- •Contents
- •The infinitive
- •1. The forms and categories of the Infinitive. The use of ‘to’-Infinitive and the Bare Infinitive. ‘To’ without the Infinitive.
- •Exercises
- •2. The Infinitive in the function of the Subject
- •Exercises
- •3. The Infinitive in the function of Part of the Predicate
- •Exercises
- •4. The Infinitive in the function of Object
- •Exercises
- •5. The Infinitive in the function of Attribute
- •Exercises
- •6. The Infinitive in the function of Adverbial Modifier and Parenthesis
- •Exercises
- •Of purpose:
- •Of consequence:
- •7. The Complex Object, the For-Complex and the Complex Subject
- •The Complex Object
- •The Complex Subject
- •Exercises
- •Revision of the Infinitive
- •I meant to call
- •Test yourself Test on the Infinitive
- •State the functions of the Infinitive.
- •Paraphrase the sentences using the Infinitive.
- •Find and correct an error.
- •Translate into English.
- •(Keys, p.125) the gerund
- •8. The forms and categories of the Gerund.
- •Exercises
- •9. The Gerund in the functions of Subject, Predicative, Part of Compound Verbal Predicate.
- •Exercises
- •Translate into English:
- •10. The Gerund in the function of Object.
- •Exercises
- •Direct Object:
- •Prepositional Object:
- •11. The Gerund in the function of Attribute
- •Exercises
- •12. The Gerund in the function of Adverbial Modifier
- •Exercises
- •The alternative use of the Infinitive and the Gerund. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun.
- •13. The choice between the Gerund and the Infinitive after some Verbs.
- •Exercises
- •14. The Gerund and the Verbal Noun compared.
- •Exercise
- •Revision of the Gerund
- •The Titanic
- •Test yourself Test on the Gerund
- •I. Define the function of underlined gerunds.
- •II. Complete these sentences with the correct preposition and a verb form to express the ideas in brackets. Make all necessary changes.
- •III. Find and correct errors.
- •IV. Translate the sentences into English.
- •V. Read the news items below and complete what you might say using the gerunds:
- •(Keys, p.126) the participles
- •15. The forms and categories of the Participles
- •Exercises
- •16. Participles in the functions of Attribute, Predicative, and Parenthesis.
- •17. Participles in the Functions of Adverbial Modifier.
- •Exercises
- •Attribute:
- •Predicative:
- •Adverbial modifier:
- •Parenthesis:
- •18. Participle I and the Gerund compared.
- •Exercises
- •19. Complex Object with the Participles
- •20. Complex Subject with the Participles
- •21. Absolute Participial Constructions
- •Exercises
- •Revision of the Participles
- •Test yourself Test on Participles
- •I State the functions of the Participles:
- •II Paraphrase the sentences using Participial constructions (where possible):
- •III Translate into English. Mind the use of Participles:
- •IV Translate into Russian:
- •(Keys, p.127) Revision of the Verbals
- •I. State the functions of the Infinitive.
- •II. Paraphrase the sentences using the Infinitive.
- •III. Find and correct an error.
- •IV. Translate into English.
- •I. Define the function of underlined gerunds.
- •II. Complete these sentences with the correct preposition and a verb form to express the ideas in brackets.
- •III. Find and correct errors.
- •IV. Translate the sentences into English.
- •I State the functions of the Participles:
- •II Paraphrase the sentences using Participial constructions (where possible):
- •III Translate into English:
- •IV Translate into Russian:
Exercises
Ex.1. THINK about famous or well-known people and SPEAK about their abilities to perform their jobs, official duties or things they often do. USE prepositions with gerunds in phrases be+Adj+ Ger. FIRST say what they are famous for (or capable of) using the Gerund.
Example: Actor and producer Jacky Chan is famous for making side-splitting comedies. He is very skilful at doing movie stunts which he stages himself.
List of helpful adjectives: awful, bad, careless, clever, fast, fond, (no) good, fantastic, perfect, slow, terrible.
Ex.2. COMPLETE the following sentences using the Gerund in the function of
Direct Object:
1. My family truly appreciate … . 2. Late September days were warm and sunny, and he couldn’t help … . 3. In his two-page letter he mentioned … and suggested … . 4. Jerome felt very awkward and avoided … . 5. I enjoy … but I can’t stand … . 6. Sara joined the conversation and recollected … . 7. Practice … ! It’ll help you in your study. 8. Please, forgive my … you, Mr. Prone. I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings. 9. I much regretted … . 10. Can anybody admit … ? 11. Fancy …! I’ve never seen her do it before!
Prepositional Object:
1. In this article they accuse him … 2. I was not always a good boy, I was not interested … – I liked playing and having fun. 3. These ropes prevent visitors … . 4. You must apologize … . 5. They didn’t succeed … and gave the idea up. 6. We were totally exhausted by the end of the day and looked forward … . 7. Don’t blame yourself … . Nobody could have expected it. 8. I can agree … , but I’ll never agree … . 9. I found him in the attic, he was absorbed … . 10. It’s so stupid to punish children … .
Ex.3. Below is a list of things that many people are afraid of. SAY if you are afraid of them, too, or not.
USE phrases “I’m (not) afraid of …,” “I’m terrified of …,” or “I (never) worry about …”. ADD more things to the list.
- Drowning; - speaking to a large group of people;
- being bitten by a dog; - being killed in a plane crash;
- being stuck in a lift; - being asked in class;
- walking in the dark; - touching a spider;
- going to the dentist; - riding on a horse back;
- staying in a dark room; - being bitten by a scorpion, etc.
Ex.4. PARAPHRASE the statements using the phrases to be used to GER (=to have a habit) or to get used to GER (=to acquire a habit).
1. Though Rodney lived in China for a long time, he didn’t learn to eat with chopsticks. 2. The child can’t sleep with the light on. 3. Emily can’t speak before a big audience. 4. It has become habitual for Roy to speak on the radio. 5. Don’t make coffee – Maude doesn’t drink coffee so late. 6. Alice doesn’t find it surprising any longer that she is called “Granny”. 7. He is now doing things himself in a remarkable way. 8. “I was wet through before,” she added. “In fact, I have been drenched dozens of times.” 9. It was difficult for him to drive a car in Tokyo with traffic keeping to the left. 10. Gertrude is not surprised now at hearing him say this. There is not so much excitement in it as at first. 11. It doesn’t seem unusual to most TV viewers that TV shows are interrupted by advertisements. 12. Now Jeff sleeps with the window open. 13. The election pledges were not fulfilled. The American voter is accustomed to it.
Ex.5. TRANSLATE the sentences using the Gerund in the function of Object:
А. 1. Я полагаю, Вам следует извиниться за то, что Вы вели себя непристойно. 2. Мартин не привык носить костюм и галстук, и чувствовал себя в этой одежде ужасно неловко. 3. Я не удивляюсь тому, что ты задаешь такие вопросы. 4. Он жаловался на то, что его никто не понимает. 5. Где бы нам пообедать? Ты не против того, чтобы пойти в маленький итальянский ресторанчик, где подают прекрасную пасту? 6. Мистер Грин настаивал на том, что он единственный знает правду. 7. Миссис Фриман не может не беспокоиться о своих детях, ведь они еще так малы. 8. Я считаю, что Сэм заслуживает поощрения за свое поведение. 9. Что-то я не припомню, чтобы ты хоть раз пришел вовремя. 10. Фред предложил покататься на лыжах в эти выходные. Ты не возражаешь?
Б. 1. Его обвиняли во всех смертных грехах, а он был не в состоянии защитить себя от этих нападок. 2. Анна, кажется, не заинтересована в том, чтобы искать новую работу. 3. – Могу я спросить, почему ты выходишь замуж за этого молодого человека? - Да потому что он больше не примет слова «нет» в ответ. Я отказывала ему пять раз, и просто уже устала отказывать. 4. Задолго до того, как первые европейцы появились в Америке, индейские племена уже умели обрабатывать землю. 5. Я поздравляю Вас с тем, что Вы выиграли этот конкурс. 6. Я боюсь оставаться здесь одна – никогда не знаешь, что может случиться. 7. Ты в состоянии сделать эту работу гораздо лучше, чем я. 8. Сейчас он был уверен, что ему удалось (to succeed in) выиграть достаточно времени, чтобы самому справиться с этой проблемой. 9. Я рассчитывал на то, что мы вернемся в отель часов в 10 вечера; я безумно устал от всяких экскурсий. 10. Он уже привык вставать с первыми лучами солнца, и работа теперь не казалась такой утомительной.