- •Міністерство освіти і науки, молоді та спорту україни київський національний університет технологій та дизайну
- •Англійська мова
- •Preface
- •Content
- •I theory
- •1. Articles
- •In certain expressions when we want to show how often we do something.
- •2. Plural Nouns
- •3. Personal Pronouns - There/It/One
- •4. Possessive Case
- •5. Reflexive Pronouns
- •6. Demonstratives (this/that/these/those)
- •7. Prepositions of Place – Movement
- •8. Adjectives/Adverbs
- •Irregular adverbs:
- •9. Present Simple vs Present Continuous
- •Verbs ending in -e drop the -e and add -ing.
- •Verbs ending in -ie change the -ie to -y and add -ing. Lie - lying
- •10. Past Simple vs Past Continuous
- •Irregular Verbs
- •11. Used to/Would
- •12. Past Simple vs Present Perfect
- •Interrogative
- •13. Past Simple vs Past Perfect
- •Normal order in the past or looking back to an event before a certain time in the past?
- •Signal Words
- •More exceptions with signal words When
- •14. Ways of expressing future
- •15. Reported Speech Statements
- •If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.
- •Reported questions
- •Reported commands
- •16. Passive Voice
- •Construction of the Passive Voice
- •Use of the Passive Voice
- •Conjugation for the Passive Voice
- •17. Conditionals
- •18. Modal Verbs
- •19. Relative Clauses
- •Identifying/Non-identifying Relative Clauses
- •20. Gerund and Infinitive
- •Gerund and Infinitive (no difference in meaning)
- •Gerund and Infinitive - difference in meaning
- •II practice
- •1. Articles
- •1. Insert a, an, the or --
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Choose the right variant.
- •4. Supply the articles if they are necessary.
- •5. Insert a, an, the or --
- •6. Insert the article where necessary
- •8. Use a, an, the or 0 (no article) in the blanks.
- •9. Choose the right variant.
- •10. Choose the right variant.
- •11. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Plural Nouns
- •1. In some cases, you may think that both answers are possible, but think about the meaning of the sentence very carefully and you will change your mind!
- •2. Complete the following sentences with:
- •3. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural).
- •4. Fill in the gaps with a few/few/little/a little.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with some, any or no.
- •6. Underline the correct item.
- •3. Personal Pronouns - There/It/One
- •1. In the following sentences, which personal pronouns are needed?
- •2. Complete the following sentences using the correct phrases from this list.
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the correct subject or object pronoun.
- •5. Correct the mistakes.
- •4. Possessive Case
- •1. Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns. Decide whether you have to use 's or an of phrase.
- •2. Underline the correct item.
- •4. Make full sentences using the correct possessive form, as in the example.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with a form of the verb to be and the possessive form of a noun, so that the sentences on the right mean the same as the ones on the left. Number1 is already done for you:
- •6. Fill in the correct subject/object/possessive pronouns or possessive adjectives.
- •5. Reflexive Pronouns
- •2. Ask and answer questions using the prompts, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the following sentences using a verb from the list below and a reflexive pronoun.
- •6. Demonstratives (this/that/these/those)
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Complete the sentences with this, these, that or those.
- •4. Choose the right variant.
- •7. Prepositions of Place – Movement
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Choose the correct preposition in each sentence:
- •4. Choose correct prepositions in the sentences below:
- •6. Choose the correct preposition in these ten sentences.
- •8. Adjectives/Adverbs
- •1. In each sentence, replace the adjective with the correct adverb (and be careful with your spelling)
- •2. Read through these ten sentences and decide which form is needed:
- •3. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).
- •4. Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill the gap with the adverb.
- •5. Fill in the correct form of the adjective or adverb.
- •9. Present Simple vs Present Continuous
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Present simple or present continuous
- •3. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous tense.
- •4. Complete the conversations using the present simple or the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
- •6. Choose the right variant.
- •10. Past Simple vs Past Continuous
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Look through the sentences below and see if you can decide which form of the verb is correct.
- •3. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.
- •4. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.
- •5. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous.
- •6. Underline the correct item.
- •7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, past simple or past continuous.
- •11. Used to/Would
- •1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to and the verbs in brackets, as in the example.
- •2. Complete the sentences with used to or would. In which sentence(s) can you use both?
- •12. Past Simple vs Present Perfect
- •1. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
- •2. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
- •3. Choose the right variant.
- •4. Choose the right variant.
- •5. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Present Perfect.
- •1. When (you see) ____ this film?
- •6. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Present Perfect.
- •7. Choose the right variant.
- •8. In the following sentences, which tense is needed?
- •13. Past Simple vs Past Perfect
- •1. Supply the Past Perfect or Past Simple in the following sentences.
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple).
- •4. Choose the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple).
- •5. Text. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or pas perfect simple).
- •6. Choose the right variant.
- •7. Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either the past perfect or the past simple tenses.
- •14. Ways of expressing future
- •1. Correct the mistakes, as in the example.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with will or be going to and the verb in brackets, as in the example.
- •3. Put the verbs into the correct form (will, going to, simple present or present continuous).
- •4. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct future tenses.Use will-future, going to-future, Simple Present or Present Continuous.
- •5. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Continuous or Future Simple. Sometimes either is possible.
- •6. Put the verb in brackets into Future (will or going to).
- •7. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future (will or going to). Enter the verb too.
- •15. Reporeted Speech
- •3. Choose the right variant of converting Direct Speech into Indirect one:
- •4. Choose the right variant of converting Direct Speech into Indirect one:
- •16. Passive Voice
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Choose the right variant.
- •4. Choose the right variant.
- •5. Choose the best way to complete these passive voice sentences.
- •6. Choose the right variant.
- •17. Conditionals
- •1. Which type of the Conditional sentences is used?
- •2. Finish the sentences. Use the correct phrases.
- •3. Put in the correct verb forms.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Put in the correct verb forms.
- •6. Choose the right variant.
- •7. Choose the right variant.
- •8. Choose the right variant.
- •11. Choose the right variant.
- •12. Now complete the following statements by choosing the correct missing word:
- •18. Modal Verbs
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Choose the right variant.
- •4. Insert the appropriate modal verb.
- •5. Insert the appropriate modal verb.
- •6. Insert the appropriate modal verb.
- •7. Insert the appropriate modal verb.
- •8. Choose the right variant.
- •9. Choose the right variant.
- •19. Relative Clauses
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).
- •3. Complete the sentences using relative clauses. Use who and which.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with who, which or whose, then answer the questions.
- •5. Correct the mistakes.
- •6. Fill in when, where or why.
- •7. Fill in where or which/that.
- •8. Fill in the correct relative pronoun or adverl
- •20. Gerund and Infinitive
- •1. Gerund or Infinitive
- •2. Gerund or Infinitive
- •3. Choose the correct form of the verb. Circle the letter а, в or c.
- •4. Choose the right variant.
- •5. Choose the right variant.
- •6. Choose the right variant.
- •7. Put the verb in brackets into a correct form. (gerund or infinitive)
- •8. Put the verb in brackets into gerund or infinitive
- •1. Circle the correct item.
- •2. Circle the correct item.
- •3. Choose the right answer:
- •4. Which is incorrect?
- •List of Irregular Verbs
Verbs ending in a vowel and a consonant double the consonant and add -ing. cut - cutting, stop - stopping
Verbs ending in -ie change the -ie to -y and add -ing. Lie - lying
Use
We use the present continuous
actions happening now, at the moment of speaking.
She’s eating some pizza now.
actions happening around the time of speaking.
She’s staying at her aunt’s house this week.
fixed arrangements in the near future, especially when we know the time and the place.
We’re going on a picnic tomorrow.
changing situations.
The Earth is getting warmer.
Time expressions used with the present continuous: now, at the moment, at present, these days, tomorrow, next week, etc.
Stative Verbs
Stative verbs are verbs which do not normally have continuous tenses because they describe a state rather than an action. Some of them are: have (= possess), like, love, hate, want, know, remember, forget, understand, think, believe, need, smell, see, cost, etc.
1 love
Chinese food. (NOT:
I’m
loving
Chinese
food.)
I
believe you’re wrong. (NOT:
I’m
believing
you’re
wrong.)
Some stative verbs have continuous tenses but there is a difference in meaning. Read the following examples:
She has a red car. (= possesses)
She’s having lunch now. (= is eating)
I think she’s a very clever girl. (= believe)
I’m thinking about working late tonight. (= I am considering)
The flower smells nice. (= it has a nice smell)
She is smelling the flower. (= she is sniffing)
Do you see that man over there? (= perceive with my eyes)
I’m seeing my doctor this evening. (= I am meeting)
She is selfish. (= that’s her character)
She is being selfish. (= that’s her behaviour at the moment)
They look tired. (= they appear to be tired)
They are looking at the building. (= they are examining)
The food tastes delicious. (= has a nice flavour)
Why are you tasting the food? (= eat it to try its flavour)
|
Present Simple |
Present Continuous |
|
daily routines, habits, repeated actions I have breakfast at 8 am every morning. |
actions happening at the time of speaking I’m having breakfast at the moment. |
|
permanent states He works for a big company. |
changing situations It’s getting colder as winter approaches. |
|
timetables, itineraries The bus leaves at 9. |
temporary situations He’s staying with his friend until he finds a flat of his own. |
|
Time expressions every hour/day/week/month/summer/year/etc, usually, always, every morning/ afternoon/ evening/night, in the morning/afternoon/ evening, at noon, at night |
fixed arrangements in the near future He’s leaving for the airport in two hours. |
|
Time expressions now, at the moment, at present, these days, today, tomorrow, etc |
It’s 9 o’clock. He is going to work. He usually starts work at 8, but today he is running late.
10. Past Simple vs Past Continuous
Past Simple (regular & irregular verbs)
Regular Verbs Form
|
Affirmative: |
I, you, he/she/it etc started. |
|
Negative: |
I, you, he/she/it etc didn’t start. |
|
Interrogative: |
Did I, you, he/she/it etc start? |
|
Short Answers: |
Yes, I, you, he/she/it etc did. No, I, you, he/she/it etc didn’t. |
Spelling
Verbs ending in -e take only -d. change - changed, tie - tied Verbs ending in a consonant + y, drop the y and take -ied. try - tried
Verbs ending in a vowel + y, take -ed. stay - stayed, display - displayed
Verbs ending in one stressed vowel between two consonants, double the last
consonant before the -ed. plan - planned, but open - opened
Verbs ending in -1, double the 1 before they take -ed. travel - travelled
Pronunciation
The suffix -ed is pronounced:
/id/ when the verb ends in a /t/ or /d/ sound, started, wanted, succeeded, ended
/t/ when the verb ends in a /k/, /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ /, /f/, or /p/ sound, laughed, cooked
/d/ when the verb ends in any other sound, stayed, allowed, arrived
Use
We use the past simple to talk about:
actions which took place at a specific time in the past. The time is either mentioned or implied. Michael left work at 2 pm yesterday. (When? At 2 pm. The time is mentioned.)
Mary cooked dinner when she got home. (When? When she got home.The time is implied.)
repeated actions in the past (habits or hobbies).
She often played the piano when she was young.
actions that took place immediately one after the other. He got up and took a shower.
to talk about people who are no longer alive. Elvis wrote a lot of songs.
Time expressions used with the past simple: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week/ month/year, two hours/days/weeks/months/years ago, when, then, in 2003, etc.