- •Introduction to the Anchor Handling Course
- •Technical Specifications:
- •Winch Layout:
- •Power Settings / Bollard Pull
- •All operations on board must be performed in accordance with Company Procedures.
- •Risk Assessment
- •Planning
- •Planning:
- •Goal, example:
- •What to do:
- •Electrical winches
- •Winch operation
- •General Arrangement
- •A/H-Drum at full Capacity
- •Over speed
- •Water brake
- •Band brake
- •QUICK & Full Release
- •Hydraulic Winches
- •Lay out (B-type)
- •Hydraulic winch, “B-type”
- •TOWCON
- •Instruction for use of Wire Drums
- •Changing of Chain Wheels (Wildcats / Chain Lifter)
- •TRIPLEX - SHARK JAW SYSTEM.
- •Operation
- •Maintenance and inspections
- •Safety
- •2. OPERATION:
- •QUICK RELEASE:
- •EMERGENCY RELEASE:
- •CONTROL PANEL
- •Marks for Locked on Hinge Link
- •2.2- OPERATION OF THE "JAW IN POSITION ACCEPT" LEVER:
- •2.3 OPERATION OF THE CONTROL PANEL AT EMERGENCY POWER.
- •3. ELECTRIC AND HYDRAULIC POWER SYSTEM.
- •3. 1. ARRANGEMENT OF SYSTEM.
- •3.2. FUNCTIONING OF QUICK RELEASE - JAWS ONLY.
- •3.3. FUNCTIONING OF EMERGENCY RELEASE
- •4.2 Test without Load.
- •4.3 Test with Load.
- •5. General Maintenance
- •5.1 Accumulators Depressurising
- •5.2 Shark Jaw Unit
- •5.3 Guide Pins Units
- •5.4 Hydraulic System
- •5.5 Electric System
- •6. Control Measurements / Adjustments.
- •6.2 Adjustment of inductive proximity switches on lock cylinders.
- •6.3 Adjustment of Pressure Switches for Lock Pressure.
- •7. Test Program – Periodical Control
- •7.2 Checking List – Periodic Control Mechanical / Hydraulic.
- •7.3 Checking List – Periodic Control Electrical
- •7.4 Testing without Load – Yearly Testing.
- •7.5 Load Test – Emergency Release – 5 Year Control.
- •“Mark on line !”
- •“Double set of Jaws, Pins and Wire lifter”
- •View from the bridge.
- •“JAW READY FOR OPERATION”
- •“JAW LOCK POSITION ACCEPTED”
- •KARM FORK – SHARK JAW SYSTEM.
- •Wire and chain Stopper
- •Inserts for KARM FORK
- •Martensite:
- •Recommendations:
- •1. THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF STEEL WIRE ROPE
- •2. STEEL WIRE ROPE CONSTRUCTIONS
- •3. SPECIAL STEEL WIRE ROPES
- •4. USE OF STEEL WIRE ROPE
- •5. SELECTING THE RIGHT STEEL WIRE ROPE
- •6. ORDERING STEEL WIRE ROPE
- •7. STEEL WIRE ROPE TOLERANCES
- •8. HANDLING, INSPECTION AND INSTALLATION
- •9. INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE
- •10. ELONGATION AND PRE-STRETCHING
- •11. OPERATING TEMPERATURES
- •12. MARTENSITE FORMATION
- •13. END TERMINATIONS
- •14. SOCKETING (WIRELOCK)
- •15. DRUM CAPACITY
- •16. CLASSIFICATION AND USE OF STEEL WIRE ROPE
- •17. ROPES
- •18. CHAINS AND LIFTING COMPONENTS
- •19. TECHNICAL CONVERSION TABLES
- •SWIVEL
- •MoorLink Swivel
- •Pin Extractor
- •Socket Bench
- •Chains and Fittings
- •STUD LINK MOORING CHAIN
- •OPEN LINK MOORING CHAIN
- •KENTER JOINING LINKS
- •PEAR SHAPE ANCHOR CONNECTING LINK
- •DETACHABLE CONNECTING LINK
- •D’ TYPE JOINING SHACKLES
- •‘D’ TYPE ANCHOR SHACKLES
- •SHACKLES
- •JAW & JAW SWIVELS
- •BOW & EYE SWIVELS
- •MOORING RINGS
- •FISH PLATES
- •PELICAN HOOKS
- •SLIP HOOKS
- •‘J’ CHASERS
- •PERMANENT CHASERS
- •DETACHABLE PERMANENT CHAIN CHASERS
- •PERMANENT WIRE CHASERS
- •‘J’ LOCK CHAIN CHASERS
- •The way to break the anchor loose of the bottom is therefore:
- •Table of contents
- •Introduction
- •General
- •Mooring systems
- •Mooring components
- •History of drag embedment anchors
- •Characteristics of anchor types
- •History of vryhof anchor designs
- •Criteria for anchor holding capacity
- •Theory
- •Criteria for good anchor design
- •Aspects of soil mechanics in anchor design
- •Soil classification
- •Fluke/shank angle
- •Fluke area
- •Strength of an anchor design
- •Anchor loads and safety factors
- •Anchor behaviour in the soil
- •Proof loads for high holding power anchors
- •Anchor tests
- •Soil table
- •Practice
- •Introduction
- •Soil survey
- •Pile or anchor
- •Setting the fluke/shank angle
- •Connecting a swivel to the Stevpris anchor
- •Chasers
- •Chaser types
- •Stevpris installation
- •Laying anchors
- •Retrieving anchors
- •Anchor orientation
- •Decking the Stevpris anchor
- •What not to do!
- •Racking the Stevpris
- •Deploying Stevpris from the anchor rack
- •Boarding the anchor in deep water
- •Ballast In fluke
- •Chaser equilibrium
- •Deployment for permanent moorings
- •Piggy-backing
- •Piggy-back methods
- •Stevmanta VLA installation
- •Installation procedure
- •Stevmanta retrieval
- •Double line installation procedure
- •Stevmanta retrieval
- •Double line installation with Stevtensioner
- •The Stevtensioner
- •The working principle of the tensioner
- •Measurement of the tensions applied
- •Umbilical cable and measuring pin
- •Break - link
- •Duration of pretensioning anchors and piles
- •Handling the Stevtensioner
- •General tensioning procedures
- •Hook-up
- •Lowering
- •Tensioning mode
- •Retrieving
- •Supply vessels/anchor handling vessels
- •Product data
- •Introduction
- •Dimensions of vryhof anchor types
- •Proof load test for HHP anchors (US units)
- •Dimensions of vryhof tensioners
- •Proof load/break load of chains (in US units)
- •Chain components and forerunners
- •Connecting links
- •Conversion table
- •Mooring line catenary
- •Mooring line holding capacity
- •Shackles
- •Wire Rope
- •Wire rope sockets
- •Thimbles
- •Synthetic ropes
- •Mooring hawsers
- •Main dimensions chasers
- •Stevin Mk3 UHC chart
- •Stevin Mk3 drag and penetration chart
- •Stevpris Mk5 UHC chart
- •Stevpris Mk5 drag and penetration chart
- •Stevmanta VLA UPC chart
- •Introduction
- •Propulsion system
- •Propellers
- •Thrusters
- •Rudders
- •Manoeuvring
- •Current
- •Wind
- •Other forces
- •Turning point (Pivot point)
- •Ship handling
- •General layout Jack-Up drilling unit:
- •General information about a Semi Submersible drilling unit:
TEKNISK INFORMATION |
10-2 |
hvorimod mange og tynde tråde giver stor fleksibilitet (se også afsnittet "Dugttype/dugtdesign").
Hjerte
Næsten alle ståltove har et hjerte. Hjertets funktion er at understøtte og fastholde dugterne i deres relative stilling under brugen.
Hjertematerialet kan enten være stål eller fiber eller en kombination af disse (se fig. 2). Hjertet er normalt af typen:
Fig. 2
·FC (natureller kunst fiber, Fibre Core).
·WSC (stålhjerte, Wire Strand Core). WSC'et er en dugt og af samme konstruktion som ståltovets dugter.
·IWRC (stålhjerte, Independent Wire
Rope Core). IWRC'et er et selvstændigt ståltov med et fiberhjerte eller WSC.
2. STÅLTOVSKONSTRUKTIONER
Et ståltov bestemmes ikke kun ud fra dets grundelementer (tråde, dugter og hjerte), men også ud fra hvordan de enkelte tråde er slået sammen for at danne en dugt samt hvordan dugterne er slået omkring hjertet m.m. Ståltovets konstruktion er fastlagt, når følgende er defineret:
·Antal tråde i dugt.
·Dugttype (dugtdesign).
·Antal dugter.
·Hjertetype.
·Slåningsretning (ståltov og dugt).
·Formlægning.
Ståltove er benævnt efter antallet af dugter, antallet af tråde i hver dugt, designet (typen) af dugten og hjertetypen. F.eks.:
·6x7 Standard med FC (fiberhjerte).
·8x19 Standard med WSC (stålhjerte).
·8x19 Seale med IWRC (stålhjerte).
·6x36 Warrington Seale med FC (fiberhjerte).
Antal tråde i dugt
Antallet af tråde i en dugt varierer fra 3 til ca. 139, mest almindeligt er 7, 19, 24 eller 36 tråde. Trådenes antal og tykkelse afhænger af dugtdesignet og har indflydelse på ståltovets egenskaber.
either steel or fibre (natural or man-made), or a combination of these.The quantity, size and material from which the individual wires are made characterise the rope and its qualities. Fewer, thicker wires create greater abrasion resistance, whereas a greater number of thinner wires creates greater flexibility (see also section 2: "Types of Strand").
Core
Almost all steel wire ropes have a core. The core's function is to support and retain the strands in their respective positions while the
steel wire rope is being used.
The core may be made of either steel, fibre, or a combination of the two. The core is usually one of the following types:
- FC (natural or man-made fibre, Fibre Core).
·WSC (steel core, Wire Strand Core). The WSC is a strand and is of exactly the same construction as the strands in the steel wire rope.
·IWRC (steel core, Independent Wire Rope Core). The IWRC is an independent steel wire rope with a fibre core or a WSC (see also section 2: Types of Core).
2. STEEL WIRE ROPE CONSTRUCTIONS
A steel wire rope is defined not only by its basic elements (wires, strands, core), but also by the way in which the individual wires are laid together to create a strand and the way in which the strands are laid around the core, etc. The steel wire rope's construction is defined when the following criteria have been determined:
·Number of wires in a strand.
·Type of strand (strand design).
·Number of strands.
·Type of core.
·Lay direction (steel wire rope and strand).
·Pre-forming.
The steel wire rope is designated according to the number of strands, the number of wires in each strand, the design (type) of the strand, and the type of core.
·6x7 Standard with FC (fibre core).
·8x19 Standard with WSC (steel core).
·8x19 Seale with IWRC (steel core).
·6x36 Warrington Seale with FC (fibre core).
Number of Wires in a Strand
The number of wires in a strand varies between three and approx. 139, although there are most commonly 7, 19, 24 or 36 wires. The number of wires and their thickness depend on the design of the strand and affects the characteristic of the steel wire rope.
FKU LIFTING A/S |
Randers |
Odense |
København |
10 |
|
89 11 12 89 |
63 96 53 00 |
43 73 35 66 |
Jan 2002
TEKNISK INFORMATION |
10-3 |
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Dugttype (dugtdesign) |
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Types of Strand (Strand Construction) |
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Dugttypen er karakteriseret ved, hvordan trådene i dugten er arran- |
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geret. Der findes fire grundtyper af dugtdesign: |
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the strand are arranged. There are four basic types of strand design |
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that are used in all steel wire ropes, either in their original form or as |
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· Standard. |
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a combination of two or more types. The four basic types are: |
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· Seale. |
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· Filler. |
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· Standard. |
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· Warrington. |
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· Seale. |
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· Filler. |
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Disse indgår i alle ståltove, enten rene eller i kombinationer af to |
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· Warrington. |
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eller flere typer. |
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Standard |
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Standard |
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The Standard construction (fig. 3) is characterised by the fact that all |
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Standard konstruktionen (fig. 3) er kendetegnet ved, at alle tråde er |
wires are of equal thickness, although the core wire may be thicker. |
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lige tykke, dog kan hjertetråden være tykkere. Desuden er trådene |
The wires are also laid together in such a way that all of them, with |
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slået således sammen, at alle - med undtagelse af centertråden er |
the exception of the centre wire, are of equal length. In this way all |
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lige lange. Herved belastes alle trådene ligeligt under lige træk. |
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the wires are subjected to an equal distribution of load when pulled |
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straight. |
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Den geometriske trådfordeling er én centertråd, hvorpå der |
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Fig. 3 |
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which one or more layers are |
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ger med 6 for hvert lag. |
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laid. Each layer is produced |
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in a separate operation. If |
Betegnelsen for en |
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there are several layers, the |
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Standard dugt med |
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number of wires increases by |
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f.eks. 7 tråde er (6-1), |
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six for each layer. |
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dvs. 1 centertråd med 6 |
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The designation for a |
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tråde udenom i én |
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Standard strand with e.g. |
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operation. Ved 37 tråde er betegnelsen (18/12/6-1), dvs. 1 centertråd |
seven wires is (6-1), i.e. one centre wire with six external wires in |
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med 6 tråde uden om som første operation, 12 tråde lægges herefter |
one operation. If there are 37 wires it is known as (18/12/6-1), i.e. |
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uden på i anden operation og 18 tråde i tredje operation. |
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one centre wire with six external wires from the first operation, 12 |
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from the second operation and 18 from the third operation. |
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Centertråden erstattes til tider |
Fig. 4 |
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af flere tråde eller et fiberhjer- |
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The centre wire may be |
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replaced by several wires or a |
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fibre core (fig. 4). |
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Fig. 5 |
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Seale |
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Seale |
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Seale konstruktionen (fig. 5) er kendetegnet |
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The Seale construction (fig. 5) is characteri- |
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ved, at dugten består af to trådlag fremstillet |
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sed by the way in which the strand consists |
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i én operation. Desuden er antallet af tråde i |
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of two layers of wire produced in one opera- |
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første og andet lag ens. |
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tion. Also, the number of wires in the first |
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and second layer is identical.This construc- |
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Denne konstruktion er noget stivere end en |
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tion is somewhat stiffer than a correspon- |
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tilsvarende Standard konstruktion (med |
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ding Standard construction (with the same |
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samme trådantal). Dette skyldes, at ydertrå- |
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number of wires). This is because the outer |
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dene i Seale konstruktionen er væsentlig |
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wires in the Seale construction are conside- |
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tykkere. |
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rably thicker. |
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FKU LIFTING A/S |
Randers |
|
Odense |
København |
10 |
|
89 11 12 89 |
63 96 53 00 |
43 73 35 66 |
Jan 2002
|
TEKNISK INFORMATION |
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10-4 |
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Betegnelsen for en Seale dugt med f.eks. 19 tråde er (9-9-1) dvs. 1 |
A Seale strand with e.g. 19 wires is known as (9-9-1), i.e. one centre |
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centertråd med 9 tråde i første og 9 tråde i andet lag. |
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wire with nine wires in the first layer and nine wires in the second |
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layer. |
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Centertråden erstattes til tider af flere tråde (fig. 6) eller et |
Fig. 6 |
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fiberhjerte. |
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The centre wire may be replaced by several wires or a fibre |
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core (fig. 6). |
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Filler |
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Filler konstruktionen (fig. 7) er kendetegnet ved, at dugten |
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Filler |
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består af to trådlag fremstillet i én operation. Desuden er |
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The Filler construction (fig. 7) is characterised by a strand |
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antallet af tråde i andet lag dobbelt så stort som første lag. |
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consisting of two layers of wires produced in one operation. |
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Dette er dog kun muligt, når der indlægges fyldtråde |
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Also, the number of wires in the second layer is twice the num- |
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mellem første og andet lag for at forhindre, at dugten bliver |
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ber in the first layer. This is, however, only possible if filler wires |
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kantet. |
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are inserted between the first and the second layers, to prevent |
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the strand becoming hexagonal in shape. |
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Denne konstruktion er mere |
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Fig. 7 |
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bøjelig end en tilsvarende |
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This construction is |
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Standard konstruktion og |
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more flexible than a |
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væsentligt mere bøjelig end |
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corresponding Standard |
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en tilsvarende Seale kon- |
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construction and consi- |
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struktion (med samme trå- |
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derably more flexible |
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dantal ekskl. fyldtråde). |
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than a corresponding |
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Seale construction (with |
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Betegnelsen for en Filler |
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the same number of |
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dugt med f.eks. 25 tråde (inkl. 6 fyldtråde) er (12-6+6F-1), dvs. 1 |
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wires excluding filler wires). A Filler strand with e.g. 25 wires |
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centertråd med 6 tråde i første lag og 12 tråde i andet lag. Mellem |
(including 6 filler wires) is known as (12-6F-6-1), i.e. one centre wire |
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første og andet lag ligger 6 fyldtråde. |
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with six wires in the first layer and 12 wires in the second layer. |
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There are six filler wires between the first and the second layers. |
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Centertråden erstattes til tider af flere tråde (fig. 8) |
Fig. 8 |
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eller et fiberhjerte. |
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The centre wire may be replaced by several wires or a |
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fibre core (fig. 8). |
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Warrington |
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Warrington konstruktionen (fig. 9) er kendetegnet ved, |
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Warrington |
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at dugten består af to trådlag fremstillet i én operation. |
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The Warrington construction (fig. 9) is characterised by a |
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I andet lag (yderlag) indgår to forskellige tråddimen- |
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strand consisting of two layers of wire produced in one |
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sioner, og antallet af tråde i andet lag er dobbelt så |
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operation. The second (outer) layer contains wires of two |
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stort som det første. |
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dimensions, and the number of wires in the second layer |
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is twice the number in the first. |
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Denne konstruktion er meget kompakt og bøjelig. |
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This construction is very compact and flexible. |
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Betegnelsen for en Warrington dugt med f.eks. 19 tråde er (6+6-6-1), |
A Warrington strand with e.g. 19 wires is known as (6+6-6-1), i.e. |
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dvs. 1 centertråd med 6 tråde i første lag og i alt 12 tråde fordelt på |
one centre wire with six wires in the first layer and a total of 12 wires |
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to tråddimensioner i andet lag. |
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of two dimensions in the second layer. |
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Centertråden erstattes til tider af flere |
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The centre wire may be replaced by |
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Fig. 9 |
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tråde (fig. 10) eller et fiberhjerte. |
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several wires or a fibre core (fig. 10). |
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5+5-5-1 |
6+6-6-1 |
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7+7-7-1 |
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Warrington |
Warrington |
Warrington |
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FKU LIFTING A/S |
Randers |
|
|
|
|
|
Odense |
København |
10 |
|
89 11 12 89 |
|
|
|
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|
63 96 53 00 |
43 73 35 66 |
Jan 2002
TEKNISK INFORMATION |
10-5 |
||||||
Andre dugttyper |
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Other Types of Strand |
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Som tidligere nævnt findes der også dugter, der er en kombination af |
As previously mentioned, there are also strands that are a combina- |
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én eller flere af ovenstående fire dugtgrundtyper. En af disse er |
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tion of one or more of the above four basic types of strand. One of |
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Warrington Seale (fig. 11). Denne konstruktion er opbygget som |
these is the Warrington-Seale (fig. 11). |
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en Warrington med et lag mere og |
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Fig.10 |
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This construction is one of the most |
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hører til en af de mest udbredte. |
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widely-used and most flexible construc- |
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Desuden er den mest bøjelige kon- |
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tions compared to the four basic types. |
struktion i sammenligning med de |
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The Warrington-Seale construction is |
fire grundtyper. |
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characterised by a strand consisting of |
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three layers of wire produced in one |
Warrington Seale konstruktionen er |
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operation. The number of wires in the |
kendetegnet ved, at dugten består |
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third (outer) layer matches the number of |
af tre trådlag fremstillet i én opera- |
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wires in the second layer. Also, the layers |
tion. Antallet af tråde i tredje lag |
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below the outer layer are built as a |
(yderlag) svarer til antallet af tråde i |
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Fig. 11 |
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Warrington construction. |
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andet lag. |
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A Warrington-Seale strand with e.g. 36 |
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Betegnelsen for en Warrington |
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wires is known as (14-7+7-7-1), i.e. one |
Seale dugt med f.eks. 36 tråde er |
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centre wire with seven wires in the first |
(14-7+7-7-1), dvs. 1 centertråd |
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layer, 14 wires made up of two dimen- |
med 7 tråde i første lag, 14 tråde |
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sions in the second layer, and 14 wires in |
fordelt på to tråddimensioner i |
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the third layer. |
andet lag og 14 tråde i tredje lag. |
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The strands and the wires in the strands do not necessarily have to |
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Dugten samt dugtens tråde behøver ikke nødvendigvis at være |
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be round. Examples of this are shown in fig. 12. The strands are |
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runde. Eksempler på dette ses af fig. 12. Dugterne er special- |
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special strands (i.a. with profiled wire), designed to meet extremely |
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Fig. 12 |
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dugter (bl.a. med profiltråde) konstrueret til at opfylde helt spe- |
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unusual requirements. |
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cielle krav.
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Strand constructed of |
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Strand constructed of |
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Antal dugter |
Triangular |
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strand |
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wires including profiled wire |
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profiled wire |
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Antallet af dugter i et ståltov varie- |
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rer fra 3 til ca. 36, mest almindeligt er 6 dugter. Desto flere dugter et |
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ståltov indeholder, desto rundere og mere fleksibelt bliver ståltovet |
Number of Strands |
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(mindre slidstyrke). |
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The number of strands in a steel wire rope varies between three and |
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approx. 36, although most commonly there are six strands. The more |
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Hjertetype |
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strands a steel wire rope contains, the more rounded and flexible it |
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Som nævnt i afsnittet "Hjerte" findes der to typer hjerter til ståltove: |
is, although the wires in the strand are also thinner (less durable). |
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· Fiberhjerte (natureller kunstfiber). |
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· Stålhjerte (WSC eller IWRC). |
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Types of Core |
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As mentioned in section 1: "Core", there are two types of core for |
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Fiberhjerte |
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steel wire ropes: |
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Fiberhjerte er det mest anvendte, da det udover at give dugterne et |
· Fibre core (natural or man-made). |
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godt fjedrende underlag også muliggør smøring af ståltovet indefra, |
· Steel core (WSC or IWRC). |
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idet der under fremstillingen af fiberhjertet kan tilsættes olie og/eller |
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fedt. Desuden reduceres risikoen for rustangreb indefra. |
Fibre Core |
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Fibre cores are the most commonly used, as not only do they provi- |
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de a good, elastic base but also enable lubrication of the rope from |
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the inside, since it is possible to add oil and/or grease to the fibre |
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core during production. |
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FKU LIFTING A/S |
Randers |
Odense |
København |
10 |
|||||
|
89 11 12 89 |
63 96 53 00 |
43 73 35 66 |
Jan 2002
TEKNISK INFORMATION |
10-6 |
Fiberhjertet fremstilles normalt af Polypropylen (PP) eller Sisal. PP kan modstå svage syrer og alkalier, og det rådner ikke. Fordelen ved et sisalhjerte er, at det i større grad kan optage olie/fedt for smøring af ståltovet indefra, og at ståltovet kan anvendes ved en højere temperatur i forhold til PP-hjerte.
Anvendelsestemperatur for ståltove med fiberhjerte ses af afsnittet "Ståltovets anvendelsestemperatur".
Stålhjerte
Et stålhjerte er udformet enten som en af dugterne (WSC) eller som et selvstændigt ståltov (IWRC).
Randers Reb anbefaler at anvende stålhjerte, hvis det ikke er sikkert, at et fiberhjerte giver dugterne en tilfredsstillende understøtning, f.eks. hvis ståltovet opspoles på en tromle i flere lag under stor belastning eller ved høje temperaturer.
Et stålhjerte forøger ståltovets brudstyrke med ca. 10%.
Slåningsretninger (ståltov og dugt)
Ordet slåning bruges i flere betydninger. Dels om selve processen, der snor tråde og dugter om hinanden, dels for at beskrive det færdige ståltovs udseende. De fire mest
almindelige betegnelser for ståltoves slåninger er:
Højre krydsslået ståltov. Her er trådene i dugterne slået modsat retningen af dugterne i tovet. Trådene ligger venstre i dugterne, mens dugterne ligger i en højreskrue i ståltovet (se fig. 13).
Venstre krydsslået ståltov. Trådene ligger højre i dugterne, mens dugterne ligger i en venstreskrue i ståltovet (se fig. 14).
Højre Lang's Patent ståltov. Her er trådene i dugterne slået i samme retning som dugterne i tovet. Trådene i dugterne samt dugterne ligger i en højreskrue (se fig. 15).
This reduces the risk of rust attacking from the inside.
The fibre core is normally produced from polypropylene (PP) or sisal. PP can withstand weaker acids and alkalis and it does not rot. The advantage of a sisal core is that it can absorb oil/grease to a greater degree for lubrication of the steel wire rope from the inside.
The maximum operating temperatures for steel wire ropes with a fibre core can be seen in section 9: "Maximum Operating Temperature" and " Minimum Operating Temperature".
Steel Core
A steel core is formed as either one of the strands (WSC) or as an independent steel wire rope (IWRC).
Randers Reb recommends the use of a steel core, in the event that it is not certain that a fibre core will provide satisfactory support for the strands, e.g. if the steel wire rope is spooled on to a drum in several layers under a considerable load, or at high temperatures.
A steel core increases the steel wire rope's tensile strength by approx. 10%.
Lay Directions (Steel Wire Rope and Strand)
The word "lay" has more than one meaning in this context. It is used to describe the process of interweaving the wires and strands and also to describe the appearance of the finished steel wire rope. The four most common terms to describe the lay of a steel wire rope are:
Right hand regular lay steel wire rope. In this instance the wires in the strand are laid in the opposite direction to the strands in the rope. The wires are laid helically left, while the strands are laid helically right (see fig. 13).
Left hand regular lay steel wire rope. Here the wires in the strand are laid helically right, and the strands helically left (see fig. 14).
Right hand Lang lay steel wire rope. Here the wires are laid in the same direction as the strands in the rope. The wires in the strands and the strands are laid helically right (see fig. 15).
FKU LIFTING A/S |
Randers |
Odense |
København |
10 |
|
89 11 12 89 |
63 96 53 00 |
43 73 35 66 |
Jan 2002
TEKNISK INFORMATION |
10-7 |
Venstre Lang's Patent ståltov. Trådene i dugterne samt dugterne ligger i en venstreskrue (se fig. 16).
Fig. 16
Venstre Lang's Patent ståltov
Left hand Lang lay steel wire rope. The wires in the strands and the strands are laid helically left (see fig. 16).
Left hand Lang lay steel wire rope
Andre benævnelser er f.eks.: |
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· Spiralslået ståltov (snoningssvagt/-frit ståltov). |
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Other terms used are e.g.: |
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· Sildebensslået ståltov. Dette ståltov er en kombination af krydsslået |
· Multi layer steel wire rope (low rotation/rotation resistant). Here |
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og Lang's Patent. |
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there are usually two layers of strands, the inner layer as a rule a |
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· Kabelslået ståltov. Dugterne er normalt 6-slåede ståltove med fiber- |
left hand Lang lay, while the outer layer is a right hand regular lay. |
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eller stålhjerte. Hjertet kan enten være et fiberhjerte eller et 6-slået |
· Alternate lay steel wire rope. This steel wire rope is a combination |
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ståltov med fibereller stålhjerte. |
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of regular lay and Lang lay. |
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· Krydsflettet ståltov. |
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· Cable laid steel wire rope. The strands are normally 6-lay steel wire |
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· Fladflettet ståltov. Dette ståltov er fladflettet af dugter eller af paral |
rope with a fibre or steel core. The core is a fibre core or a 6-lay |
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lelle dugter/ståltove, der er sammenholdt ved syning (bæltestrop). |
steel wire rope with a fibre or steel core. |
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· Square braided steel wire rope. The steel wire rope is square brai |
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Højre slået ståltov kaldes også Z-slået og venstre slået S-slået. |
ded from strands or steel wire ropes. |
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Tilsvarende kaldes en højreslået dugt z-slået og venstre slået s- |
· Flat braided steel wire rope. This steel wire rope is flat braided from |
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slået. Fig. 17 viser hvorfor. |
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strands or consists of parallel strands or steel wire ropes that are |
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bound together by sewing (belt strap). |
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Af de nævnte slåninger er højre krydsslået (sZ) den |
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Fig. 17 |
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mest almindelige. |
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Right hand lay steel wire rope is also known as Z-lay, and |
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left hand as S-lay. Similarly, a right hand lay strand is |
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Formlægning |
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known as Z-lay and left hand as S-lay. Fig. 17 shows why. |
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I formlagte ståltove har dugterne ved slåningen fået |
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en blivende formændring (se fig. 18), således at de |
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Of the types of lay described, right hand regular lay is the |
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ligger fuldstændig spændingsfrie i det ubelastede |
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most common. |
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ståltov. |
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Pre-Forming |
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Hvis man tager en dugt ud af ståltovet, vil dugten |
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"Pre-formed" refers to steel wire ropes in which the strands |
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bevare sin skrueliniefacon, som den havde, da den |
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have been permanently formed during the laying process |
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lå i ståltovet. |
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(see fig. 18), so that they are completely stress-free within |
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the unloaded steel wire rope. If a strand is removed from |
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Fordelene ved et formlagt ståltov er |
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Z-lay and S-lay |
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the steel wire rope, it will retain its helical shape, as though |
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mangfoldige. Bl.a.: |
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steel wire ropes |
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it were still in the steel wire rope. |
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· Ved kapning springer ståltovet ikke op. |
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There are many advantages in a pre-formed steel wire |
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Fig. 18 |
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· Lettere at installere, da formlagte ståltove er spæn |
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rope, such as: |
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dingsfrie (døde) - herved ingen tendens til kinke- |
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dannelse. |
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· The steel wire rope will not untwist during cutting. |
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· Kan løbe over mindre skiver. |
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· It is easier to install, as pre-formed steel wire ropes are |
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· Mindre tilbøjelighed til at dreje omkring sin egen |
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stress-free. No tendency to form kinks. |
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akse - herved mindre slid. |
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· It can run over smaller sheaves. |
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· Bedre fordeling af belastningen mellem dugter og |
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· Less tendency to turn on its own axis. Less wear and |
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tråde. |
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tear. |
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· Ved trådbrud har trådene mindre tilbøjelighed til at |
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· Better load distribution between strands and wires. |
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Pre-forming |
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rejse sig fra dugten - herved mindre tilbøjelighed til |
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· In the event of a wire breaking, less tendency to protrude |
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at ødelægge nabotråde og skiver. |
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from the strand. Less tendency to damage adjacent wires |
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and sheaves. |
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Alt i alt opnår man en længere levetid med formlagte |
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ståltove i forhold til ikke formlagte ståltove. |
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All in all, pre-formed steel wire ropes can offer a longer life expectan- |
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cy than steel wire ropes that are not pre-formed. |
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FKU LIFTING A/S |
Randers |
|
|
|
Odense |
København |
10 |
|||
|
89 11 12 89 |
|
|
|
63 96 53 00 |
43 73 35 66 |
Jan 2002