XI. Write all possible forms of the Gerund, using the following verbs:

to fail, to make, to consider, to buy, to win, to tell, to give, to show, to study, to sign, to settle, to ask.

XII. Fill in the gaps with the prepositions from the box. Some of them can be used more than once. Translate the sentences:

before, in, to, of, with, from, at, by

1. What is your attitude ___ the problem of crime prevention?

2. All the sympathies of the jury were ___ the defendant.

3. Finally the criminal was convicted ___ a violent assault.

4. The detective took pains to extract information ___ the eye-witness.

5. They were brought ____ the judge.

6. He appeared ___ court ___ handcuffs.

7. She’s been charged ___ theft.

8. He was accused ___ murder.

9. She got a sentence ___ six months.

10. He’s being kept ___ custody.

11. He was sentenced ___ five years.

12. Prospective jurors are chosen ___ random ___ voter registration lists.

13. The legislation and the code ___ Police practice set out the powers and responsibilities ___ officers ___ the investigation ___ offences, and the rights ___ citizens.

14. An eye ___ an eye and a tooth ___ a tooth.

15. A criminal case is brought ___ the state or ___ a city or country against a person or persons accused ___ having committed a crime.

16. The main job___a juror is___hear and___decide the case.

17. The Supreme Court was created___the Constitution and all other kinds___courts were created___Congress.

18. The structure___state courts varies___state___state.

19. A jury consists___twelve jurors who are ordinary people, chosen___random___the Electoral Register.

20. State courts and intermediate ones are created___state constitutions.

Контрольная работа № 6

I. Read the text. Crime in the United States

In no country, regardless of its political or economic system, has no problem of crime been solved. Despite the respect of most Americans for law and the determination of the legal system to protect the rights of individuals, the United States, like all other countries, does experience crime.

The crime picture in the United States is a big picture. There are more than 2,800 federal crimes and a much larger number of state and local ones. Some involve serious bodily harm; some stealing; some public morals or public order; some governmental revenues; some the creation of hazardous conditions; some the regulation of economy. Some are perpetrated ruthlessly and systematically; others are spontaneous derelictions. Gambling and prostitution are willingly undertaken by both buyer and seller; murder and rape are violently imposed upon their victims. Vandalism is predominantly a crime of the young; driving while intoxicated – a crime of the adult.

Two trends are evident. First, there is more youth crime. Second, youth crime is becoming more violent and more serious. The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice has stated that ‘America’s best hope for reducing crime is to reduce juvenile delinquency and youth crime’.

The ‘most serious crimes’ – criminal homicide, forcible rape, aggravated assault and robbery – are those that concern Americans the most, because the affect their personal safety – at home, at work, or in the streets. As for the white-collar crime, its term is defined as ‘crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation’. As compared to the offenders described above, white-collar offenders have enjoyed a variety of social and economic advantages. They have received better educations and are better equipped to earn their livings legitimately. They do not define themselves as criminals, and are not defined as such by their peers.

Few reliable statistics are available regarding the incidence of white-collar crime.

Types of white-collar crimes include embezzlement, financial fraud, building code violations, price fixing, violations of health laws, graft, conflicts of interests, charging for services not rendered, and tax fraud. These crimes also represent serious economic and social losses. For while losses from much-publicized robberies and burglaries are expressed in terms of millions of dollars, losses from white-collar crime must be expressed in terms of billions of dollars.

Despite a high percentage of crime in the United States, most Americans do not spend their time worrying about crime. They move freely and live their lives aware that worldwide wherever there are many people there is crime, and that by exercising some caution which includes locking their homes and cars, they will probably not have difficulty.

There is much less crime in some places than in others. Crime rates differ from city to city. Within cities, crime rates very from neighborhood to neighborhood. One study, published in 1985, compared the amount of crime in cities of all sizes around the United States. Its conclusion: ‘Some places are so safe, you couldn’t pay someone to assault you while others are just plain dangerous’.

Serious crime in the United States rose by 10 per cent in over 1999, the Federal Bureau of Investigation said today. The FBI director said that crime in the US was increasing five times faster than population growth.

The sharp increase resulted primarily from crimes against property which had an overall 11 per cent rise. Crimes against the person also showed an increase of 6 per cent for aggravated assault and 1 per cent each for rape and murder.