VI. Translate from Russian into English

Сеть миллионов взаимосвязанных нервных клеток; автономная нервная система является частью периферической нервной системы; получать информацию через периферическую нервную систему; координировать информацию; передавать сообщения посредством ; состоять из различного типа стимулов; включать в себя два основных раздела; процесс мышления.

VII. Complete the following sentences

CNS consists of the ... and ... cord.

PNS ... ... spinal ... and ... nerves.

The ... are all of the parts of the body.

The nervous system is ... ... two main divisions.

The CNS ... the information from the PNS and ... instructions to ... parts of the body.

The ... is concerned ... controlling the body’s ... activities.

Nervous system is a ... of billions of ... cells.

Appropriate ... are made to continually changing ... .

The actions of the ... can be modified by the CNS.

VIII. Answer the questions:

Give the definition of the nervous system.

What is the function of neurons?

The nervous system is comprised of two main divisions, isn’t it?

What does the CNS consist of?

What does the PNS consist of?

What is the function of receptors?

Do effectors respond to nerve impulse instructions from CNS or PNS?

What processes is the brain involved in?

What are the functions of the PNS?

Why do we consider ANS as a separate system?

What is ANS concerned with?

The Nervous System, peripheral – Part III

The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system spreads out from the brain and spinal cord all over the body, carrying information to and from the central nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system that controls involuntary functions in the body. These functions include gland activity, contraction of involuntary (smooth) muscles, and the action of the heart. Within the autonomic nervous system, there are two divisions: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system.

What functions does the sympathetic system control?

The sympathetic system controls those activities that prepare the body for sudden activity. These include increasing the blood pressure and heart rate (sending blood to the muscles), increasing glucose production by the liver, reducing the secretion of saliva, causing the erection of hairs on the skin, and causing dilation of the pupils of the eyes.

What functions does the parasympathetic system control?

The parasympathetic system produces effects that are sometimes opposite to those of the sympathetic system. It is a responsible for a reduction in blood pressure and the slowing of the heart rate, constriction of the pupils of the eyes, copious secretion of saliva, and increased activity in the stomach and intestines.

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system. It operates in conjunction with the parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action by dilating the pupils of the eyes, cooling the skin, and raising the blood pressure and pulse rate. The blood is diverted from the intestines to the skeletal muscles, and the adrenal glands are stimulated to produce the hormone epinephrine, which enhances these actions.

The smooth muscle in the bronchi relaxes, allowing more air to enter the lungs; muscular movement in the intestines slows down; and sweating occurs.

All of this activity increases the basic metabolic rate of the body, increasing the use of glucose released from the liver, and prepares the body for instant physical and mental activity.

The parasympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the other division being the sympathetic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerve fibers occur in some of the cranial nerves of the brain and in the sacral nerves of the lower end of the spinal cord. Parasympathetic nerves connect with many parts of the body, including the eyes, the internal organs, and the intestines. The effects of the parasympathetic nervous system include constriction of the pupils, slowing of the heart rate, contraction of the bladder, increase in the rate of digestion, and constriction of the air passages (bronchi). The parasympathetic nervous system effectively calms the body down again, after the sympathetic nervous system has speeded up its responses.