- •Contents
- •The infinitive
- •1. The forms and categories of the Infinitive. The use of ‘to’-Infinitive and the Bare Infinitive. ‘To’ without the Infinitive.
- •Exercises
- •2. The Infinitive in the function of the Subject
- •Exercises
- •3. The Infinitive in the function of Part of the Predicate
- •Exercises
- •4. The Infinitive in the function of Object
- •Exercises
- •5. The Infinitive in the function of Attribute
- •Exercises
- •6. The Infinitive in the function of Adverbial Modifier and Parenthesis
- •Exercises
- •Of purpose:
- •Of consequence:
- •7. The Complex Object, the For-Complex and the Complex Subject
- •The Complex Object
- •The Complex Subject
- •Exercises
- •Revision of the Infinitive
- •I meant to call
- •Test yourself Test on the Infinitive
- •State the functions of the Infinitive.
- •Paraphrase the sentences using the Infinitive.
- •Find and correct an error.
- •Translate into English.
- •(Keys, p.125) the gerund
- •8. The forms and categories of the Gerund.
- •Exercises
- •9. The Gerund in the functions of Subject, Predicative, Part of Compound Verbal Predicate.
- •Exercises
- •Translate into English:
- •10. The Gerund in the function of Object.
- •Exercises
- •Direct Object:
- •Prepositional Object:
- •11. The Gerund in the function of Attribute
- •Exercises
- •12. The Gerund in the function of Adverbial Modifier
- •Exercises
- •The alternative use of the Infinitive and the Gerund. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •13. The choice between the Gerund and the Infinitive after some Verbs.
- •Exercises
- •14. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun compared.
- •Exercise
- •Revision of the Gerund
- •The Titanic
- •Test yourself Test on the Gerund
- •I. Define the function of underlined gerunds.
- •II. Complete these sentences with the correct preposition and a verb form to express the ideas in brackets. Make all necessary changes.
- •III. Find and correct errors.
- •IV. Translate the sentences into English.
- •V. Read the news items below and complete what you might say using the gerunds:
- •(Keys, p.126) the participles
- •15. The forms and categories of the Participles
- •Exercises
- •16. Participles in the functions of Attribute, Predicative, and Parenthesis.
- •17. Participles in the Functions of Adverbial Modifier.
- •Exercises
- •Attribute:
- •Predicative:
- •Adverbial modifier:
- •Parenthesis:
- •18. Participle I and the Gerund compared.
- •Exercises
- •19. Complex Object with the Participles
- •20. Complex Subject with the Participles
- •21. Absolute Participial Constructions
- •Exercises
- •Revision of the Participles
- •Test yourself Test on Participles
- •I State the functions of the Participles:
- •II Paraphrase the sentences using Participial constructions (where possible):
- •III Translate into English. Mind the use of Participles:
- •IV Translate into Russian:
- •(Keys, p.127) Revision of the Verbals
- •I. State the functions of the Infinitive.
- •II. Paraphrase the sentences using the Infinitive.
- •III. Find and correct an error.
- •IV. Translate into English.
- •I. Define the function of underlined gerunds.
- •II. Complete these sentences with the correct preposition and a verb form to express the ideas in brackets.
- •III. Find and correct errors.
- •IV. Translate the sentences into English.
- •I State the functions of the Participles:
- •II Paraphrase the sentences using Participial constructions (where possible):
- •III Translate into English:
- •IV Translate into Russian:
19. Complex Object with the Participles
19.0. Objective Participial Constructions are formed by a Noun in the Common Case or a Pronoun in the Objective Case and P I or P II. The syntactic function of this construction is Complex Object – it follows transitive verbs of specific groups.
19.1. With Participle I |
19.2. With Participle II |
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After verbs of sense perception |
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See, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, perceive, smell, find, catch, discover, spot, look (at), listen (to): We saw Jackie (her) playing tennis with her sister. We heard (listened to) the music being played outside the library. Can you smell something burning? I found him walking in the garden. Treen decided he would lie in ambush somewhere, maybe catch Krank speeding or sneaking through a stop sign. |
See, hear, feel, find: We found the door unlocked. We heard the news repeated twice. I never heard him spoken of badly. Immediately after his election to the crown, Arthur found himself opposed by eleven kings and one duke.
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After verbs expressing wish |
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Want, like: They didn’t like me leaving early. I don’t want you talking back to me. |
Wish, want, like, prefer: I want the answer sent at once. We prefer the payment made in cash. He wished his tea served at noon. “And you want the kid released?” – “Immediately.” |
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After verbs of mental activity consider, believe, expect, find: |
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He considers the state of things satisfying us so far. I find this tale amusing. I expect him hiding from us somewhere there. |
I find the book overestimated. I believe the dispute settled. I consider the problem solved. |
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Note: This structure seems to be the result of dropping the infinitive of be out of the Complex-Object phrase with INF and is semantically identical to it: I find this tale (to be) amusing. I consider the problem (to be) solved. |
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After verbs of causative meaning (verbs of inducement): |
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Have, keep, leave, get, start, help, set: They soon started the car moving. They left him standing near the toilet, leaning on the wall for support. I won’t have you using foul language in my house! Then he laughed at her, and left her lying there. The next day a letter arrived from Ricky – Grandpa had it lying on the kitchen table when we came through the back door. It was Greg who set the fire going. They kept us working from morning till night. |
Have, get, make, keep: I must have my watch mended; it doesn’t keep good time. You must get your ticket registered. The speaker made himself heard with the help of a microphone. Will you keep me informed? |
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Note: After have or get this complex can express unfortunate experience of the person named as Subject: He had his wallet stolen during the festival. I had my leg broken in the car crash. I thought Jerry Sisco got himself killed because he’d finally met his match. |
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