- •І. С. Холмогорцева а. В. Котова english for physicists
- •Навчальний посібник
- •Передмова
- •Part I. General course Unit 1
- •Passive voice
- •Study the following words and word combinations
- •Particles and Fields
- •Where Does the Thunder Come From?
- •Modal verbs
- •Modal verbs with perfect infinitive
- •Study the following words
- •Physics Lab Safety Rules
- •Our Place in the Universe
- •Conditionals
- •Subjunctive mood
- •Study the following words
- •Properties of Light
- •The Atomic Structure of Matter
- •Participle I
- •Study the following words
- •Cutting Through a Myth about Modern Lasers
- •Participle II
- •Absolute participle construction
- •Study the following words
- •Fun Facts about Lasers
- •Study the following words
- •The World Is Made of Subatomic Particles
- •The Big Bang Theory
- •Infinitive
- •Bare infinitive
- •Fiber-Optic Technology
- •Gerund vs. Infinitive
- •Copper and Technology
- •Test yourself Quantum world record smashed
- •V. Grammar test. Choose the correct form.
- •Part II. Special skills Resume
- •Creating The Effective Resume
- •Fill in the Blank Resume Form _______________________
- •Business Letters Layout
- •Inside Address
- •Business Correspondence
- •Study the following word combinations Phrases that can be used in all kinds of business letters
- •Summary and Abstaract Writing
- •Tips on writing an abstract
- •Part III. Additional reading Plasma
- •Plasmas in space
- •Mechanisms of Electron Losses: Electron-Ion Recombination
- •The mhd equations
- •Elements of Quantum Mechanics. History
- •Density dependence of the quark structure of light nuclei
- •An astrophysical application: alpha-capture reactions
- •Dating the Shroud of Turin
- •Double Beta-Decay
- •Advances in Carbon Nanotube Characterization
- •How lasers work
- •Appendix 1 List of irregular verbs
- •Appendix 2 Guidance on reading terminology
- •1. The plural of the nouns of Greek and Latin origin
- •2. Numerals in English
- •3. Signs and symbols
- •4. Latin terms and abbriviations
- •5. Greek alphabet
- •Appendix 3 Useful phrases for abstracts
- •Reporting Verbs
- •List of References
- •Contents Передмова…………………………………………………………………………3
- •Англійська мова для студентів фізичних спеціальностей
- •61022, М. Харків, майдан Свободи, 4.
Our Place in the Universe
In our everyday life we encounter objects of widely differing sizes. Some of them are as large as a barn and others are as small as a pinhead. When we go beyond those limits, either in the direction of much lager objects or in the direction of much smaller ones, it becomes increasingly difficult to grasp their actual sizes. We know that mountains are very large, but at a distance they look quite small. While at a short range we can see but a few rocks and cliffs. We know that bacteria are very small, but to see them we have to use a microscope, through which they look quite big.
Objects that are much larger than mountains, such as our Earth itself, the moon, the sun, the stars, and stellar systems, constitute what we know as a macrocosm (i.e., “large world” in Greek). Very small objects such as bacteria, atoms, and electrons belong to the microcosm (i.e. “small world” in Greek). If we use the standard scientific unit, a centimeter (0.3937 inch), for measuring sizes, objects belonging to the macrocosm will be described by very large numbers, and those forming the microcosm by very small ones. Thus, the diameter of the sun is 139,000,000,000 cm, while the diameter of a hydrogen atom is only 0.0000000106 cm. Scientists customary express such numbers in terms of positive and negative powers of ten, and write 1.39 x 1011 cm for the diameter of the sun and 1.06x10-8 cm for the diameter of a hydrogen atom. Sometimes special very large or very small units are used. Thus, in the macrocosm we use the so-called astronomical unit (symbol: A.U.), which is defined as the mean distance of the earth from the sun and is equal to 1.4964 x 1013 cm, or a still larger unit known as a light-year (symbol: l.y.) which is defined as the distance traveled by the light in the course of one year and is equal to 9.463 x 1017 cm. In the microcosm we often use microns (symbol: m), defined as 10-4 cm, and Angstroms (symbol: A), defined as 10-8 cm.
It is interesting to notice that the size of the human head is just about halfway between the size of an atom and the size of the sun, or halfway between the size of an atomic nucleus and the diameter of the planetary system (on the logarithmic scale in both cases, of course).
Similar vast variations will be found in the time intervals encountered in the study of the macrocosm and microcosm. In human history we ordinary speak about centuries; in geology the eras are usually measured in hundreds of millions of years, while the age of the Universe itself is believed to be about 10-20 billion years. The revolution period of an electron in the hydrogen atom, on the other hand, is 10-15 sec, and the oscillations of particles constituting atomic nuclei have a period of only 10-22 sec. Notice that the wink of an eye is just halfway between the age of our stellar system and the rotation period of an electron in an atom. Thus, it seems that we are located pretty well in the middle between the macro- and microcosm and can look up at the stars and down at the atoms with an equal degree of infer- and superiority.
Exercise 13. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words and word combinations.
Повсякденне життя; розміри коливаються від … до …; деякі величиною з сарай; зрозуміти їх дійсні розміри; так звана астрономічна одиниця; одна поділка масштабної лінійки; інші розміром із головку шпильки; десятковий логарифмічний масштаб; із різним ступенем неповноцінності і переваги; на невеликій відстані
Exercise 14. Answer the following questions.
What problem is the passage concerned with?
What is the main idea of the text?
Does the title of the passage adequately express the main idea?
Why do you think so?
In what paragraph is the main idea expressed?
What tow worlds are all the objects of the Universe classified into?
What does the word “cosm” mean in Greek?
What is the main standard unit of measuring the size of an object?
Why does the author prefer centimeter as a measuring unit in this case?
What is the diameter of the sun/hydrogen atom?
How do scientists express very large or very small numbers?
What special units are used for expressing sizes and distances an macro- and microcosm?
What is the main standard unit for measuring time intervals?
Can we measure human history in seconds?
What time periods do scientists usually use when speaking of geology/ history of the Universe/ oscillation of particles?
Why does the author say that “we are located pretty well in the middle between the macro- and microcosm”? What “middle” does he mean?
Why can we look up at the stars and down at the atoms with an equal degree of infer- and superiority?
What does the author mean by infer- and superiority?
Exercise 15. Complete the box where possible.
to direct |
direction |
directional |
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oscillation |
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to divide |
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variation |
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to compare |
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constitution |
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to describe |
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rotational |
Exercise 16. Complete the sentences using the words from the box.
1. Objects that are much larger than mountains … what is known as the macrocosm. 2. Decimal logarithmic scale is the scale in which each factor of ten is represented by one … of the yardstick. 3. Similar vast … will be found in the time intervals. 4. An … may be defined ad a series of rapid changes in the state of something during which it moves from its original state to a new state and back again. 5. A … of various durations encountered in the macrocosm, microcosm and in our everyday life is given in Fig.1.
Exercise 17. Give your opinion on the following problems.
Macrocosm objects and their special units of measurements.
Microcosm objects and their special units of measurements.
Time intervals of macro- and microcosm.
The human race in the Universe.
UNIT 3
GRAMMAR: Subjunctive Mood. Conditionals.
TEXTX: “Properties of light”; “The Atomic Structure of Matter”