- •Contents
- •Part 1: the verb
- •Module 1
- •Categories of finite forms of the verb ……………………………………………………… 4
- •Module 2
- •Module 3
- •Module 4
- •Part 2: appendix
- •Part 2: the verb
- •Categories of Finite Forms of the Verb
- •V erbals
- •I nfinitive Gerund Participle
- •Lisa is swimming now. Lisa has swum a lot today. Notes:
- •Morphological StructurE of the Verb
- •Semantic Classification of the Verb
- •Group 1: Stative and Dynamic Verbs
- •Semantic Classification of the Verb (continued) Group 2: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
- •Raleigh and his Servant
- •Semantic Classification of the Verb (continued) Group 3: Terminative and Durative Verbs
- •To go to run to walk to sleep to read to write to stand to speak to sit to live to think to do
- •Insufficient Local Knowledge
- •Much More Difficult
- •Functional Classification of the Verb
- •A Crazy Language
- •Present indefinite (present simple)
- •In the morning/afternoon/ evening
- •Death in paris
- •Present continuous (present progressive)
- •Reported speech: commands, instructions, requests, suggestions, warnings
- •I suggested going inside
- •I suggested that we (should) go outside.
- •Where is wonda?
- •Present perfect
- •*Part 1.
- •**Part 2.
- •Present perfect continuous (Progressive)
- •Part 1.
- •Part 2.
- •Part a.
- •Part b
- •Planet earth
- •Reported questions
- •I wonder …/He wonders… / She wonders…/ They wonder …
- •I (we, they) want to know /She wants to know
- •I (he, she they) would like to know …
- •Part a
- •I wonder… Could/Can you tell me … I’d like to know …
- •Part b
- •Past indefinite (past simple)
- •In 1997/in spring/ winter/ summer/ autumn
- •Past indefinite and present perfect compared
- •Past continuous (past progressive)
- •Part 1.
- •Part 2.
- •Part 3.
- •Past perfect
- •Past perfect continuous (Progressive)
- •Part 1
- •Part 2
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •In an hour/ in a week/ month/ year
- •In the (near/ nearest) future
- •Construction “to be going to” for future actions
- •Future indefinite V.S. Construction “to be going to”
- •Future continuous (future progressive)
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Future perfect
- •Future perfect continuous
- •Sequences of tenses and reported speech The main rule:
- •The use of verb forms after different introductory verbs
- •Passive voice
- •Patrick gave Laura beautiful roses.
- •B y # with
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •Part d.
- •Part e.
- •Part f.
- •Part a.
- •Part b.
- •Part c.
- •A terrible mistake
- •Complex object
- •Verbs of sense perception
- •After the verbs of mental activity
- •After the verbs of wishes and emotions
- •Verbs ‘to make, to have and to let’
- •Appendix
- •Irregular verbs
Sequences of tenses and reported speech The main rule:
When the predicate of the main clause is used in one of the past tenses, the predicates of all the subordinate clauses of the same sentence are also used in one of the past tenses.
Mind the changes that happen to tenses if they occur after the past verb in the main clause:
P resent Indefinite Past Indefinite
e.g. I think John is in love with me. e.g. I though John was in love with me.
P resent Continuous Past Continuous
e.g. I think Mary is cooking. e.g. I though Mary was cooking.
P resent Perfect Past Perfect
e.g. I think David has finished his essay. e.g. I though David had finished his essay.
P resent Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
e.g. I think Julia has been working e.g. I though Julia had been working
in the garden since morning. in the garden since morning.
P ast Indefinite Past Perfect
e.g. I think Philip knew Mary in the past. e.g. I though Philip had known Mary in the past.
P ast Continuous Past Continuous/ Past Perfect Continuous
e.g. I think Laura was sleeping e.g. I though Laura was sleeping/ had been sleeping
when we came. when we came
.
F uture Indefinite Future Indefinite in the Past
(will/shall) (would/should)
e.g. I think Eddie will pass his exam e.g. I thought Eddie would pass his exam
F uture Continuous Future Continuous in the Past
e.g. I think Joanne will be sailing e.g. I thought Joanne would be sailing
this time next week. this time next week.
F uture Perfect Future Perfect in the Past
e.g. I think Meg will have knitted this e.g. I thought Meg would have knitted this
sweater by Christmas. sweater by Christmas.
F uture Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
e.g. I think Ted will have been mending e.g. I thought Ted would been mending
his car for 3 hours when I come. his car for 3 hours when I came.
Notes:
Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous remain unchanged.
In spoken English all the abovementioned changes may not be observed.
Sequence of Tenses is not observed when the subordinate clause contains:
the so-called “general truths”,
e.g. Looking at the night sky we suddenly realized that our solar system is just a tiny speck in the infinite Universe.
the description of a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported, the so-called ‘up-to-date reporting’,
e.g. Pat said, “I decided not to buy that house because it was on a main road.” Pat told that she decided not to buy that house because it was on a main road.
Modal verbs that have no past tenses like must, need, should, etc,
e.g. Marge phoned me and cried that I must come at once.
newspaper, radio and TV reports,
e.g. Before the plane crashed, the pilot told that he can see the lights of the take off.
conjunction “since”,
e.g. Jane said, “”I have been writing an essay since you left.” - Jane told that she had been writing an essay since we left.
Past Indefinite that shows an action taking place at a definite moment
e.g. Susan said, “I had left home before the telegram came.” Susan told that she had left home before the telegram came.
David said, “When we were living (lived) in France, we used to go to the sea very often.” - David told that when they were living (lived) in France, they used to go to the sea very often.”
Subjunctive Mood,
e.g. Julian said, “I wish I could pass all my exams easily.” Julian told that he wished he could pass all his exams easily.