- •Е.Н.Бобровская, е.Ю.Вовк, е.Г.Эсаулова
- •Contents Page
- •Grammar in Use 117
- •Verbals (Non-Finite Forms of the English Verbs)
- •In phrases, with one or more accompanying words.
- •The Infinitive
- •2. Introduction
- •3. Forms
- •Bare Infinitive
- •Functions
- •Functions of the infinitive
- •6. Infinitive Constructions
- •6.1. The Objective with the Infinitive Construction
- •6.2. The Subjective Infinitive Construction
- •Grammar practice
- •5. A) Use the infinitive in the non-perfect form of the active or passive voice.
- •6. Use either of the infinitives in brackets, give two variants where possible and explain the difference.
- •7. Translate into English.
- •8. Insert the particle to where necessary.
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Read the dialogue; find all the bare infinitives and explain their use. Act out the dialogue in class.
- •I’d Rather Pack Now
- •2. Your friend is going away on holiday. Now, she (he) is packing her (his) suitcase. You are trying to help by giving advice.
- •3. Make up dialogues using the given phrases:
- •Read the text; find all the infinitives and state their functions. Retell the passage.
- •Read the story. State the functions of the infinitives. Retell the story using as many infinitives as possible.
- •Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
- •9. The Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction.
- •Read the dialogue. Find all the Objective-with-the Infinitive Constructions in it and explain their use. Learn the dialogue and act it out in class. Do the tasks below.
- •Read the story “Shark-eating people” and retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction where possible.
- •Read the story “Sea Saga” and retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive construction where possible:
- •Read the extract about the Bermuda Triangle. Retell it, using the Objective-with-the Infinitive Construction where possible.
- •Read the text. Do the tasks below. A Road Accident
- •Read the following article about Christopher Columbus and list the information about him in your notebook under the two headings below, use the Subjective Infinitive Constructions.
- •Complete the sentences with the For-to-Infinitive Constructions and act out the dialogues.
- •In the Station Buffet
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Nursery rhymes and poems.
- •Idealists
- •4. Familiar Quotations
- •5. Funny Stories
- •The Science of Speaking
- •6. Read the jokes. Analyze the function of the infinitives in them:
- •The Gerund
- •7. Introduction
- •8. Forms of the Gerund
- •9. Functions of the Gerund
- •Functions of the gerund
- •10. Gerundial Predicative Constructions
- •11. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun
- •12. The Infinitive and the Gerund
- •Predicative
- •The main thing
- •Part of a predicative
- •Prepositional Object
- •Grammar practice
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Read the story below and find all the gerunds. State their functions.
- •2. Read the following articles and answer the questions below. Nurses can help people give up smoking
- •Cigarettes kill 7 times more than roads major effort urged to stop child smokers
- •Let’s talk
- •1. What’s the problem in Trudy’s family? How common is it?
- •2. Sum up the advice given by the readers. Which of the advice may help, do you think? Which advice would you follow if you had the same problem? What advice would you offer Trudy?
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Familiar Quotations
- •3. Limericks
- •4. Nursery Rhymes
- •5. Poems
- •6. Funny Stories No Use Trying
- •Friendly Advice
- •It Speaks for Itself
- •Tiger Hunting
- •A High Price
- •The Participle
- •14. Introduction
- •15. Forms of the Participle
- •An escaped prisoner
- •16. Functions of the participle
- •16.1. Attribute
- •16.2. Adverbial Modifier
- •16.3. Predicative
- •17. Misrelated Participles
- •18. Predicative Constructions with the Participle
- •18.1. The Objective Participial Construction
- •18.2. The Subjective Participial Construction
- •The subjective construction with
- •18.3. The Nominative Absolute Participial Construction
- •18.4. The Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction
- •18.5. Absolute Constructions without a Participle
- •19. The Gerund and the Participle
- •Grammar in use
- •Grammar in use
- •1. Alcohol and you
- •Did you know?
- •Alcohol myths
- •2. A) Read the following news story and answer questions about it.
- •Women in aids frontline Main cause of death for women aged 20-40
- •Fun with grammar
- •1. Proverbs
- •2. Familiar Quotations
- •3. Limericks
- •4. Nursery Rhymes and Poems
- •5. Funny Stories
- •General revision
- •1. Find all the verbals in the following text, state their functions. Going on a Trip
- •2. Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form.
- •5. Use a participle, a gerund, or an infinitive, or a construction instead of the verbs given in brackets; underline them, name the non-finite form used and state its function.
- •6. Put in the correct forms. Tell the story to the class.
- •List of Grammar Books
- •398020 Г.Липецк, ул.Ленина, 42
Functions of the infinitive
SUBJECT
P I |
Inf. + is (was) means |
+ useless necessary impossible a mistake to spoil him |
|
|
|
P II |
It is (was) |
+ wise nice natural + Inf. hard pleasant |
PREDICATIVE |
||
P III |
The main thing The 1st thing you must do The only thing to do Your only chance All you need The only way out |
+ is + Inf. |
PART OF A PREDICATIVE |
||
P IV |
… is (was) + difficult hard pleasant good comfortable |
+ Inf. (to look at) |
OBJECT |
||
P V |
To be lucky glad disappointed sorry angry |
+ Inf. |
|
|
|
P VI |
to promise to decide to offer to remember to forget to agree to want |
+ Inf. |
|
|
|
P VII |
don’t know + who have no idea what don’t remember when can’t think where |
+ Inf. |
ATTRIBUTE |
||
P VIII |
nothing nobody no one anything anybody someone somebody something
|
+ Inf. |
|
||
P IX |
man thing place time |
+ Inf. |
|
|
|
P X |
the first the last the second |
+ Inf. |
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF PURPOSE |
||
P XI |
to do smth + in order so as |
+ Inf. |
ADVERBIAL MODIFIER OF RESULT |
||
P XII |
(too) young + (enough) old easy difficult |
+ Inf. |
6. Infinitive Constructions
In Modern English we find the following predicative constructions with the infinitive:
the Objective with the Infinitive Construction;
the Subjective Infinitive Construction;
the For-to-Infinitive Construction.
6.1. The Objective with the Infinitive Construction
This is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the Common Case or a pronoun (in the Objective Case). In the sentence this construction has the function of a complex object.
The Objective with the Infinitive Construction is used:
after verbs of sense perception hear, see, watch, feel, observe, smell, notice, etc. (only the Infinitive Active is used).
I thought I heard someone knock on the door.
We didn’t notice the man leave the building.
This construction is not used after the verbs to see (=to understand) and to hear (=to learn, to be told); a clause is used instead.
I see you don’t realize the danger.
I hear he’s left the room.
after verbs of mental activity know, think, consider, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, find, etc.
After verbs of mental activity, except the verb to expect, the verb to be is generally used.
I expected Dave to meet me at the airport.
They found him to be a bore.
I imagined him to be a bigger man.
The Perfect Infinitive is used but seldom.
The police believe the Mafia to have committed the crime.
After the verbs consider, find, think the infinitive can be omitted.
She found the subject to be fascinating.
after verbs of declaring pronounce, declare, report, etc.
The surgeon pronounced him to be out of danger.
The judges announced the result to be a draw.
after verbs denoting wish and intention want, wish, desire, mean, intend, choose, etc.
Your landlady wants you to post these letters.
I’d like you to hold the door open for me.
The infinitive can be passive.
I’d like the door to be held open.
after verbs of feeling and emotion like, love, hate, dislike, cannot bear, etc.
I hate people to ignore me.
after verbs of order and permission order, allow, suffer, have (in negative sentences), etc.
The gentleman ordered his luggage to be taken upstairs.
They don’t allow people to sunbathe here.
after verbs of compulsion make, cause, get, have, force, compel, oblige, etc.
The crisis has forced the government to act.
I got Mike to lend me this electric drill.
I had the garage service my car. (AmE)
after the verbs rely, count the Construction is preceded by the preposition on (upon).
I rely on you to keep my secret.