4. Complete the sentences with the words of the active vocabulary.

marriage civil law (2) common law contract code personal injury

… … judges administer the law, but they do not create it.

Systems of … … and … … also differ in how law is created and how it can be changed

Private law includes the rules governing civil and commercial relationships such as …, divorce, and … agreements.

Laws regulating marriage, contracts, and payment for … are examples of civil law.

The … is a systematic and comprehensive accumulation of legal rules and principles.

5. The verbs below can all be used to form nouns. Find in the text the words which have related meanings and make up your own sentences with them. Pay special attention to where the stress is.

Example: To administer – an administrator (n.) e.g. The pension funds are administered by commercial banks.

to proceed, to accumulate, to adopt, to govern, to injure

6. Give the English equivalents for the following word combinations:

Адміністративний кодекс, приватне право, публічне право, правова система, процесуальні дії, конституційне право, шлюб, договір, звичаєве право, цивільно-правова система, суд, кримінальний, правові принципи, розв’язувати конфлікти, термін, походити.

7. Complete the words using definitions

harm done to a person’s or an animal’s body, for example in an accident	i_j_ _ y
connected with organizing the work of a business or an institution	_d_ _ _ _st_a_ _ _ _
the legal relationship between a husband and wife; the state of being married	m_rr_ _ _ _
the group of people who are responsible for controlling a country or a state	_ _v_r_ _ _ _ _
the place where legal trials take place and where crimes, etc. are judged	_ _ _ _t
a question to be decided in court	m_tt_ _

8. Translate into English.

Цивільне право виникло у стародавньому Римі. Цивільне право регулює шлюб, угоди, сплату завданої особистої шкоди тощо. Традиційно цивільне право порівнюють з загальним правом. Загальне право є основою правової системи більшої частини Великої Британії, Канади та США. Цивільно-правова традиція передбачає розрізнення між приватним та публічним правом. Приватне право стосується регулювання цивільних та торгівельних правовідносин. Конституційне право, кримінальне право та адміністративне право складають приватне право.

IV. Grammar focus

1. Point out sentences with Participles II in the text and explain the use.

2. Read the text. Use the correct form of the participle.

Civil law systems do not have any process like the common law practice of discovery—the pretrial search for information conducting/conducted by the parties involving/involved in the case. In civil law systems the judge supervises the collection of evidence and usually examines witnesses in private. Cross-examination of witnesses by the opposing/opposed party’s attorney is rare. Instead, a civil law action consists of a series of meetings, hearings, and letters. This eliminates the need for a trial and, therefore, for a jury.