2. Переведите на русский язык следующие английские словосочетания:

1) any other invention; 6) exploding gunpowder;

2) to estimate the ratio of motor vehicles; 7) a substantial boost;

3) an integral part; 8) experiments with the gliders;

4) imitation-bird machines; 9) the coastal sand-dunes;

5) successful heavier-than-air device; 10) sustained flights.

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих словосочетаний:

1)средство общественного транспорта; 6)плохо

образованные молодые люди;

2) свобода птиц; 7)искать работу в мирное время;

3)дедушка современного полета; 8)незадолго до войны;

4) двигатель внутреннего сгорания; 9)общественное

влияние;

5)все свободное время; 10)признана во всем мире.

4. Найдите в тексте слова, имеющие общий корень с данными словами. Определите, к какой части речи они относятся, и переведите их на русский язык:

Success, plane, early, national, world, power, peace, according, carriage, dynamics.

5. Задайте к выделенному в тексте предложению все типы вопросов (общий, альтернативный, разделительный, специальный: а) к подлежащему; б) к второстепенному члену предложения).

6. Выполните анализ данных предложений, обратив внимание на следующие грамматические явления: инфинитив; инфинитивные обороты (объектный, субъектный); функции слов one, that; условные предложения (сослагательное наклонение I – II типов):

1. However, it would be hard to estimate the ratio of motor vehicles to aircraft (including all private, commercial and military types) that have been manufactured worldwide.

2. Transformed into the glider, the kite was known to be the true grandfather of modern flight

3. The two poorly educated young men, the Wright brothers were the first to discover the secret of air travel that had escaped the genious of the world greatest scholars for thousands of year.

4. If man watched - and envied - the freedom of the birds from the earliest days his first attempts at a flying machine would be imitation-bird machines

5. If the successful flying machine had had a long-drawn-out and difficult birth the aircraft would have become a practical means of public transport.

7. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. What kind of device was a grandfather of a modern aircraft?

2. What is the birth place of the first flying device?

3. What is Otto Lilienthal famous for?

4. How did the Wrights win through?

5. What inventions are connected with the names of Sir George Cayley and William Henson?

6.When was the world's first regular commercial air service launched in the United States?

7. In what shape had the successful monoplane arrived?

8. Составьте аннотацию на текст (2 - 3 предложения).

9. Составьте реферат на текст (10 - 15 предложений).

10. Составьте план текста и перескажите текст.

ВАРИАНТ 7

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Across the Atlantic

The Atlantic route was a potential prize for commercial operators, and 1919 saw the first conquest of the Atlantic by flying machine, foreshadowing commercial developments still 20 or 30 years away. In fact, three different machines made the crossing. Commander A. C. Read of the US Navy and his crew, in a Curtiss flying-boat, completed the flight in May, escorted by naval vessels and landing in the Azores on the way. The first direct non-stop flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland, was made in June by Captain John Alcock and Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown, British air force officers, and in July there was a round trip by Britain's R34 airship. But these pioneering efforts were not immediately followed up - there were not yet any suitable passenger aircraft, nor radio links.

There was still no radio when, in May 1927, the 25-year-old American airmail pilot Charles A. Lindbergh made the first solo flight direct from New York to Paris in his single-engined Ryan monoplane, the Spirit of St Louis. He covered 3,600 miles in 33 hours and 32 minutes at an average speed of 107,4 mph.

The impact at the time of this unprecedentedly long non-stop flight was comparable with man's first landing on the moon in 1969. Lindbergh later wrote about how he had felt on his first sight of land - the coast of Ireland - after crossing the Atlantic: 'This is earth again, the earth where I've lived and now will live once more... I've been to eternity and back. I know how the dead would feel to live again.'

Passengers or Mail?

At first, there was no set balance between mail and passengers in the new airlines. Economic operation was scarcely possible without both. Before the international telephone network was established, fast delivery of letters was of critical importance not only to the colonial administrations of France and Britain, but also inland within the United States and the Soviet Union. The French put greater emphasis on mail carrying than on passengers - the national airline was originally called Aeropostale. In the 1920s, night flights and the routes across the Pyrenees, the Sahara and the Andes were pioneered by French mail pilots in open cockpits.

The mail was packed in. When Western Air Express was started in Los Angeles in the mid-1920s, passengers often travelled with mailbags in their laps or slung round their necks. In weight terms a medium-sized passenger was equal to perhaps 5,000 letters.

Urgent press photographs, too, began to go by air. Pictures of a 1919 boxing match in Ohio, flown to the east coast of the United States, were the first photo 'scoop' of this kind.

In the late 1930s several governments subsidised airmail on the distant routes. For instance, under the Empire Airlines Post scheme a 1/2 oz letter would be carried by air anywhere in the British Empire for 1 1/2 d (less than 1 p).

The letters and parcels came tumbling in; but passengers had to be wooed.

In 1958, for the first time, more people crossed the Atlantic by air than ship. The number of people flying the Atlantic grew 40-fold between 1950 and 1975, while the number of ship passengers fell by 80 per cent. The result was the end of the great ocean liners, until then the peak of luxury travel.

With holidays in the warm sun now within quick and easy reach of the inhabitants of cold northern latitudes, tourism boomed. Spain, for instance, which had fewer than three-quarters of a million foreign visitors in 1950, received over 28 million 25 years later.

Freight Around the World

The revolution in freight-carrying has not been as much publicised as that in passenger traffic, but it is nonetheless profound. A single Boeing 747F 'jumbo' jet can carry as much cargo in a year as was conveyed by all the world's airlines together in 1939.

Today any reasonably compact merchandise can go by air. Experts are now looking ahead to the time when all goods are carried overseas by air. Only the bulkiest goods, such as mineral ores and timber, will be excluded.

The second half of the 20th century is characterized by the further development of the air transport and the search for cheap, efficient, fast and comfortable internal routes, which demanded a new generation of aircraft: the Boeing and Douglas airliners of 1932. The Douglas DC-1 was the first of a famous line of aircraft that led to the DC-3 Dakota of the Second World War, of which about 10,000 were made. These new machines - all-metal, multi-engined monoplanes with retractable undercarriages and (from 1940) pressurised cabins to allow them to fly above the weather - were the clearly recognisable ancestors of the sleek, modem airliner of the 1980s.

For long trans-ocean crossings, an ability to land on and take off from water seemed necessary, in the interests of safety. Besides, the sea was free and uncluttered, while airfields took up valuable land, and were likely to be surrounded by natural and man-made hazards such as trees and buildings.

Modern transportation

Modern transportation also makes it possible to travel in comfort. The pioneers jolted westward over rough trails in springless wagons with wooden wheels. Today, tourists ride on paved roads over the same routes in automobiles and buses with wheels that have soft, air-filled tires. Passengers on the first trains sat on hard wooden seats and often choked in clouds of smoke and dust. Food could be obtained only at wayside stations. Many of today's trains have soft, reclining seats. Air conditioning may keep the air clean and cool, and dining cars serve tasty meals.

Transportation would not be possible without communication. It depends on communication just as communication depends on transportation. Automobiles and trucks could not travel on crowded streets and highways without street signs and traffic lights.

How Transportation Affects Our Lives.

Without transportation, our modern society could not exist. We would have no metals, no coal, and no oil. Nor would we have any products made from these materials.

Besides, we would have to spend most of our time raising food — and the food would be limited to the kinds that could grow in the climate and soil of our own neighbourhoods.

Transportation also affects our lives in other ways. Transportation can speed a doctor to the side of a sick person, even if the patient lives on an isolated farm. It can take policemen to the scene of a crime within moments of being notified. Transportation enables teams of athletes to compete in national and international sports contests. In times of disaster, transportation can rush aid to persons in areas stricken by floods, famines, and earthquakes.

Robots of Today

Today, to avoid errors, robots are supplied with vision (TV camera) and hearing (microphone). They can perform more complex production operations — painting, soldering, welding and assembly work. A more complex task lies ahead — to remove people completely from production areas where there are harmful fumes, excessively high or low temperatures and pressure. People should not work in conditions that are dangerous. Let the robots replace them there — and the sooner, the better.

Generally speaking a single robot by itself is hardly of any use in production. It must be coupled in design with other equipment, with a system of machines, machine tools and other devices. We must set up robotized complexes and flexible productions capable of transferring easily and quickly to an output of new goods.

PLANET EARTH —OUR COMMON HOME

Ecology is a science which is concerned with the interrelations of organisms and their environment, that is with everything that surrounds them.

The ecologists are faced by a lot of problems in the modern world — the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, the soil we stand on, the great projects we construct...

There are about 6 billion people in the world at present. The population is growing very fast and scientists believe that in a few decades it will be too big for the earth to support.

The Earth is being constantly damaged in different ways. Speaking about the growth of population we have to admit the increase of industries and their harmful effects on the environment — the pollution of air from choking factory chimneys and the pollution of water because of industrial wastes.