- •Предисловие
- •Unit 1 What is it all about?
- •I. Answer the comprehension questions:
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English:
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations.
- •Russian Experience
- •In Search of Intellect and Wealth
- •1. Economic environment.
- •2. Economics.
- •3. Economy. Unit 2 Economics and Economy
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV.Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •Gauging the True Size of Russia’s Economy
- •Russia No longer Among World Market’s Top Players
- •Unit 3 The Oil Price Shocks
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •World Experience
- •Cheap Oil! Good news for the world’s consumers, but bad news for struggling producers
- •More Money in Most Pockets
- •Income Distribution
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •Shop assistance We’ve all heard of the New Rich in Russia, but what do they spend their money on? John Helmer digs into the latest consumer research and comes up with some unexpected answers.
- •Unit 5 The Role of the Market
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II. Vocabulary
- •III. Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •By Roy Medvedev
- •Unit 6 Demand, Supply, and the Market
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •Citicorp Invests in Russia
- •Unit 7 What Do Governments Do?
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II. Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •Russia Has Dropped Out of the Community of Developed Countries
- •Incomes and expenditures.
- •1. Transfer payments
- •2. Social security and unemployment benefits
- •3. Income tax
- •Unit 8 What Should Governments Do?
- •Most of the goods supplied by businesses and demanded by consumers are private goods
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice
- •Russian Experience
- •State Duma Rejects Welfare Package Again
- •Unit 9 Business Organization
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II. Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •Common Profile of a Russian Enterprise
- •Unit 10 Market Structure and Imperfect Competition
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II. Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English:
- •IV. Situations and communication practice
- •Russian Experience
- •Russian Tobacco Manufacturers Lie Low
- •Unit 11 Factor Markets: Labour
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English:
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •Recruitment in Russia: Still Climbing
- •Insufficient social integration.
- •Working Without Pay
- •Unit 12 Human capital
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •World Experience
- •Finding Opportunity in the Global Economy. By Bill Gates.
- •1. Human capital
- •2. Signalling and screening.
- •3. Pay differentials. Unit 13 Coping with Risk in Economic Life
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •Reuters Eyes on Russia’s Risks
- •Unit 14 Taxes and Public Spending
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II. Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •Taxes Higher in Russia Than Elsewhere
- •A Country Where People Pay Taxes
- •Unit 15 Money and Modern Banking
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •Savings of “Very Rich” Families (Data of a quality interview)
- •The Battle of the Banks
- •The History of Russian Money (The ruble celebrates its 1000th birthday)
- •Unit 16
- •International Trade and Commercial Policy
- •I. Comprehension questions
- •II.Vocabulary
- •III.Translate from Russian into English
- •IV. Communicative practice. Situations
- •Russian Experience
- •Higher Excise on Imports
- •Contents
I. Comprehension questions
1. How much do governments collect in modern industrial economies?
2. Do governments play a large part in economic life?
3. How do governments affect the operation of the economy?
4. What do governments actually do?
5. How do governments pay for the goods they buy and for the transfer payments they make?
6. What is VAT?
7. How do governments allocate resources in the economy?
8. How do governments affect what, how and for whom is produced?
9. Why do governments tax some goods and subsidize others?
II. Vocabulary
1. GNP (Gross National Product) — валовый национальный продукт;
2. to play a major (important) part (in) — играть важную роль в…;
3. operation of a modern economy — функционирование современной экономики;
4. in principle — в принципе;
5. to improve — улучшить;
6. to set rules — установить правила;
7. for instance -например;
8. in addition — кроме того;
9. to apply to smth — применять к чему-либо;
10. to fix prices — (зд.) вступить в сговор об установлении цен;
11. to prohibit, to permit, to allow — запрещать, позволять, разрешать;
12. free of charge — бесплатно(е) ;
13. direct, directly — прямой, непосредственно;
14. government-owned — находящийся в собственности правительства;
15. to make transfer payments — осуществлять трансфертные платежи;
16. social security and unemployment benefits — пособие по соцзащите и безработице;
17. in return — в свою очередь;
18. to raise taxes, to impose taxes — собирать налоги, вводить налоги;
19. income tax — подоходный налог;
20. VAT (Value Added Tax) — налог на добавленную стоимость;
21. to supplement, to be supplemented — дополнять, дополняться;
22. defence expenditures — расходы на оборону;
23. to tax goods, to subsidize goods — обложить налогом товары; субсидировать товары;
24. to have an effect on smth — оказать влияние на что-либо;
25. profound — глубокий, основательный.
III.Translate from Russian into English
1. Правительства разных стран играют разную роль в управлении экономикой.
2. В экономике бывшего Советского Союза большой упор делался на централизованное планирование.
3. В настоящее время около 4/5 национального продукта США обеспечивается рыночной системой.
4. Одна из задач правительства — перераспределение дохода в частном секторе экономики.
5. Статистика показывает, что налоги и общий объем правительственных расходов — на покупку товаров и услуг и на социальные программы — составляют приблизительно 1/3 национального продукта.
6. Правительство обеспечивает охрану окружающей среды, защиту потребителей от опасных продуктов, равный доступ к вакантным рабочим местам.
7. Расходы на вооружение в России резко сократились.
8. Облагая сигареты налогом, правительство может сокращать количество выкуриваемых сигарет, а значит улучшать здоровье людей.
9. В большинстве стран такой городской транспорт, как автобусы и метро, принадлежит правительству.
10. Как правило, правительства тратят намного больше, чем получают, собирая налоги.