- •Міністерство освіти і науки, молоді та спорту україни київський національний університет технологій та дизайну
- •Англійська мова
- •Preface
- •Content
- •I theory
- •1. Articles
- •In certain expressions when we want to show how often we do something.
- •2. Plural Nouns
- •3. Personal Pronouns - There/It/One
- •4. Possessive Case
- •5. Reflexive Pronouns
- •6. Demonstratives (this/that/these/those)
- •7. Prepositions of Place – Movement
- •8. Adjectives/Adverbs
- •Irregular adverbs:
- •9. Present Simple vs Present Continuous
- •Verbs ending in -e drop the -e and add -ing.
- •Verbs ending in -ie change the -ie to -y and add -ing. Lie - lying
- •10. Past Simple vs Past Continuous
- •Irregular Verbs
- •11. Used to/Would
- •12. Past Simple vs Present Perfect
- •Interrogative
- •13. Past Simple vs Past Perfect
- •Normal order in the past or looking back to an event before a certain time in the past?
- •Signal Words
- •More exceptions with signal words When
- •14. Ways of expressing future
- •15. Reported Speech Statements
- •If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.
- •Reported questions
- •Reported commands
- •16. Passive Voice
- •Construction of the Passive Voice
- •Use of the Passive Voice
- •Conjugation for the Passive Voice
- •17. Conditionals
- •18. Modal Verbs
- •19. Relative Clauses
- •Identifying/Non-identifying Relative Clauses
- •20. Gerund and Infinitive
- •Gerund and Infinitive (no difference in meaning)
- •Gerund and Infinitive - difference in meaning
- •II practice
- •1. Articles
- •1. Insert a, an, the or --
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Choose the right variant.
- •4. Supply the articles if they are necessary.
- •5. Insert a, an, the or --
- •6. Insert the article where necessary
- •8. Use a, an, the or 0 (no article) in the blanks.
- •9. Choose the right variant.
- •10. Choose the right variant.
- •11. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Plural Nouns
- •1. In some cases, you may think that both answers are possible, but think about the meaning of the sentence very carefully and you will change your mind!
- •2. Complete the following sentences with:
- •3. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the nouns (singular or plural).
- •4. Fill in the gaps with a few/few/little/a little.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with some, any or no.
- •6. Underline the correct item.
- •3. Personal Pronouns - There/It/One
- •1. In the following sentences, which personal pronouns are needed?
- •2. Complete the following sentences using the correct phrases from this list.
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the correct subject or object pronoun.
- •5. Correct the mistakes.
- •4. Possessive Case
- •1. Fill the gaps with the possessive case of nouns. Decide whether you have to use 's or an of phrase.
- •2. Underline the correct item.
- •4. Make full sentences using the correct possessive form, as in the example.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with a form of the verb to be and the possessive form of a noun, so that the sentences on the right mean the same as the ones on the left. Number1 is already done for you:
- •6. Fill in the correct subject/object/possessive pronouns or possessive adjectives.
- •5. Reflexive Pronouns
- •2. Ask and answer questions using the prompts, as in the example.
- •4. Complete the following sentences using a verb from the list below and a reflexive pronoun.
- •6. Demonstratives (this/that/these/those)
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Complete the sentences with this, these, that or those.
- •4. Choose the right variant.
- •7. Prepositions of Place – Movement
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Choose the correct preposition in each sentence:
- •4. Choose correct prepositions in the sentences below:
- •6. Choose the correct preposition in these ten sentences.
- •8. Adjectives/Adverbs
- •1. In each sentence, replace the adjective with the correct adverb (and be careful with your spelling)
- •2. Read through these ten sentences and decide which form is needed:
- •3. Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).
- •4. Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill the gap with the adverb.
- •5. Fill in the correct form of the adjective or adverb.
- •9. Present Simple vs Present Continuous
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Present simple or present continuous
- •3. Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous tense.
- •4. Complete the conversations using the present simple or the present continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
- •6. Choose the right variant.
- •10. Past Simple vs Past Continuous
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Look through the sentences below and see if you can decide which form of the verb is correct.
- •3. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Past Continuous.
- •4. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous.
- •5. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous.
- •6. Underline the correct item.
- •7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense, past simple or past continuous.
- •11. Used to/Would
- •1. Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to and the verbs in brackets, as in the example.
- •2. Complete the sentences with used to or would. In which sentence(s) can you use both?
- •12. Past Simple vs Present Perfect
- •1. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
- •2. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
- •3. Choose the right variant.
- •4. Choose the right variant.
- •5. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Present Perfect.
- •1. When (you see) ____ this film?
- •6. Put the verb in brackets into Past Simple or Present Perfect.
- •7. Choose the right variant.
- •8. In the following sentences, which tense is needed?
- •13. Past Simple vs Past Perfect
- •1. Supply the Past Perfect or Past Simple in the following sentences.
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple).
- •4. Choose the correct tense (simple past or past perfect simple).
- •5. Text. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or pas perfect simple).
- •6. Choose the right variant.
- •7. Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either the past perfect or the past simple tenses.
- •14. Ways of expressing future
- •1. Correct the mistakes, as in the example.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with will or be going to and the verb in brackets, as in the example.
- •3. Put the verbs into the correct form (will, going to, simple present or present continuous).
- •4. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct future tenses.Use will-future, going to-future, Simple Present or Present Continuous.
- •5. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Continuous or Future Simple. Sometimes either is possible.
- •6. Put the verb in brackets into Future (will or going to).
- •7. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future (will or going to). Enter the verb too.
- •15. Reporeted Speech
- •3. Choose the right variant of converting Direct Speech into Indirect one:
- •4. Choose the right variant of converting Direct Speech into Indirect one:
- •16. Passive Voice
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Choose the right variant.
- •4. Choose the right variant.
- •5. Choose the best way to complete these passive voice sentences.
- •6. Choose the right variant.
- •17. Conditionals
- •1. Which type of the Conditional sentences is used?
- •2. Finish the sentences. Use the correct phrases.
- •3. Put in the correct verb forms.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Put in the correct verb forms.
- •6. Choose the right variant.
- •7. Choose the right variant.
- •8. Choose the right variant.
- •11. Choose the right variant.
- •12. Now complete the following statements by choosing the correct missing word:
- •18. Modal Verbs
- •2. Choose the right variant.
- •3. Choose the right variant.
- •4. Insert the appropriate modal verb.
- •5. Insert the appropriate modal verb.
- •6. Insert the appropriate modal verb.
- •7. Insert the appropriate modal verb.
- •8. Choose the right variant.
- •9. Choose the right variant.
- •19. Relative Clauses
- •1. Choose the right variant.
- •2. Choose the correct relative pronoun (who, which, whose).
- •3. Complete the sentences using relative clauses. Use who and which.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with who, which or whose, then answer the questions.
- •5. Correct the mistakes.
- •6. Fill in when, where or why.
- •7. Fill in where or which/that.
- •8. Fill in the correct relative pronoun or adverl
- •20. Gerund and Infinitive
- •1. Gerund or Infinitive
- •2. Gerund or Infinitive
- •3. Choose the correct form of the verb. Circle the letter а, в or c.
- •4. Choose the right variant.
- •5. Choose the right variant.
- •6. Choose the right variant.
- •7. Put the verb in brackets into a correct form. (gerund or infinitive)
- •8. Put the verb in brackets into gerund or infinitive
- •1. Circle the correct item.
- •2. Circle the correct item.
- •3. Choose the right answer:
- •4. Which is incorrect?
- •List of Irregular Verbs
I theory
1. Articles
The Indefinite Article ‘A/An’
a company an enterprise
a + consonant sound (/b/, /d/, /g/, /l/, /f/, /p/, etc)
an + vowel sound (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/)
a/an is used:
with singular countable nouns after the verb to be to say what someone/something is.
He’s a manager.
It’s an alarm clock.
with the verb have (got).
Nancy has (got) a work station.
In certain expressions when we want to show how often we do something.
He visits his head office once a week.
a/an is not used:
with uncountable nouns or plural countable nouns. We use some instead of a/an.
We must buy some sugar.
(NOT: a
sugar)
They signed some documents.
before an adjective if it is not followed by a noun. If the adjective is followed by a noun, we use a if the adjective begins with a consonant sound and an if the adjective begins with a vowel sound.
It’s a firm. It’s small. It’s a small firm.
This is Mary’s project. It’s new. It’s an expensive project.
A/An/One (s)/Other (s)
We use a/an to refer to an unspecified thing. He bought a pet. (We are not talking about a specific pet.)
We use one to put emphasis on number.
He bought one hat. (He didn’t buy two hats.)
We use a/an + adjective + one.
I am
going to look for a new car. I
want
a
fast one. (NOT: I want
a
fast.)
We use one with the words night/morning/ day/time, etc, usually in narration.
One morning, I decided that I would never go back there.
We use one or one of... when we refer to one person/thing out of many. It sometimes contrasts with the other(s).
One woman was tall, but the others were rather short.
We use a/an or one with no difference in meaning when we count or measure time, distance, weight, etc.
He will be away for an/one hour.
The shop is a/one kilometre away.
She weighs a/one hundred kilos.
Our new TV cost a/one thousand pounds.
We use one in the singular and ones in the plural to avoid repeating the noun when it is clear what we mean.
My new jacket is much nicer than my old one. (= my old jacket)
I’m not interested in computer games, except for strategy ones. (= strategy games)
The Definite Article ‘The’
The definite article the is used with countable and uncountable nouns, the woman, the trees, the music
The is used:
with nouns when we are talking about something specific, that is, when the noun is mentioned for a second time or is already known.
I bought a new pair of shoes and a dress. The shoes are black and the dress is purple.
with nouns which are unique (the sun, the moon, the earth, etc).
with the names of rivers (the Thames), seas (the Mediterranean Sea), oceans (the Atlantic Ocean), mountain ranges (the Alps), deserts (the Sahara), groups of islands (the Easter Islands) and countries when they include words such as ‘state’, ‘kingdom’, ‘republic’, etc (the United Kingdom).
with the names of musical instruments (the guitar, the flute) and dances ( the waltz).
with the names of hotels (the Hilton Hotel), theatres/cinemas (the Broadway Theatre), ships (the Queen Elizabeth), organisations (the WWF), newspapers (The Guardian) and museums (the Van Gogh Museum).
with nationality words (the Russians) and names of families (the Smiths).
The is not used:
with uncountable and plural countable nouns when talking about something in general, that is, when we cannot answer the question ‘Who?’ or ‘Which?’.
Lizards are reptiles. (Which lizards? Lizards in general.)
with proper nouns. Ted is a nice boy.
with the names of countries (Italy), cities (Paris), streets (Coventry Street), parks (Hyde Park), mountains (Mount Everest), railway stations (King Cross Station), bridges (London Bridge), individual islands (Cyprus), lakes (Lake Victoria) and continents (Africa).
with titles when the name of the person is not mentioned (the King, the Queen of England) BUT; Queen Elizabeth.
with the words morning, afternoon and evening.
They play rugby in the afternoon.
with the words station, shop, cinema, pub, library, city, village, etc.
She was at the library studying for her exams.
with historical periods/events (the Ice Age, the Middle Ages, the French Revolution, the Second World War) BUT: World War II.
with the words only, last, first (used as adjectives).
Colin ate the last piece of apple pie.
with adjectives/adverbs in the superlative form. Susan is the most beautiful woman I’ve ever seen.
We use the + adjective (without a noun) to refer to a group of people, usually with these adjectives: poor, rich, sick, injured, elderly, unemployed, homeless, disabled, young, old, dead, blind, deaf, handicapped, mentally ill. The government should take action for the homeless.
with the names of sports, games, activities, school subjects, days, months, celebrations, colours, drinks, meals and languages (when they are not followed by the word ‘language’).
I speak Spanish. BUT: The Spanish language is spoken in many countries.
after the words this/that/these/those
(this suit, those people) (NOT: this-the-suit).
with possessive adjectives or the possessive case.
That isn’t your notebook. It’s Jake’s.
with titles when the person’s name is mentioned (Princess Diane, Lord Sandwich).
with two-word names when the first word is the name of a person or place (Schipholl Airport) BUT: the White House, with names of pubs, shops, banks and hotels named after the people who started them or end in -s or -’s. Natwest Bank, Dougie’s pub BUT: the Tiger (pub) (because Tiger is not a name of a person or place)
with the words school, church, bed, hospital, college, university, court, prison or home when we refer to the purpose for which they exist.
Sue was in hospital. (She was a patient there.) Sue’s aunt went to the hospital to see her. (She went to the hospital as a visitor.)
with the words home, father/mother when we talk about our own home/parents.
Mother is at home.
with means of transport: by bus/car/train/ plane, etc. 1 go to work by bus.
with the names of illnesses. He’s got arthritis. BUT: flu/the flu, measles/the measles, mumps/the mumps