VIII. Grammar: Participles

a. Translate into Russian the following sentences.

1. Experimental techniques dealing with gases were developed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

2. Investigating the properties of gases E. Torricelli invented the mercurial barometer.

3. Having prepared everything for the laboratory work, the students began experimenting with chemicals.

4. Having considered the problem, we arrived at a definite conclusion.

5. Dripping taps must be repared.

6. The experimental data obtained proved the theory.

7. While carrying out the experiment the student should be very careful.

8. The patient being examined is from ward 5.

b. Rewrite the sentences using Participles.

1. He was lying on the bed and he was reading a book.

2. Lisa took a deep breath and dived into the water.

3. After Ann had ironed the clothes, she put it away.

4. Alison had washed the paintbrushes before she began to paint the living room.

5. She was sitting on the sofa and she was knitting a jumper.

6. Because he had forgotten to do the shopping, he ate out that night.

7. Emma turned the key in the lock and opened the door.

8. He saw the shadow and screamed.

IX. Write a short essay to answer the question: “What are the main differences between the phlogiston theory and the Law of Conservation of mass”? Use these notes to write four paragraphs.

PARAGRAPH 1

Introduction Name the two concepts.

Say when (18th century) and where (Europe) they were discussed.

PARAGRAPH 2

The phlogiston theory. Its main ideas about mass.

PARAGRAPH 3

The Law of Conservation of Mass. The main idea behind it

(matter is neither created or destroyed).

The people who worked to prove it (Lomonosov, Lavoisier).

PARAGRAPH 4

Conclusion The progress of science through experimentation

(phlogiston theory versus the conservation of mass).

Write 150-200 words.

UNIT 6

Atomic theory Lead-in Read the quotations below. Choose any statement and comment on it.

• ‘Nothing exists except atoms and empty space; everything else is opinion.’ (Democritus)

• ‘The release of atom power has changed everything except our way of thinking.’(Albert Einstein)

• ‘The atom bomb was no great decision. It was merely another powerful weapon in the arsenal of righteousness.’ (Harry S. Truman)

• ‘Every atom in your body came from a star that exploded.’

(Lawrence M. Krauss)

II. Reading

Text A

History of Atomic Theory

The Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that matter could be divided infinitely without changing its properties. Democritus disagreed. He thought that matter could only be divided until you got to the smallest particle (which he called the atom, coming from the Greek word atomos, meaning indivisible). So, who was right? Aristotle was very convincing and did many experiments using the scientific method, so more people believed him.

Around 1800, the English chemist John Dalton brought back Democritus’ ancient idea of the atom. Dalton grew up in a working-class family. As an adult, he made a living by teaching and just did research in his spare time. Nonetheless, from his research he developed one of the most important theories in all of sciences. Based on his research results, he was able to demonstrate that atoms actually do exist, something that Democritus had only guessed. Dalton did many experiments that provided evidence for the existence of atoms. He investigated pressure and other properties of gases, from which he inferred that gases must consist of tiny, individual particles that are in constant, random motion.

He researched the properties of compounds, which are substances that consist of more than one element. He showed that a given compound is always comprised of the same elements in the same whole-number ratio and that different compounds consist of different elements or ratios. This can happen, Dalton reasoned, only if elements are made of separate, discrete particles that cannot be subdivided.

From his research, Dalton developed a theory about atoms. Dalton’s atomic theory consists of three basic ideas. 1) All substances are made of atoms. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. They cannot be divided into smaller particles, created, or destroyed. 2) All atoms of the same element are alike and have the same mass. Atoms of different elements are different and have different masses. 3) Atoms join together to form compounds and a given compound always consists of the same kinds of atoms in the same proportions. Dalton’s atomic theory was accepted by many scientists almost immediately. Most of it is still accepted today. However, scientists now know that atoms are not the smallest particles of matter. Atoms consist of several types of smaller particles, including protons, neutrons, and electrons.