The World Health Organization

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.

The constitution of the World Health Organization had been signed by all 61 countries of the United Nations by 22 July 1946. As of 2013, WHO has 194 member - states.

WHO has achieved an impressive record in pursuing its main aim, especially in the battle against some of the world's most virulent diseases. Its most remarkable success has been the campaign against smallpox and malaria, the former now completely eradicated from the earth.

One of the main services carried out by WHO is the service of epidemic warnings. WHO gathers information and broadcasts it daily by radio to health authorities, ports, airports and ships at sea. WHO also informs national health services about outbreaks of viral diseases such as influenza and poliomyelitis.

Besides epidemic information WHO also provides services which are needed by all the countries, such as an international quarantine measures, world health statistics, international standardization of medicines and vaccines, development of medical research and technical publication program.

Its current priorities include communicable diseases, in particular, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis; the elimination of the effects of non-communicable diseases; sexual and reproductive health, development, and aging; nutrition, food security and healthy eating; occupational health; substance abuse.

WHO also works to "reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence.

In recent years, the emphasis has shifted to the long-term tasks of building up permanent health services and improving environmental conditions to eliminate the causes of diseases, build up resistance. In other words, the stress is more on prevention than on cure.

WHO Member States appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly, WHO’s supreme decision-making body. The World Health Assembly is the legislative and supreme body of WHO. Based in Geneva, it typically meets yearly in May.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions to the text:

1. When was WHO founded?

2. How many member-states are there in WHO?

3. What are the most active forms of WHO activities?

4. How are national health services informed about outbreaks of viral diseases?

5. Where is a headquarters of WHO stationed.

6. What are the current priorities of WHO?

7. What is the World Health Assembly?

8. What disease has been completely eradicated from the earth?

Exercise 9. a) Form nouns with the meaning “стан, положення, властивість, якість» using the suffix –(i)ty. Translate them:

Model: rapid (швидкий) → rapidity (швидкість)

Severe, immune, morbid, possible, real, formal, safe, mortal, reactive

b) Form adjectives with the meaning “відносини» using the suffix -- ive. Translate them:

Model: regulate (регулювати)→ regulative (що регулює)

Illustrate, construct, connect, inform, attract, prevent, demonstrate, communicate, create, collect, express, progress, reproduce, impress

Exercise 10. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations in the text:

Здорове харчування, медичне дослідження, епідемічне попередження, спалах інфекційних хвороб, умови оточуючого середовища, покращувати стан здоров’я, довготривале завдання, старіння, усувати причини хвороби, законодавчий орган, профілактика, безпека продуктів харчування, ослаблення дії хвороб, вагітність, заразна хвороба

Exercise 11. Match the words with their synonyms in the text:

Word	Synonym
Illness
struggle
purpose
virulent
state
collect
death rate

Exercise 12. Find in the text 7 words that can be the noun and verb at the same time (formed by conversion) in the text:

Example: work – to work

Exercise 13. The words in this list are all verbs. Form the corresponding nouns:

1. 1.prevent 7. develop

2. 2. eradicate 8. treat

3. 3. decide 9. improve

4. 4. establish 10. resist

5. 5. occupy 11. inform

6. 6. achieve 12. warn

Exercise 14. Match the terms with their explanation:

1. nutrition 2. vaccine 3. morbidity 4. epidemic 5. poliomyelitis 6. disease 7. mortality		a) a disorder with a specific cause and recognizable signs and symptoms; b) the state of being diseased; c) the incidence of death in the population in a given period; d) an infectious virus disease affecting the central nervous system; e) the intake of nutrients and their absorption and assimilation by the tissues; f) a special preparation of antigenic material that can be used to stimulate the development of antibodies; g) a sudden outbreak of infectious disease that spreads rapidly through the population.
1	2		3	4	5	6	7

Exercise 15. Agree or disagree with the statements given below. The following phrases may be helpful.

Indeed, sure, certainly, I can’t agree, nothing of the kind, far from it, that goes without saying

1. WHO is a specialized agency concerned with international public health.

2. The Supreme body of WHO is in Paris, France.

3. Malaria is a noncommunicable disease.

4. WHO is not interested in nutrition, food security and healthy eating.

5. Smallpox is widely spread on the Earth.

6. The priorities of WHO policy are communicable diseases, in particular, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and others.

7. Besides epidemic information WHO provides other services, i.e. quarantine measures, standardization of medicines, statistics, etc.

8. The emphasis of WHO work is more on prevention than on cure.

Exercise 16. Open the brackets using correct tense and voice. Translate the sentences:

1. 1. The nurse (to come) to give injections three times a day this month.

2. 2. Vitamins (to assist) the biochemical process of the body.

3. 3. Standardization of medicines and vaccines as well as development of medical research (to provide) by WHO since its foundation.

4. 4. Odessa (to warn) about epidemic of cholera in 1973.

5. 5. Tomorrow we (to attend) the lecture in Biology.

6. 6. The World Health organization (to establish) in 1948.

7. 7. I never (to be) to the operation-room before.

8. 8. His sister (to care) for medicine.

9. 9. WHO (to inform) national health services about outbreaks of viral diseases.

10. 10. HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (to be) communicable diseases.

11. 11. I (to see) an interesting operation this week.

12. 12. The students (to show) the wards for patients with burns.

Exercise 17. Express the following sentences in the Passive voice:

Model: The doctor has examined all the extremities.

All the extremities have been examined by the doctor.

1. The surgeons have operated on these patients.

2. These drugs have stopped bleeding.

3. The doctor has set a fractured bone.

4. The surgeon has prevented the fatal outcome of the disease.

5. The physician had discharged this patient

6. The nurse had introduced the solution of antibiotics into the wound.

7. The nurse had bandaged the patient's surgical wound.

Exercise 18. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. There are 194 member-states in WHO now.

2. WHO provides information about international quarantine measures.

3. The World Health Assembly typically meets in May.

4. The World Health Organization is concerned with international public health.

5. WHO was established in 1948.

6. WHO informs national health services about outbreaks of viral diseases.

7. WHO has achieved impressive success in the campaign against small pox and malaria.

8. WHO works to improve health during key stages of life.

Exercise 19. Fill in the missing prepositions. Some of prepositions may be used more than once. Translate the sentences:

with into on about against during

1. The severity of the disease depends…. the particular viral strain.

2. Toxin released … the blood circulation may produce fever.

3. A secondary infection can be treated … appropriate antibiotics.

4. Patients must be warned … the dangers of secondary infection.

5. WHO informs national health services … outbreaks of viral diseases.

6. In the past, many people died …. smallpox.

7. Children are routinely immunized … poliomyelitis, whooping cough and other diseases.

8. WHO also works to improve health…key stages of life, i.e. pregnancy, childbirth, childhood and adolescence.

9. Children should be vaccinated … influenza, if they have never had it.

10. The Constitution of WHO was signed … 194 states.

11. A disease can spread to a healthy person through his/her direct contact … the patient.

12. WHO is concerned … international public health.

Exercise 20. Translate into English:

1. Конституція ВООЗ була підписана 61 країною в 1946 році.

2. ВООЗ інформує національні служби охорони здоров’я про спалахи вірусних інфекцій.

3. Штаб-квартира ВООЗ розташована в Женеві.

4. Ціль (пріоритети) ВООЗ включають такі заразні хвороби, як ВІЛ/СНІД, малярія, туберкульоз.

5. В останні роки увага змістилася більш на профілактику, ніж на лікування.

6. ВООЗ досягла успіхів в кампанії проти натуральної віспи.

7. ВООЗ також забезпечує служби, необхідні всім країнам, такі як міжнародна стандартизація ліків і вакцин, медичні дослідження, тощо.

8. Асамблея Всесвітньої організації охорони здоров’я зазвичай збирається щорічно у травні.

Exercise 21. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term:

WHO

1. The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).

2. In 2013, WHO has 194 member - states.

3. One of the main services carried out by WHO is the service of epidemic warnings.

4. WHO was established on 7 April 1948.

5. WHO is concerned with international public health.

6. The headquarters of WHO in Geneva, Switzerland.

7. Besides epidemic information WHO also provides services which are needed by all the countries, such as an international quarantine measures, world health statistics, international standardization of medicines and vaccines, etc.