- •І. С. Холмогорцева а. В. Котова english for physicists
- •Навчальний посібник
- •Передмова
- •Part I. General course Unit 1
- •Passive voice
- •Study the following words and word combinations
- •Particles and Fields
- •Where Does the Thunder Come From?
- •Modal verbs
- •Modal verbs with perfect infinitive
- •Study the following words
- •Physics Lab Safety Rules
- •Our Place in the Universe
- •Conditionals
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Study the following words
- •Properties of Light
- •The Atomic Structure of Matter
- •Participle I
- •Study the following words
- •Cutting Through a Myth about Modern Lasers
- •Participle II
- •Absolute participle construction
- •Study the following words
- •Fun Facts about Lasers
- •Study the following words
- •The World Is Made of Subatomic Particles
- •The Big Bang Theory
- •Infinitive
- •Bare infinitive
- •Fiber-Optic Technology
- •Gerund vs. Infinitive
- •Copper and Technology
- •Test yourself Quantum world record smashed
- •V. Grammar test. Choose the correct form.
- •Part II. Special skills Resume
- •Creating The Effective Resume
- •Fill in the Blank Resume Form _______________________
- •Business Letters Layout
- •Inside Address
- •Business Correspondence
- •Study the following word combinations Phrases that can be used in all kinds of business letters
- •Summary and Abstaract Writing
- •Tips on writing an abstract
- •Part III. Additional reading Plasma
- •Plasmas in space
- •Mechanisms of Electron Losses: Electron-Ion Recombination
- •The mhd equations
- •Elements of Quantum Mechanics. History
- •Density dependence of the quark structure of light nuclei
- •An astrophysical application: alpha-capture reactions
- •Dating the Shroud of Turin
- •Double Beta-Decay
- •Advances in Carbon Nanotube Characterization
- •How lasers work
- •Appendix 1 List of irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 Guidance on reading terminology
- •1. The plural of the nouns of Greek and Latin origin
- •2. Numerals in English
- •3. Signs and symbols
- •4. Latin terms and abbriviations
- •5. Greek alphabet
- •Appendix 3 Useful phrases for abstracts
- •Reporting Verbs
- •List of References
- •Contents Передмова…………………………………………………………………………3
- •Англійська мова для студентів фізичних спеціальностей
- •61022, М. Харків, майдан Свободи, 4.
Part I. General course Unit 1
GRAMMAR: Passive Voice
TEXTS: “Particles and Fields”; “Where Does the Thunder Come From?”
Passive voice
to be + Participle II
|
PRESENT |
PAST |
FUTURE |
SIMPLE
|
The letter is written. Books are read every day. |
The letter was written. Books were read every day. |
The letter (books) will be written tomorrow.
|
CONTINUOUS |
The letter is being written now.
The books are being read now. |
The letter was being written at three o’clock yesterday. The books were being read at three o’clock yesterday. |
Не використо- вується |
PERFECT |
The letter has been written.
The books have been read. |
The letter had been written by three o’clock yesterday. The books had been read by three o’clock yesterday. |
The letter (books) will have been written by 3 o’clock tomorrow. |
PERFECT CONTINUOUS |
Не використо- вується |
Не використо- вується |
Не використо- вується |
У питальних реченнях перше допоміжне дієслово стоїть перед підметом:
Was the article written on Monday? When was it written?
У заперечних реченнях заперечна частка not вживається після першого допоміжного дієслова:
The article was not (wasn’t) written on Monday.
Passive Voice вживається, як правило, з перехідними дієсловами, тобто дієсловами, що мають після себе додаток: to tell, to give, to offer, to show, to pay, to promise, to send, to teach, to allow, to ask, to answer, to forgive, to invite, to advise. Ті дієслова, які мають прямі та непрямі додатки, можуть утворювати подвійні конструкції:
A very good job was offered to me.
I was offered a very good job.
Якщо у додатка до дієслова є прийменник, то прийменник вживається наприкінці речення
The doctor was sent for.
This film is much spoken about.
Дієслова to read, to sell, to wash, to clean, to peel, to break, to deform, to wear, to burn вживаються у формі активного стану, але мають значення пасивного стану:
This dress washes and wears well and doesn’t crease.
Love stories sell well. Dry leaves burn well.
Дієслова to have, to chance, to happen, to seem, to appear, to lack, to become, to fit, to suit, to resemble не вживаються в пасивному стані, оскільки вони означають не дію або процес, а стан особи або предмета:
John resembles his father.
He has become a real professional.
З пасивними конструкціями часто вживаються з прийменниками of, from, with, by:
I was interrupted by a loud knock on the door.
My country house is made of wood.
This pie is made from eggs, milk and flour.
Exercise 1. Transform into Passive Voice.
1. Somebody stole my car. 2. The court sentenced the men in January 1998. 3. Somebody will bring the beer. 4. You have not paid for the car. 5. Somebody has left this umbrella behind. 6. When will the police look into this matter? 7 They don't drink ice-cold beer in England. 8. They drink tea with milk at least five times a day. 9. They discuss the weather every day. 10. Some men robbed the Glasgow-London mail train in 1961. 11. They stopped the train between two stations. 12. They disconnected the engine. 13. They drove them to a lonely bridge. 14. People discussed the mail robbery all over the world. 15. The police caught some of the robbers and found part of the money. 16. They have sent the books to the wrong address. 17. Somebody will look after their children. 18. Somebody has bought this coat 19. They haven't caught the robbers yet.
Exercise 2. Rephrase the sentences using Active Voice.
1. The instructions have been changed. 2. She will have to be taught. 3. This car was manufactured in Japan by Toyota. 4. Why aren't the exercises finished on time? 5. Last year 2,000 new units had been produced by the time we introduced the new design. 6. Casual clothes must not be worn. 7. The test will be given at five o'clock this afternoon. 8. Students are required to wear uniforms at all times. 9. All work will have been completed by five o'clock this evening. 10. We were told to wait here. 11. Lunch was being served when we arrived. 12. Lectures are recorded and posted on the Internet. 13. Results will be published in the next issue of the journal. 14. The book is being read by most of the class. 15. Some mistakes were made in this exercise by the student. 16. Traces of ice have been discovered on the surface of the Mars. 17. The dinner was eaten by him. 18. This paining is very valuable. It was painted by Van Gogh.
Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Йому не дозволять керувати автомобілем, доки йому не виповниться 18. 2. Коли вона мила вікно, то вона побачила, що скло розбито. 3. Коли мама прийде додому, всі кімнати буде прибрано. 4. В енциклопедії можна знайти багато цінної інформації. 5. Це місце відвідує багато людей. 6. Мені розповіли цю історію вчора. 7. Мені сказали провести цей експеримент до кінця тижня. 8. Все вже було готово. 9. Тебе шукають. Йди додому. 10. Чому з нього завжди сміються? 11. Нам усім дали квитки на виставку. 12. Лекції цього відомого професора завжди слухають дуже уважно. 13. Мене чекають? 14. Їм поставили три важких запитання, але вони зуміли правильно відповісти на них. 15. Усіх запросили до великої зали. 16. Ці листи переглянуті. Їх можна відправляти. 17. На станції їх зустрів гід і відвіз у готель. 18. Ці журнали повинні бути повернуті в бібліотеку наступного тижня. 19. На наших заняттях багато уваги приділяється вимові. 20. Іванову звеліли пояснити, чому він пропускає заняття.