- •Contents
- •Part 1: the verb
- •Module 1
- •Categories of finite forms of the verb ……………………………………………………… 4
- •Module 2
- •Module 3
- •Module 4
- •Part 2: appendix
- •Part 2: the verb
- •Categories of Finite Forms of the Verb
- •V erbals
- •I nfinitive Gerund Participle
- •Lisa is swimming now. Lisa has swum a lot today. Notes:
- •Morphological StructurE of the Verb
- •Semantic Classification of the Verb
- •Group 1: Stative and Dynamic Verbs
- •Semantic Classification of the Verb (continued) Group 2: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
- •Raleigh and his Servant
- •Semantic Classification of the Verb (continued) Group 3: Terminative and Durative Verbs
- •To go to run to walk to sleep to read to write to stand to speak to sit to live to think to do
- •Insufficient Local Knowledge
- •Much More Difficult
- •Functional Classification of the Verb
- •A Crazy Language
- •Present indefinite (present simple)
- •In the morning/afternoon/ evening
- •Death in paris
- •Present continuous (present progressive)
- •Reported speech: commands, instructions, requests, suggestions, warnings
- •I suggested going inside
- •I suggested that we (should) go outside.
- •Where is wonda?
- •Present perfect
- •*Part 1.
- •**Part 2.
- •Present perfect continuous (Progressive)
- •Part 1.
- •Part 2.
- •Part a.
- •Part b
- •Planet earth
- •Reported questions
- •I wonder …/He wonders… / She wonders…/ They wonder …
- •I (we, they) want to know /She wants to know
- •I (he, she they) would like to know …
- •Part a
- •I wonder… Could/Can you tell me … I’d like to know …
- •Part b
- •Past indefinite (past simple)
- •In 1997/in spring/ winter/ summer/ autumn
- •Past indefinite and present perfect compared
- •Past continuous (past progressive)
- •Part 1.
- •Part 2.
- •Part 3.
- •Past perfect
- •Past perfect continuous (Progressive)
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •In an hour/ in a week/ month/ year
- •In the (near/ nearest) future
- •Construction “to be going to” for future actions
- •Future indefinite V.S. Construction “to be going to”
- •Future continuous (future progressive)
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Future perfect
- •Future perfect continuous
- •Sequences of tenses and reported speech The main rule:
- •The use of verb forms after different introductory verbs
- •Passive voice
- •Patrick gave Laura beautiful roses.
- •B y # with
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •Part d.
- •Part e.
- •Part f.
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •A terrible mistake
- •Complex object
- •Verbs of sense perception
- •After the verbs of mental activity
- •After the verbs of wishes and emotions
- •Verbs ‘to make, to have and to let’
- •Appendix
- •Irregular verbs
Past perfect
Formation: had + Past Participle
e.g. Magda had cleaned three windows before we came. – Had she also dusted the furniture? – No, she hadn’t dusted the furniture as she had been very busy with the windows.
Past Perfect is used:
For an action, which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past.
e.g. She had finished work when she met her friends for coffee. (She finished work first and only then she met her friends.)
For an action which finished in the past and whose result was visible in the past.
e.g. He was happy. He had signed an important contract. (The action finished in the past and its result was visible in the past too.)
Past perfect is the past equivalent of present perfect. Compare:
-
Past Perfect
Present Perfect
He had fixed the old armchair. It looked brand new.
(The action had fixed happened in the past. The result looked brand new was also visible in the past.)
He has fixed the old armchair. It looks brand new.
(The action has fixed happened in the past. The result looks brand new is still visible in the present.)
The past perfect is used with the following time expressions (adverbial modifiers of time):
before after already just for since when by ever never by the time till/until
Note: It is possible to use past perfect or past simple with before or after without any difference in meaning.
e.g. They went out after it had stopped raining. = They went out after it stopped raining.
Past Perfect is used with stative verbs instead of Past Perfect Continuous
e.g. James had been away for some months before his first letter came.
Past Perfect is preferred in negative sentences instead of Past Perfect Continuous
e.g. It had not rained for three months before that awful thunderstorm.
Past Perfect is used in emphatic sentences with conjunctions
Hardly …when Scarcely … when No sooner ….than
The Russian/ Ukrainian translation of such emphatic sentences is given below.
e.g. Hardly had Tom started whitewashing the fence, when his friend Jim came up to him. = Не успел Том начать белить забор, как к нему подошел его друг Джим. (Не встиг Том почати білити тин, як до нього підійшов його друг Джим.)
Scarcely had Cinderella tasted her ice-cream, when she heard the clock struck twelve. = Едва Золушка успела попробовать мороженое, как она услышала, что часы пробили 12. (Ледь Попелюшка встигла спробувати морозиво, як вона почула, що годинник пробив 12.)
No sooner had Thumbelina hidden the Swallow, than the Rat appeared. = Едва Дюймовочка успела спрятать Ласточку, как появилась Крыса. (Ледь Дюймовочка встигла сховати Ластівку, як з’явився Пацюк.)