Vesalius was a Flemish-born anatomist whose dissections of the human body helped to correct misconceptions dating from ancient times.

Andreas Vesalius was born on 31 December 1514 in Brussels, Belgium, then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He came from a family of physicians and both his father and grandfather had served the holy Roman emperor. Vesalius studied medicine in Paris but was forced to leave before completing his degree when the Holy Roman Empire declared war on France. He then moved to Padua to study for his doctorate. Upon completion he was immediately offered the chair of Surgery and Anatomy.

In 1537 he got the degree of Doctor of Medicine. In 1538 his first scientific works in Anatomy were published. In 1543 his most important book "On the Structure of the Human Body" was written.

His work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consists of seven books. The bones of the skeleton, the joints and cartilages were described in the first book; the muscles — in the second; the vessels — in the third; the nerves — in the fourth; the alimentary tract — in the fifth; the heart and the respiratory system — in the sixth; the brain — in the seventh.

In all his researches Vesalius studied the anatomy of the human body on corpses. He studied the structure of the inner organs of the human body taking into consideration their functions. Vesalius was the first scientist to give a proper description of the human skeleton. He also determined that neither the right nor the left ventricles of the heart were connected. He determined that there were no opening in the septum between the left and the right heart chambers. It was a great discovery. Before Vesalius all the scientists considered that the left and the right heart chambers were connected by the opening in the septum. His discovery opened the way to the discovery of the pulmonary and systemic blood circulations in future. Vesalius did much to establish new and exact anatomical terms.

Both the great Russian scientist Pavlov and many other famous scientists said that the works written by Vesalius composed the first anatomy of the human body in which everything was based on scientific research work.

Exercise 8. Find corresponding equivalents:

the Holy Roman Empire to based on a research work a reference book taking into consideration dating from ancient times to disprove scientists’ belief parallel dissections the opening in the septum to uncover errors the chair of surgery anatomical charts misconception

1. викривати помилки 2. кафедра хірургії 3. анатомічні карти 4. Священна Римська імперія 5. довідник 6. паралельні розтини 7. неправильне уявлення 8. базуватися на дослідницькій роботі 9. починаючи з давніх часів 10. отвір в перегородці 11. беручи до уваги 12. спростувати думку вчених

Exercise 9. Translate the words given in italics into English. Translate the whole sentences into your native language:

1. Vesalius was a фламанським анатомом whose dissections of the human body helped to correct неправильне розуміння dating from ancient times.

2. Andreas Vesalius was born on 31 December 1514 in Brussels, Belgium, then part of Священної Римської імперіі.

3. Vesalius came from a family of лікарів and both his father and grandfather had served the holy Roman імператора.

4. Vesalius studied medicine in Paris but його змусили leave before completing his науковий ступінь when the Holy Roman Empire оголосила war on France.

5. Andreas Vesalius навчався at the University in Belgium, and then moved to Padua in Italy to study for his докторський ступінь.

6. Upon завершення in 1537 he was immediately offered кафедру of surgery and anatomy.

7. Vesalius believed that хірургія had to be grounded in анатомії.

8. Unusually, he always performed розтини himself and produced анатомічні карти of the blood and nervous systems as a reference aid for his students.

Exercise 10. Fill in prepositions from the box below where necessary:

with; through; in, by, of; to; for; from

1. The works written ____Vesalius composed the first anatomy __ the human body.

2. Surgery and anatomy were considered ____ little importance ___ comparison ______the other branches of medicine.

3. His work "On the Structure ___ the Human Body" consists____seven books.

4. Vesalius studied medicine______France.

5. In the same year Vesalius wrote a pamphlet ____ bloodletting, a popular treatment ____ a variety of illnesses.

6. He transformed anatomy ____ a subject that relied ____ observations taken directly ________human dissections.

7. Vesalius was a supporter of 'parallel dissections' ___ which an animal cadaver and a human cadaver are dissected simultaneously ___ order ________demonstrate the anatomical differences.

8. ____ his most important work, ____ the Fabric ___ the Human Body ____ 1543, Vesalius showed that Galen was wrong ____ some points ____ human anatomy.

Exercise 11. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms:

Foramina; lower jaw; lectures; studies; outstanding; department; bloodletting; cadaver

1. Andreas Vesalius, the famous Flemish-born anatomist, believed that the brain and the nervous system are center of the mind and emotion in contrast to the common Aristotelian belief that the heart was the center of the body.

2. Vesalius determined that there were no opening in the septum.

3. Vesalius studied the anatomy of the human body on corpses.

4. In 1537 Andreas Vesalius was immediately offered the chair of surgery and anatomy.

5. In 1538 Vesalius also published a letter on venesection, a popular treatment for almost any illness, but there was some debate about where to take the blood from.

6. In his extensive study of the skull, Vesalius claimed that the mandible consisted of one bone, whereas Galen had thought it was two separate bones.

7. Andreas Vesalius also pioneered a new style in teaching anatomy, inviting his students to watch him in the process of dissecting cadavers as he lectured, rather than just listening to readings in the subject.

8. Due to his researches Vesalius describes the source and position of each muscle of the body as well as providing information on their respective operations.

Exercise 12. Match the terms with their definitions:

1. human body  2. dissection 3. dissecting-room 4. anatomy 5. autopsy 6. cadaver

a) a dead body of a human being used in scientific or medical research; b) the science concerned with the physical structure of the human body, animals and plants; c) also called: necropsy, postmortem examination dissection and examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death; d) the process of disassembling and observing something to determine its internal structure and as an aid to discerning the functions and relationships of its components. It is commonly practiced in the teaching of anatomy for students of medicine; e) a place (as in a hospital or medical school) where anatomical dissecting is performed for instruction, research, or analysis;  f) includes the entire structure of a human being and comprises a head, neck, trunk (which includesthe thorax and abdomen), arms and hands, legs and feet. Every part of the body is composed of various types of cell.

Exercise 13. Answer the questions:

1. Who is widely considered to be the founder of the modern science of anatomy?

2. Where did Andreas Vesalius study medicine?

3. When was Vesalius awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine?

4. When was his most important book on human anatomy On the Structure of the Human Body written?

5. What books does his work "On the Structure of the Human Body" consist of?

6. What did Andreas Vesalius study on corpses?

7. What did the Great Russian scientist Pavlov and many other famous scientists say about the works written by Vesalius?

8. What are the greatest Vesalius’ discoveries?

Exercise 14. Read and translate the following sentences, paying attention to the predicate and italicized expressions:

1. The pathoanatomist had dissected the corpse when we came.

2. Yesterday the autopsist had dissected the corpse by 2 o’clock.

3. By the time we came the autopsist had dissected the corpse.

4. The pathoanatomist had dissected the corpse before we came.

5. We were said that the pathoanatomist had dissected the corpse.

6. They reported that the autopsist had dissected the corpse two days before.

Exercise 15. Open the brackets using Past Perfect. Translate into native language:

1. Many famous scientists said that the works written by Vesalius (to compose) the first anatomy of the human body based on scientific research work.

2. Vesalius admitted that due to a lack of pregnant cadavers, he (to be) unable to come to a significant understanding of the reproductive organs.

3. However, he did find that the uterus falsely (to identify) as having two distinct sections.

4. In Galen's observation of the ape, he (to discover) that their sternum consisted of seven parts which he assumed held true for humans but Vesalius discovered that the human sternum only consisted of three parts.

5. The students were reported that Vesalius (to introduce) the notion of induction of the extraction of empyema through surgical means.

6. It was known that due to Vesalius’s impressive study of the human skull and the variations of its features he (to be) responsible for the launch of the study of physical anthropology.

7. Our lecturer said that Vesalius’s students (to encourage) to check their findings, and even his own findings, so that they could better understand the structure of the human body.

8. We were informed that Vesalius (to use) “'parallel dissections” in which an animal cadaver and a human cadaver were dissected simultaneously in order to demonstrate the anatomical differences and thus uncover Galenic errors.

Exercise 16. Put up questions to the underlined words:

1. Vesalius believed the skeletal system to be the framework of the human body.

2. It was Vesalius who accurately described the vestibule (преддверие) in the interior of the temporal bone of the skull.

3. Vesalius' work on the vascular and circulatory systems is his greatest contribution to the complex and modern medicine.

4. Vesalius believed that the cardiac systole was synchronous with the arterial pulse.

5. Vesalius believed that nerves did not originate from the heart.

6. Upon studying the optic nerve, Vesalius came to the conclusion that nerves were not hollow.

7. Vesalius also disproved Galen's belief that the liver consisted of five lobes.

8. In 1541 Vesalius uncovered the fact that all of Galen's research had been based upon animal anatomy rather than the human.

Exercise 17. Use verbs in brackets in correct forms and translate:

Galen, a Greek doctor who had lived in the 3^rd century BC, had been the standard of knowledge about human anatomy for almost 2000 years. However, Vesalius began to detect errors in Galen’s understanding. He began to realize that Galen (to use) animal corpses for dissection and (to use) these investigations as a basis for his writings of human anatomy. Vesalius, in contrast, (to use) human corpses to study human anatomy. Thus, Vesalius (to be) much more accurate in his understandings and descriptions. He also ( to pioneer) a new style in teaching anatomy, inviting his students to watch him in the process of dissecting cadavers as he lectured, rather than just listening to readings (лекції) in the subject, he said: “ The truth is under the skin, and is not necessarily hidden in dusty books”. When corpses (to be) not available for object lessons, Vesalius drew large illustrations and mounted them in a visible place in the lecture room so that students (can) see as they learned anatomy.

Exercise 18. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term “анатом”:

1. Vesalius was a Flemish-born anatomist whose dissections of the human body helped to correct misconceptions dating from ancient times.

2. Usually a specialist studies the structure of the inner organs of the human body on corpses, a dead body of a human being used in scientific or medical research.

3. Anatomists dissect the corpses in the dissecting-rooms, a room in a hospital or medical school where anatomical dissecting is performed for instruction, research, or analysis. 

4. It was Andreas Vesalius who was the first to describe the structure of the human body on corpses.

5. An anatomist is an expert in the science of Anatomy, the branch of Medicine that studies the structure of the various parts of the human body.