2. Выскажите своё отношение к развитию и применению биогенетических технологий. Выберите один из следующих вариантов:

a) статья в научно-популярном журнале;

b) статья в научном журнале;

c) лекция для будущих генетиков;

d) диалог ученых – генетиков о достижениях и неудачах в их деятельности;

e) конференция по проблемам этики и законодательства в области биомедицинских исследований;

f) авторский вариант.

Unit 6. Organ level of organization

An organ is a structural and functional unit of a plant or animal. It comprises a number of tissues which are coordinated to perform a variety of functions, although one major function often predominates. The majority of plants and animals are composed of organs. Examples include the leaf of plants, and the liver in mammals. Most organs do not function independently but in groups called organ systems. A typical organ system is the digestive system which comprises organs such as the stomach, duodenum, ileum, liver and pancreas. Certain organs may belong to more than one system. The pancreas, for example, forms part of the endocrine (hormone) system as well as the digestive system, because it produces the hormones insulin and glucagon, as well as the digestive enzymes amylase and trypsinogen.

Chapter 1. Nutrition and energy supply. Introduction

Did you know?

The energy released from one

peanut will keep the brain

active for one hour.

All organisms require a constant supply of essential nutrients. What these nutrients are and the amounts of each required by an organism varies from species to species. In mammals carbohydrates and fats are needed in relatively large quantities as sources of energy, and proteins are needed in large amounts for growth and repair. Vitamins and minerals are required in much smaller quantities for a variety of specific functions. Water is a vital constituent of the diet and is necessary for efficient digestion.

Food must be small enough to be ingested. This may involve the use of teeth or other organs designed to break up food into small pieces. This mechanical breakdown also has the effect of giving the food a larger surface area, which aids later digestion.

Food comprises relatively few building blocks, largely monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol, arranged in a variety of macromolecules, which meet the needs of the organism they make up. What suits one organism, however, does not necessarily suit another. The food ingested must therefore be broken down further into its component parts so that they can be rebuilt into the macromolecules and structures of the organism. The food must be made small enough to pass across cell membranes. This breakdown is mainly achieved through hydrolysis reactions speeded up by enzymes and is termed chemical digestion.

1. Назовите существительные, соответствующие данным глаголам (обратите внимание на способ словообразования):

to achieve, to bleed, to chew, to decrease, to digest, to increase, to remove, to swallow, to treat.