- •I. Lead-in
- •II. Vocabulary
- •III. Reading
- •IV. Speaking
- •V. Reading
- •VI. Listening
- •VIII. Writing
- •VII. Extra activities
- •IX. Grammar: Present Tenses
- •Lead-in
- •II. Reading
- •III. Speaking
- •IV. Reading
- •V. Listening
- •VI. Extra activities
- •VII. Write 10 equations and ask your partner to read them.
- •VIII. Project work
- •IX. Grammar: Past Tenses
- •I. Lead –in
- •II. Reading
- •III.Speaking
- •IV. Listening
- •V. Extra activities
- •VI. Speaking
- •VII. Grammar: will/going to
- •II. Reading
- •Read the text and check the pronunciation of the new words and elements in the dictionary.
- •Vocabulary
- •IV. Reading
- •Scan the text, find all the elements mentioned there. Then skim the text and say in what context they are used.
- •V. Writing
- •VI. Listening
- •Now listen to a “Periodic Table” song and check if you were right.
- •Iron is the 26th then cobalt, nickel ………you get
- •VII. Extra activities
- •Check the pronunciation of the elements in a dictionary or in appendix and read them aloud:
- •VIII. Grammar. Passive Voice
- •The Law of Conservation of Mass
- •I. Lead-in
- •II. Reading
- •The Law of Conservation of Mass
- •III. Speaking
- •IV. Reading
- •Read the text and check the new words in the dictionary.
- •Put the events into chronological order according to the text.
- •Find the synonyms to the words in bold from the text.
- •V. Speaking. Discuss with your partner which you think are the most important scientific discoveries of the past. Talk about:
- •VI. Video
- •Before watching the video match the words with their definitions.
- •Watch the video and complete the sentences using the words from ex. VI a.
- •VII. Translate into English.
- •VIII. Grammar: Participles
- •IX. Write a short essay to answer the question: “What are the main differences between the phlogiston theory and the Law of Conservation of mass”? Use these notes to write four paragraphs.
- •II. Reading
- •Read the text and choose the correct answer/answers and find the proof in the text.
- •VI. Reading
- •VII. Speaking /Project work
- •VIII. Video
- •Match the following words and word combinations with their Russian equivalents
- •IX. Writing
- •X. Grammar. Gerund
- •I. Lead- in
- •Reading
- •States of matter
- •IV. Translate into English.
- •V. Speaking
- •VI. Reading
- •Measuring matter: mass, weight, and volume
- •Volume V
- •Match the words and their definitions.
- •Measuring matter crossword
- •Fill in the table.
- •VIII. Listening
- •XI. Writing
- •X. Grammar. Infinitive
- •II. Reading
- •IV. Insert the missing prepositions into the blanks.
- •V. Speaking
- •VI. Reading
- •Answer the following questions.
- •VII. Fill in the blanks with the words and expressions listed:
- •Give the English equivalents for the following.
- •IX. Listening
- •X. Writing
- •XI. Grammar: Modal Verbs
- •Reading
- •Read the text and check if your definition is correct.
- •Speaking
- •Before you read
- •Reading
- •Comprehension
- •Read the text again and decide if the following statements are true or false.
- •Find synonyms for the following words in the text.
- •Speaking
- •Discuss these questions with your partner.
- •Do you agree with the following quotes? Why? Why not? Try to explain what Albert Einstein meant by saying them.
- •Writing
- •X. Extra activities
- •XI. Grammar: Reported speech.
- •Lead-in
- •Reading
- •Comprehension
- •Reading
- •Speaking
- •IX. Writing
- •Grammar: Conditionals
- •Lead-in
- •II. Reading
- •Read the text and check if your answers were correct.
- •Read the text thoroughly with a dictionary and answer the following questions.
- •Find in the text English equivalents to the given Russian words, word combinations and chemical terms.
- •III. Reading
- •Read the text and divide it into logical parts and entitle them.
- •Think of synonyms for the words in bold.
- •IV. Video
- •Look through the words before watching the video:
- •Now watch the video “Organic molecules” and find more information about carbon. Combine the information from the text and the video and tell the class about carbon.
- •Speaking
- •Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Match the names of organic chemistry reactions with their descriptions.
- •VIII. Grammar: Questions
- •IX. Choose one of the topics below and write a report (150-200 words): Properties of Carbon, Carbon bonds, Hydrocarbons and their isomers, Derivatives of hydrocarbons, Types of polymers.
- •I. Elements (symbol, atomic number, English pronunciation).
- •II. How to read chemical formulas in inorganic chemistry.
- •III. How to read chemical formulas in organic chemistry.
- •IV. Notes on reading chemical formulas.
- •V. Some abbreviations in common use in chemistry.
XI. Grammar: Reported speech.
a. Turn from direct into reported speech.
1. ``I can`t find my bag``- she said.
2. ``They are working in the garden now`` - he said.
3. ``We got married six months ago`` - she said to us.
4. ``I will go shopping tomorrow`` - he said.
5. ``I bought a new car last week``- they said.
6. ``We aren`t doing anything next week`` - they said.
7. ``I forgot to pay the bill`` - he said.
8. ``We have brought you a present`` - she said to me.
b. Turn the questions from direct into reported speech.
1. ``How old are you?`` - he asked me.
2. He asked: ``Who is there?
3. ``Do you like fish?`` - she asked Jonathan.
4. ``What have you done today?`` - Mother asked.
5. ``How did you get here?`` - he asked.
6. The reporter inquired: ``Was anybody injured?``
7. She asked: ``Where have you been?``
8. Sam wondered: ``Is it an interesting book?``
UNIT 10 Analytical chemistry and methods of analysis |
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Lead-in
Discuss these questions with your partner.
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What analytical chemistry is concerned with?
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How is it connected with the other branches of chemistry?
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What are the methods used in analytical chemistry?
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Reading
Text A
Analytical chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with determining the identity and concentration of chemical substances (analytes). Analytical chemistry can be divided into subdisciplines based on the type of samples that are analyzed: atomic, molecular, or biological. Atomic analysis involves the identification and quantification of elements that often occur in complex mixtures. Analytical chemists are often asked to find the concentration of manganese in a steel sample, for example. Molecular analysis involves the identification and determination of molecules.
Analytical chemistry has significant overlap with other branches of chemistry, especially those that are focused on a certain broad class of chemicals, such as organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry or biochemistry. Analytical chemistry and experimental physical chemistry have a unique relationship in the tools used in experiments. Analytical chemists use a variety of chemical and physical methods to determine identity and concentration. Purely chemical methods were developed in the nineteenth century and therefore are called classical methods. Physical methods involve determinations based on the amount of light absorbed or emitted by the analyte or on the strength of an electrical signal created by the analyte at an electrode.
Classical methods or quantitative analyses include gravimetry, where the amount of a substance is determined by the mass of product generated by a chemical reaction, and titrimetry, where concentration is determined by the volume of a reagent needed to completely react with the analyte. These methods are highly accurate and precise but require a sufficient amount of sample, and a concentration of analyte in the sample of at least 0.1 percent. Furthermore these analyses require the constant attention of a trained scientist. Most modern analytical chemistry techniques are based on instrumental methods involving optical and electrical instruments. Elemental concentrations can be determined by measuring the amount of light absorbed or emitted by gas-phase atoms. Similarly, molecular concentrations are correlated with the emission or absorption of light by molecules in aqueous solutions. Electrodes, like the glass pH electrode, measure the electrical potential due to the presence of specific ions in solution. Spectroscopy measures the interaction of the molecules with electromagnetic radiation. Spectroscopy consists of many different applications such as atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, and so on. Finally, chromatographic methods separate the components of complex mixtures to determine the concentration of each component.
Research is under way to develop techniques that can determine the presence of one atom or molecule in solution, to reduce the size of the instrumentation required, and to analyze the contents of a single cell. These new techniques hopefully will enable the early detection of disease, the remote sensing of a chemical spill, or the rapid analysis of water and air on space vehicles.