
target cells |
116–17, 359 |
|
|
|||||||||
skin 178, 204 |
|
|
|
|
|
PET-aided treatment |
|
|
surviving fraction, LQ model |
|||||||||||
/ ratio |
107, 180 |
|
|
|
planning |
277–8 |
|
|
and |
105 |
|
|
|
|
||||||
‘area’ effect |
204 |
|
|
|
|
statistical aspects of |
|
|
|
target theory of cell killing |
|
47–9, |
||||||||
fractionation sensitivity |
122 |
methodological problems |
359 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||
recovery from damage |
115 |
in estimation of |
|
|
target volume 191, 192 |
|
|
|||||||||||||
re-irradiation responses |
|
dose–response |
|
|
in PET-aided treatment |
|
|
|||||||||||||
early |
260 |
|
|
|
|
|
relationships from clinical |
planning |
271, 272, 273, |
|||||||||||
late |
263 |
|
|
|
|
|
data |
64 |
|
|
|
|
277–83 |
|
|
|
|
|||
skull base tumours |
|
|
|
|
stem cells |
41 |
|
|
|
|
targeted agents, molecular see |
|||||||||
heavy ion RT |
336 |
|
|
|
neoplastic |
41, 354 |
|
|
molecular targeted agents |
|||||||||||
proton therapy |
335 |
|
|
normal tissue |
171–4, 195–6 |
taste impairment |
181, 188 |
|
||||||||||||
small cell lung cancer, |
|
|
|
outside treatment |
|
|
taxol and reoxygenation |
252 |
||||||||||||
chemoradiotherapy |
247 |
zone |
195 |
|
|
|
teeth 183 |
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Index 375 |
|
|
|
|
|||
VEGF see vascular endothelial |
doubling time 78–9, 359 |
WF10 |
309 |
|||
growth factor |
gross 191, 192 |
WR2721 |
304 |
|||
VHL protein and gene 227, |
volume effects |
191–206, 359 |
|
|
|
|
229 |
|
organ-specific, experimental |
X-rays |
68 |
||
vitamin E |
304, 309 |
and clinical studies |
xerostomia |
179, 183, 203 |
||
volume(s) |
|
195–204 |
|
XPF |
25 |
|
definitions 191, 192 |
von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) protein |
|
|
|
||
tumour |
96–7 |
and gene |
227, 229 |
zalutumumab 294 |
||