IV. Grammar focus

1. Match the adjectives from the left column with the nouns from the right. Translate the word combinations into Ukrainian.

local democratic individual public municipal legal representative

democracy liberty will government guarantees values councils

2. Find in the text and copy out the sentences with gerunds. Translate them and explain their functions.

3. Define the predicates in the following sentences. Determine their voice and tense.

1. A democracy is any system of government in which rule is exercised by the people. 2. Democracy may take one of the two basic forms: direct and indirect. 3. Representative democracy means a system of limited government where the people are the ultimate source of governmental power. 4. Administratively Ukraine is divided into 24 regions and the autonomous republic of Crimea. 5. Each region has its local government bodies. 6. The public will may be voiced by the people directly, but more often it is made manifest. 7. The territorial communities are the subject of municipal property.

4. Ask the questions to the words or expressions in italics.

1. The functions of local government can be broadly divided into two main groups: functions of control and the provision of public services. 2. Local self-government has its common, economic, politic and legal guarantees. 3. The oldest form of city government represents an elected mayor. 4. An elected council represents the various neighborhoods. 5. The territorial communities are the subject of municipal property.

III. SPEAKING

1. Work in group:

• Say what the text is about A) in a short phrase; B) in an extended sentence.

• Discuss what form of democracy A) is more widespread and why; B) your viewpoint to its efficiency.

• Explain A) the necessity of social grouping to possess some kind of governmental structure; B) the notion of self-government.

• Name A) the main legal documents which grant the local government bodies in Ukraine; B) the functions of local government bodies.

2. Imagine the situation and give your own viewpoints:

• if you were mayor what functions you would exercise in the first instance;

• if you were the head of State what functions you would add to local governments.

Unit 5 Local Authorities Section 2 Local Authorities in Great Britain and in the United States

I. LEAD-IN

1. Answer the following questions:

1. Is the local government concerned with the country as a whole?

2. What is the jurisdiction of local government?

2. Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1	Borough	A	місто, яке має самоврядування
2	County	B	округ, адміністративне керування
3	municipalitу	C	містечко; район (США)
4	parish	D	графство; округ (США)

TEXT 2

Read the text to understand what information is new for you.

LOCAL AUTHORITIES

IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IN THE UNITED STATES

States are societies (organized communities) that occupy large territories and provide authority, security, laws, justice, and rewards. Local authorities take many crucial decisions that affect the well-being of their community. They are responsible for providing with social services such as education, maintenance of vulnerable people, environment, public order, traffic services, providing libraries, cultural and recreational facilities. Although the United Kingdom is a unitary state, a very large part of public services are administrated by local authorities. Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own systems, which are not quite the same as that of England and Wales, though the differences are only superficial. The pattern of local government in England is complex. England is subdivided into 9 regions. One of these,London, has an electedAssemblyandMayor. Below the region level and excluding London, England has two different patterns of local government in use. In some areas there is acounty council responsible for services such as education, waste management and strategic planning within a county, with severaldistrictcouncilsresponsible for services such as housing, waste collection and local planning. Below the district level, a district may be divided into several civil parishes. Typical activities undertaken by a parish council include allotments, parks, public clocks, and entering Britain in Bloom. They also have a consultative role in planning. Councils such as districts, counties andunitaries are known as principallocal authorities in order to differentiate them in their legal status from parish and town councils. In some districts, the rural area is parished and the urban is not.

Local government in Scotland is organised through 32 unitary authorities, consisting of elected councillors. Community councilsrepresent the interests of local people. Local authorities have a statutory duty to consult community councils on planning, development and other issues directly affecting that local community.

Northern Ireland is divided into 26 districts for local government purposes. Their functions include waste and recycling services, leisure and community services, building control and local economic and cultural development.

Local government in the United States is generally structured in accordance with the laws of the various individual states. Each state constitution provides for the establishment of local governmental entities. In all states, these local entities include counties and cities, but most states also provide for other types of local government, including wards, school districts, conservation districts, townships, and transportation authorities. These special types of local government have regulatory, administrative, or taxing authority as defined in the state constitution or in state law. Typically each state has at least two separate tiers: counties (known in Louisianaasparishesand as boroughs in Alaska), andmunicipalities. Some states have their counties divided into townships. In turn there are several different types of municipal government, generally reflecting the needs of different levels of population densities; although the types and nature of these municipal entities varies from state to state, typical examples include the city,town,borough, and village. Many rural areas and even some suburban areas of many states have no municipal government below the county level. In a few states, there is only one level of local government:Hawaiihas no legal municipalities below the county level; whileConnecticutandRhode Island's counties serve no legal function—these being filled by city and town governments. In addition to the above, there are also often local or regional special districtsthat exist for specific purposes, such as to providefire protection, sewerservice, transit serviceor to managewaterresources. In many states,school districts manage the schools. Such special purpose districts often encompass areas in multiple municipalities. Finally, in some places the different tiers are merged together, for example as a consolidated city-county.