4. A)Matchthewordsintwocolumnstomakewordcombinationsfromtheinterview.

big speciesseriously areasinterdependent impactextreme damagethreatening conditionsnoise changehazardous wastenuclear pollutionvaluable resourcetropical issuesenvironmental balanceendangered plants

b)Usethewordcombinationsfromex.4atoreproducetheideasfromtheinterview.Workinpairs,taketurns.Addasmuchdetailaspossible.

E.g.bigimpact–Humanactivitieshaveabigimpactontheenvironment.

4. Workingroupsofthree.Answerthequestions.

1.WhichoftheenvironmentalissuesisthemostdramaticinBillMcKibben’sopinion?2.Isheoptimisticaboutthefutureofthehumanity?Whydoyouthinkso?3.Whichoftheenvi-ronmentalissuesisthemostimportantoneinyouropinion?4.Whyaretheyallinterdependent?5.Areyouoptimisticaboutthefutureofthehumanity?6.Wouldyouliketobeanenvi-ronmentalist?Why?

LESSON2:POLLUTION

Communicativearea:speakingaboutpollution,speakingaboutunrealpast(lostopportunities)

Activevocabulary:greenhouseeffect,globalwarming,acidrain,carbonfootprint,carbondioxide,fuel,emissions,tomelt,torise,toreduce,toincrease

Activegrammar:ConditionalIII

1. Useyourbackgroundknowledge,thepicturesandthechemicalformulaeintheboxtoguessthemeaningofthehighlightedterms.

acid–HClorH₂SO₄;carbondioxide–CO₂;ozone–O₃

thegreenhouseeffectcarbondioxide

globalwarming

footprint

carbon

acidrain

2. A)Readthearticleonpollution.Checkyourguesses.

Inprehistorictimes,peoplekilledanimalsforfoodandbuiltfirestocookfoodandkeepthemselveswarm.Theycutdowntreesforfuel,andtheirfiresreleasedpollutionintotheair.Butthereweresofewpeoplethattheiractivitieshadlittleim-pactontheenvironment.Inmoderntimes,theworld’spopula-tionhasbeengrowingveryfast.In1850therewerearoundabillionpeopleintheworld.By2011therewereabout7billion.AccordingtoUnitedNationsestimates,by2050theworldpop-ulationwillhavereached8.9billionpeople.

Astheworld’spopulationcontinuestogrow,therewillbemorepeoplewhoneedfood,livestockandenergy.Thisincreas-ingdemandwillleadtoincreasingemissionsofgreenhousegases.Whataregreenhousegases?Andwhatisthegreenhouseeffect?Thegreenhouseeffectisanaturalprocess,necessaryforlifetoexistontheEarth:certaingasesintheatmosphereactliketheglasswallsofagreenhouse–theylettheSunrays

passthroughtotheEarth’ssurfacebutholdinsomeoftheheat.Thesegasesincludewatervapour,carbondioxide,ozoneandothers.Withoutthesegases,theEarth’stemperaturewouldbe15°Clowerandwecouldn’tlivehere.

Humanactivityischangingtheamountofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.Ascitieshavegrowninsizeandpopulation,peoplehaveneededmoreandmoreelectricity,carsandproductsofallkinds.Asindustrieshavegrown,moregreenhousegaseshavebeenproducedbytheburningoffossilfuelssuchasoil,coalandnaturalgas.Theincreasesinthesegasesmakegreenhouse‘glass’thicker,causingmoreheattobeheldintheatmospherethaninthepast.Itdoesn’tseemlikemuch,butaslightwarmingcouldcausechangesintheclimateofmanyregions.Iftheclimatechangedenough,theplantsandanimalsthatnormallylivetherecouldnolon-gersurvive.

Somescientistssaythatwewouldn’thavedamagedtheEarthsomuchifwehadn’tstartedtheIndustrialRevolutioninthe18thcentury.Itisonlyajoke,buttheimpactofindus-trialisationisreallydramatic.ThereisagradualriseinthetemperatureoftheEarthwhichiscalledglobalwarming.Somescientistsbelievethatitisapartofanaturalcycleofwarmingandcooling.Butmostofthemthinkthatpollutionplaysabigrole.

Acidrain(amixtureofrainorsnowwithtoxicgases)anddeforestation(cuttingdownforestsfasterthantheyarere-placed)aremajorcontributorstoclimatechangetoo.However,inindustriallydevelopedcountriesmostcarbonemissionsarecausedbyindividuals.Theamountofemissionsyouareper-sonallyresponsibleforisknownasyourcarbonfootprint.Ourcarbonfootprintisthecarbondioxidereleasedintotheatmo-spherefromournormaldailyactivities:usingenergyinthehome(mainlyforheating,butalsoforwashingclothesorusingcomputersetc.),drivingandairtravel.

Itisbelievedthatallthefactorsmentionedabovewillcausetheaveragetemperaturestoriseasmuchas1.5°Coverthenext100years.Ifthetemperaturerisesthatmuch,itwillcausea

lotoficeneartheNorthandSouthPolestomelt,makingmorewatergointotheoceans.TheprocessofozonedepletioncausedbythepollutionoftheairwithCFCs(chlorofluorocarbons)overthePolarRegionswillcontributeintothisprocesstoo.ManyareasalongthecoastlikeVenice,NewYork,theNether-landsortropicalislandsareverylikelytogetunderwater.Theplanetwouldneverbethesamewithouttheseplaces.Thetimetoactisnow.

In1997inKyoto,Japan,aninternationalagreementwassignedaimedatfightingglobalwarming.Itsgoalistoachievethestabilisationofgreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmo-spheretopreventdangerousclimatechange.TheKyotoProto-colrecognisesthatdevelopedcountriesareresponsibleforthehighlevelsofGHGemissionsintheatmosphereasaresultofmorethan150yearsofindustrialactivity.UndertheProtocol,37countrieshavetoreducegreenhousegasesemissions.CFCshavetobereducedunderthe1987MontrealProtocoldealingwithsubstancesresponsibleforozonedepletion.

2. Whichofthewordsinboldmeans

• togoup?

• toturnfromiceandsnowintowater?

• ^{tocauseagastoleaveanenclosedareaandenterthesur-rounding}area?

• asubstancewhichisusedtoprovideheatorpower,usuallybybeingburned?

• tomakesmaller?

• becominglarger?

2. Matchtheparagraphsofthearticlewiththeheadingsbelow: