II. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад залежного та незалежного дієприкметникових зворотів (див. Зразок виконання 2).

1. Nation-states being established in the 17-18^th centuries, international trade began to assume its present state.

2. Loan capital is more appropriate to firms operating in stable markets.

3. Having calculated the programme, he paid attention to possible changes.

4. The economy comprises millions of people and thousands of firms as well as the government and local authorities, all taking decision about prices and wages.

5. The issues touched upon in the report are of great importance.

6. Working on this project we found out a lot of interesting things.

III. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть українською або російською мовою наступні речення. Зверніть увагу на переклад умовних речень (див. Зразок виконання 3).

1. If the company introduced modern inventions, its business would flourish.

2. If the price level had risen, the value of money would have decreased.

3. If many incomes rise by 5 per cent, but over the same period prices by 10 per cent, real income will fall.

IV. Прочитайте та усно перекладіть українською або російською мовою 1, 3 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть та письмово перекладіть 2 абзац тексту. Пояснення до тексту

regardless of the system used - незважаючи на застосовану систему

to enjoy a good quality of life - володіти гарною якістю життя

What is Economics?

1.Economics is the study of the allocations of scarce resources among competing individuals. You understand what it means to “economize” in you own life. It means we have to learn to “make do” because we do not have all that we want. The world is in a similar situation. These are factors of production (resources) available: land and natural resources, human labor and capital (machines, tools and buildings). Those resources are used to produce goods and services to satisfy our need for food, shelter and clothing, and other needs. The economic questions are: “Who decides how to allocate those resources?” and “How should they be allocated?”

2. Today, resource allocation in some countries is largely government controlled. Resource allocation may also be left to individual consumers, bargaining in the marketplace and trading goods and services. That is the nature of capitalist systems (for example USA and Canada). In between are systems that are based on private exchange and some government ownership. That is the nature of socialist systems (for example, Sweden and Denmark). Even socialist countries such as Norway rely on private business for wealth. There are no pure capitalist or communist systems; all systems have some mixture of consumer choice plus government-controlled allocation.

3. Regardless of the systems used, the ultimate goal of economics is to make optimum use of resources so that people can attain a good standard of living (that is, have homes, cars, clothes and other tangibles) and enjoy a good quality of life (that is, education, health, a clean environment, and happiness).