Active Vocabulary

industrial engineer – інженер-технолог

graduation thesis – дипломний проект

State Examining Board – державна екзаменаційна комісія

production foreman – начальник цеху

chief of the laboratory – зав. лабораторією

chief engineer – головний інженер

fixed regime – встановлений режим

perfection and advance in knowledge – удосконалення і поглиблення знань

Task 1

Answer the questions to the text

1. What is the name of your department?

2. What is your future speciality?

3. How long does the course of training of industrial engineers last?

4. What subjects do the first-year students study?

5. What are the subjects during the senior years of study closely connected with?

6. What is the final year of study devoted to?

7. Where are you going to work?

8. What is an industrial engineer responsible for?

9. What does the chief of the laboratory control?

10. What are the main duties of a chief engineer?

11. What does the successful work of an industrial engineer require?

Task 2

Fill in the gaps using the words in the box

Carbon dioxide; cane; carbohydrates; vegetables; plants; chlorophyll; digestive; honey; invert.

The term “sugar” to most people means 1_______ sugar. However, this is only the most common of the several sugars responsible for sweet taste of certain foods. Sugar is called by chemists 2 “_______________”. People have known ordinary sugar from ancient times. The first sugar was produced from sugar cane. There are only two kinds of sugar that we are primarily concerned with in sugar refining, namely: the white sugar that is used by us in food and drink and 3 “__________” sugar that we find in fruits and 4 ________. White sugar is easily absorbed by our 5 ______________ organs and it is widely distributed in vegetables, roots and stems of all grasses. White sugar will turn into invert sugar very easily but it is impossible to turn invert sugar into the white one. Invert sugar comes to us in small quantities. Only 6 _______ and trees can turn invert sugar into the white sugar. In all plants the contant of sugar is due to the 7 ________ of the leaves to the sunlight in the presence of the green coloring matter of the plant, 8 __________ , by which 9 ______ ________ from the air combines with water to form sugar.

Text 2

Future utilization of sugar crops

The cultivation of sugar cane has been carried out in India for a long time. The sugar cane is a gigantic grass which consists of roots, stalk and leaves. The stalk is like a bamboo and may be from eight to fifteen inches in height. Long narrow leaves grow in two rows. As the cane grows the lower leaves die and fall off. The stalk is a tube filled with soft fibers. The inner fibers contain the sugar. When the cane is ripe it produces at the top of the stalk a feathery plume of grey flowers, the “Arrow”. The usual time for ripening is from nine to fourteen months. Before ripening there is a lot of invert sugar present, and if the ripe cane is left standing for long, the sucrose changes into invert. Invert sugar is known to be undesirable, so it is important for the cane to be harvested when the amount of invert sugar is as low as possible and when the sucrose content is the highest. When ripe, the canes are cut down near the ground and the green tops and leaves are cut off. Part of the cane stalk near the top is cut off at harvest time and used for planting new canes.

The sugar beet has a long tapering root with long thin rootlets which gather nourishment from the soil. Beet is grown from seed sown in spring. Some weeks after sowing the young plants are thinned out. The beets are ripe at the end of September when they contain the greatest amount of sugar. The beet crop requires more attention than a cane crop. That’s why beet sugar is more costly to produce than cane sugar. The harvest must be gathered quickly before the first frosts. At harvesting time the soil round the root is loosened and the root is pulled out. The long tap root and leaves contain very little sugar.

The manufacture of beet sugar is a technological process involving principles of chemistry, physics and engineering. Actually, sugar production in Ukraine is not a new industry. It emerged at the beginning of the 19^th century. Both sugar cane and sugar beet give more food energy than other major crop. Formely such solvents as ethanol, butanol and acetone were made from sucrose or invert sugar in the form of molasses. Now these substances are made from hydrocarbons of petroleum and natural gas. Much research has already been carried out in the field of sucro-chemistry but still there are great opportunities for new researches in this field.

Active Vocabulary

cane – тростина

arrow – стріла

bamboo – бамбук

gigantic – велетенський

narrow – вузький

stalk – стовбур

fiber – волокно

root – корінь

ripening – дозрівання

content – вміст

plume – перо, султан

seed – насіння

soil – грунт

nourishment – живлення

crop – врожай

production – виробництво

research – дослідження

ethanol – етиловий спирт

butanol – бутан

hydrocarbon – вуглеводень

grass – трава

leaves – листя

amount – кількість

substance – речовина

natural gas – природний газ

opportunity – можливість

solvent – розчин

Task 1