- •Кафедра іноземних мов
- •Донецьк 2009
- •Ббк 65 я 73
- •Contents
- •My speciality. Manager………………………………………….…...19
- •§ 1. Артикль (the article)………………………………….........................170
- •Передмова
- •Introduction
- •Мовленєвий практикум Communication
- •1. The economy of ukraine
- •2. The economy of the usa
- •3. The economy of great britain Lead-in:
- •What is Britain’s economy based on?
- •4. My university
- •5. My speciality. Economist
- •6. My speciality. Manager
- •7. Market
- •8. Company structure
- •9. Forms of business
- •10. Business strategy
- •11. Franchising
- •12. Goods manager
- •13. My speciality. Marketing manager
- •14. My speciality. Customs inspector
- •15. Marketing and promotion
- •16. Types of goods
- •17. Advertising
- •18. Exhibitions and fairs
- •19. My speciality. Accounting and audit
- •20. My speciality. Finance and credit
- •21. My specialty. Banking
- •22. Imf and the world bank
- •23. The banking industry
- •24. Money
- •25. Taxation
- •26. Stock exchange
- •Тексти та вправи Texts and exercises
- •Introducing economics
- •Command economy command economy with some household choice
- •Market economy
- •Fig.1. Simple models of economic system.
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •The government and market systems
- • Comprehension:
- •Viewpoint:
- •How markets work
- • Comprehension:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Demand and supply
- • Comprehension:
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •Inflation and deflation
- •Viewpoint:
- •6. Market leaders, challengers and followers
- •Viewpoint:
- •7. Company finance, ownership and management
- •Viewpoint:
- •Summarizing.
- •Viewpoint:
- •Futures, options and swaps
- • Comprehension:
- •Summarizing. Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Buyouts
- •“You can’t buy a company merely by buying its shares”
- •Viewpoint:
- •Principles of taxation
- •Viewpoint:
- •Types of taxes
- •Viewpoint:
- •Foreign direct investment
- •Summarizing:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Accounting and bookkeeping
- •Viewpoint:
- •Accounting and financial nationalments
- •Summarizing:
- •Text organization:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Types of financial satatements
- •Summarizing:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Current account and capital account
- •Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
- •Auditing
- •Summarizing:
- •Text organization:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Marketing
- • Comprehension:
- •Summarizing:
- •Viewpoint:
- •The centrality of marketing
- •Is fitting the market to the product.”
- •Viewpoint:
- •Advertizing
- •Summarizing:
- •Text organization:
- •Viewpoint:
- •The business cycle
- • Comprehension:
- •Summarizing:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Macroeconomics
- •Summarizing:
- •Viewpoint:
- •A medium of exchange
- • Comprehension:
- •Summarizing:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Money and banks
- •I had almost said timidity, is the life of banking”
- •Summarizing:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Banking and financial services
- •In great britain
- •Viewpoint:
- •Management
- •Summarizing:
- •Viewpoint:
- •International business
- • Comprehension:
- •Summarizing:
- •Viewpoint:
- •International trade
- •Summarizing: Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Excellent; good; average; poor;
- •31. International trade. Specialization among nations
- •Summarizing:
- •Viewpoint:
- •32. Protectionism and free trade
- • Comprehension:
- •Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
- •Viewpoint:
- •33. International oranizations and free trade
- •Viewpoint:
- •Free trade and developing countries
- •Summarizing: Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
- •Viewpoint:
- •Economics and ecology
- •Кліше для реферування та анотування Clichés and useful phrases for annotations:
- •For abstracts:
- •Граматичний довідник Grammar reference
- •§ 1. Артикль (the article)
- •§ 2. Іменник (the noun) множина іменників
- •Відмінок (the case)
- •§ 3. Прикметник (the adjective)
- •§ 4. Сполучники as...As, not so...As, than при утворенні ступенів порівняння прикметників
- •§ 5. Числівник (the numeral)
- •Календарні дати
- •§ 6. Займенник (the pronoun)
- •Неозначені займенники
- •§7. Дієслово (the verb)
- •Часи дієслова (tenses)
- •Спосіб дієслова (the mood)
- •Стан дієслова (the voice)
- •Пасивний стан (the passive voice)
- •Особливості вживання речень у пасивному стані в англійській мові
- •Переклад речень з дієсловом у пасивному стані
- •Неозначений час в активному і пасивному стані (The indefinite (Simple) tense, active and passive voice)
- •I am not a student. Я не студент. Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Тривалий час в активному
- •Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Пасивний стан
- •Вживання
- •Перфектний час в активному і пасивному стані (The perfect tense, active and passive voice)
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Пасивний стан
- •Утворення
- •Вживання
- •Вживання
- •§ 8. Дієприкметник
- •(The participle)
- •Дієприкметник теперішнього часу
- •(The present participle)
- •Дієприкметник минулого часу (the past participle) утворення
- •Вживання
- •Функції
- •Перфектний дієприкметник (the perfect participle)
- •Значення та вживання
- •Самостійний дієприкметниковий зворот (the absolute participial construction)
- •§ 9. Інфінітив (the infinitive)
- •Об'єктний інфінітивний комплекс (the objective infinitive complex)
- •Суб'єктний інфінітивний комплекс (the subjective infinitive complex)
- •Прийменниковий інфінітивний комплекс
- •Модальне дієслово can
- •Дієслово may
- •Дієслово must
- •Модальні дієслова should, ought
- •§ 11. Порядок слів в англійському реченні розповідні речення (word order. Affirmative sentences)
- •§ 12. Питальні речення (interrogative sentences)
- •§ 13. Узгодження часів у додатковому підрядному реченні (sequences of tenses)
- •§ 14. Безсполучникові підрядні речення (asyndetic affirmative sentences)
- •§ 15. Умовні речення (conditional sentences)
- •Таблиця неправильних дієслів
- •Граматичні вправи
- •II. Вживання часів Passive Voice
- •Ііі. Модальні дієслова
- •Іv. Інфінітив
- •Вправа 2. Визначте функцію інфінітиву у реченнях. Перекладіть їх на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 3. Вставте "to" де потрібно. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 7. Вставити "to" де потрібно. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 8. Знайдіть Complex Object. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 13. Знайдіть Complex Subject у наступних реченнях. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 16. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •V. Дієприкметник Вправа 1. Складіть п’ять речень з кожної таблиці.
- •Вправа 4. Знайдіть дієприкметники, встановіть їх форму і функцію. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 8. Замінити наступні складні речення дієприкметниковими конструкціями. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Model: The boys who live in this house formed a football team. – The boys living in this house formed a football team.
- •Вправа 17. Перефразуйте наступні речення, використовуючи Absolute Participle Complex. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Вправа 18. Знайдіть дієприкметникові комплекси. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •VI. Ступені порівняння
- •VII. Слова - замінники
- •Vііі. Безсполучникові речення
- •IX. Умовні речення
- •Вправа 8. Утворіть умовні речення. Перекладіть речення на рідну мову.
- •Список використаної літератури references
- •Economics Nowadays
Summarizing:
Complete the following sentences to summarize the text above:
In his book John Keynes argued that … .
Classical economic theories Nationald that … .
Keynes recommended … in the economy.
Milton Friedman argued that Keynesian fiscal policy had … .
Monetarists insist that free markets are efficient and should be allowed to … .
Keynesians believe there is still a role … .
True-false questions:
1. The great depression of the 1930s demonstrated that the market system does not automatically lead to full employment. |
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2. Classical economic theories Nationald that excess savings would cause interest rates to fall and investment to increase again. |
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3. Keynes did not recommend governmental intervention in the economy. |
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4. In the 1950s and 1960s Milton Friedman said that Keynesian fiscal policy had negative long-run effects. |
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5. Monetarists insist that free markets and competition are efficient and should be allowed to operate with a minimum of governmental intervention. |
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6. Keynesians believe there is still a role for either expansionary or deflationary policies. |
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Viewpoint:
In your opinion, should the government intervene to create jobs in case of high unemployment?
Macroeconomics
Lead-in: What is the difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics? Key words and phrases 1. performance of the economy – стан економіки 2. to allocate scarce resources – розміщувати недостатні ресурси 3. household – домашнє господарство 4. labour and capital – праця та капітал 5. aggregate output – сукупний обсяг виробництва 6. consumption and investment – споживання та інвестування 7. total expenditure – сукупні витрати 8. National intervention – державна інтервенція 9. rate of inflation – інфляційний темп, рівень інфляції 10. labour market – ринок праці 11. balance-of-payments equilibrium – рівновага платіжного балансу
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Each microeconomic unit functions within the context of an entire economy and is closely affected by the performance of that economy.
The distinction between macro – (from the Greek word ‘makros’ meaning ‘large) and microeconomics is a somewhat arbitrary one but it serves to emphasize the differing preoccupations and approaches of the two branches. In microeconomics we approach the problem of allocating scarce resources with a theory of price determination based upon the interaction of supply and demand. In macroeconomics we employ the theory of the circular flow of income in order to analyze the overall behaviour of the economy.
The circular flow of income pictures an economy as a closed system with income flowing between the two basic spending units – households and firms. Households pay money to firms in return for goods and services produced by the firms, and firms close the circuit by paying money to households in return for the use of factors of production – land, labour and capital – owned by the households. This is obviously a gross oversimplification of what actually occurs.
In macroeconomics we are concerned with aggregate levels of output, income, employment and prices, and with their fluctuations. We shall consider how these aggregates are influenced by foreign trade, and how they are influenced by the way the resources of an economy are distributed between consumption and investment. We shall also have to consider the role of government in determining the flow of income because governments command a large proportion of total expenditure and investment in modern economies. And the inclusion of government in our model illustrates another distinction between micro- and macroeconomics. In microeconomics the emphasis is on the working or market forces mediated by the government. On the other hand, macroeconomics is predominantly policy-oriented. It is about government intervention.
National intervention is now an accepted fact in broad areas of economic life. It is a relatively recent phenomenon, which owes its development to the inter-war depression (1921-39). During that period of industrial slump, when the UK unemployment rate averaged 14%, considerable doubts arose about the ability of an unregulated economy to achieve full employment.
The 1960s saw the development of what has become known as monetarism, associated primarily with Professor Milton Friedman at the University of Chicago. Monetarism has its roots in the economic theory attacked by Keynes and suggests that altering the level of demand in the economy affects only the rate of inflation and not output and employment. Monetarism became increasingly influential in economic policy during the 1970s and 1980s.
Governments now intervene in all economic sectors – in agriculture, in industry, in the labour market, in trade. They control monopolies in order to ensure free competition; they are responsible for defence and law and order; they supply the economic infrastructure of transport systems, energy, posts and telecommunications; and they provide a wide range of social services and facilities. The dissatisfaction with the role of government at the macroeconomic level was matched in many countries in the 1980s with a greater emphasis on the operation of markets free of unnecessary government intervention.
Governments have four basic economic objectives: full employment, price stability, balance-of-payments equilibrium, and economic growth. These objectives are just as applicable to governments of developing countries as to those of developed countries, though the latter have minuscule problems to solve in comparison to the problems facing developing countries.
Comprehension:
1. What is the difference between macroeconomics and microeconomics?
2. Where is the emphasis in microeconomics?
3. Why is National intervention an accepted fact now?
4. When did monetarism come into being?
5. In what economic sectors do governments now intervene?
6. How many basic economic objectives do governments pursue?
7. Are these objectives applicable only in developed countries?