VI. Прочитайте і усно перекладіть українською або російською мовою 1, 4, 5 абзаци тексту. Перепишіть і письмово перекладіть 2, 3 абзаци. Money supply

1. The money supply is the amount of money within a specific economy available for purchasing goods or services. The supply in the US is usually considered as four escalating categories M0, M1, M2 and M3. The categories grow in size with M3 representing all forms of money (including credit) and M0 being just base money (coins, bills, and central bank deposits). M0 is also money that can satisfy private banks' reserve requirements..

2. When gold is used as money, the money supply can grow in either of two ways. First, the money supply can increase as the amount of gold increases by new gold mining at about 2% per year, but it can also increase more during periods of gold rushes and discoveries. This kind of increase helps debtors, and causes inflation, as the value of gold goes down. Second, the money supply can increase when the value of gold goes up. This kind of increase in the value of gold helps savers and creditors and is called deflation, where items for sale are less expensive in terms of gold.

3. Monetary policy is the process by which a government, central bank, or monetary authority manages the money supply to achieve specific goals. Usually the goal of monetary policy is to accommodate economic growth in an environment of stable prices.

4. A failed monetary policy can have significant detrimental effects on an economy and the society that depends on it. These include hyperinflation, stagflation, recession, high unemployment, shortages of imported goods, inability to export goods, and even total monetary collapse and the adoption of a much less efficient barter economy.

5. Governments and central banks have taken both regulatory and free market approaches to monetary policy. Some of the tools used to control the money supply include:

• changing the rate at which the government loans or borrows money

• currency purchases or sales

• increasing or lowering government borrowing

• increasing or lowering government spending

• manipulation of exchange rates

• raising or lowering bank reserve requirements

• regulation or prohibition of private currencies

• taxation or tax breaks on imports or exports of capital into a country

VII. Прочитайте запитання до тексту. З приведених варіантів відповідей визначте літеру речення, якa містіть правильну відповідь на поставлені запитання.

1. What is the base money?

a)…M0.

b)…M1.

c)…M3.

2. What policy can have significant detrimental effect on an economy?

a)…metal policy.

b)…monetary policy.

c)…industrial policy.

3. What have regulatory and free market approaches to monetary policy?

a)…regional bank.

b)…local bank.

c)…central bank.

Варіант 5

І. Перепишіть наступні речення , визначте в кожному дієслівну форму і стан дієслова-присудка ( див. зразок 1). Перекладіть речення українською або російською мовою.

1. The management knows what prices are being asked for the commodity in every part of the market.

2. Many books were referred to by the economists.

3. At this stage the raw materials are loaded into this container.

4. The Bank has been keen to assist Ukraine in its initial steps toward independence and market system.

5. The goods had been examined by the customs officers before we came.

6. His point of view was being explained for some minutes.

7. Such high price will not be accepted by the buyers and the firm will meet troubles.

ІІ. Перепишіть наступні речення і перекладіть їх українською або російською мовою, звертаючи увагу на різні значення слів it, that, one. ( див. зразок2)

1. It is impossible for us to accept these terms.

2. The people know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.

3. One cannot draw any conclusions about the effect of a pure change unless one knows the cause of the price change.

4. It is the act of spending which influences the prices.