БНТУ / ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛ / ГIСТОРЫЯ БЕЛАРУСI курс лекцый
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Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɷɪɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɄȱ ɇȺɐɕəɇȺɅɖɇɕ Ɍɗɏɇȱɑɇɕ ɍɇȱȼȿɊɋȱɌɗɌ
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Ʉɚɮɟɞɪɚ «Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ, ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɿ ɚɣɱɵɧɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ» |
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ȽȱɋɌɈɊɕə ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋȱ |
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ɄɍɊɋ ɅȿɄɐɕɃ |
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ȼɭɱɷɛɧɵ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɠɧɿɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɚʆ ȻɇɌɍ |
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ȼɭɱɷɛɧɚɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɚɟ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɟ |
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Ɇi ɧɫɤ 2 0 0 9
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ɍȾɄ 94 (476) (075.8) |
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Ⱥʆɬɚɪɵ: |
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Ⱥ.ɐ. Ⱥɪɛɭɡɚʆ, Ⱥ.ȱ. Ȼɚɝɞɚɧɨɜɿɱ, Ⱥ.Ƚ. Ȼɚɝɞɚɧɨɜɿɱ, Ʉ.ȱ. Ȼɚɥɚɧɞɡɿɧ, |
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Ⱥ.ȼ. Ȼɪɚɬɚɱɤɿɧ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ȼɹɥɹɟʆ, Ⱥ.ȼ. Ⱦɚɜɵɞɨɜɿɱ, ȼ.Ʉ. Ʉɿɫɹɥɺʆ, Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ʉɭɤɫɚ, |
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Ⱥ.ȼ.Ʌɟɩɟɲ, Ɍ.ȼ. Ʌɨɣɤɚ, Ⱥ.ɍ. Ʌɸɛɵ, ȼ.Ɋ. Ɇɵɰɶɤɨ, ɋ.Ɇ. Ɍɭɤɚɥɚ, Ⱦɡ.Ɇ. |
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ɏɪɨɦɱɚɧɤɚ, Ⱥ.Ⱦɡ. əɤɭɛɿɧɫɤɚɹ |
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Ɋɷɰɷɧɡɟɧɬɵ: |
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ȼ.Ⱥ. ɉɿɥɟɰɤɿ, ɞɨɤɬɚɪ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɭɤ, ɡɚɝɚɞɱɵɤ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ ɚɣɱɵɧɧɚɣ ɿ |
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ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ȻȾɉɍ ɿɦɹ Ɇɚɤɫɿɦɚ Ɍɚɧɤɚ; |
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Ⱥ.ȼ. ɒɚɪɤɨʆ, ɞɨɤɬɚɪ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɭɤ, ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɿɤ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ |
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ɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɜɵɤɚɧɚʆɱɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ⱥɤɚɞɷɦɿɿ Ɇɍɋ ɊȻ |
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ɇɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɧɚ-ɯɪɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞɭ ɩɪɚɫɥɟɠɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɚʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɜɟɱɱɚ, ɧɨɜɚɝɚ ɿ ɧɚɜɟɣɲɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɵɹ ɪɵɫɵ |
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ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯйɡɹɦɟɥɶ. |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɚʆ ɿ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɱɵɤɚʆ ȻɇɌɍ, ɭɫɿɯ, ɯɬɨ ɰɿɤɚɜɿɰɰɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹɣ |
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Ⱥɣɱɵɧɵ. |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤi ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɬɷɯɧiɱɧɵ ʆɧiɜɟɪɫiɬɷɬ |
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ɩɪ-ɬ ɇɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰi, 65, ɝ. Ɇiɧɫɤ, Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥiɤɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ |
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Ɍɷɥ.(017) 292-77-52, ɮɚɤɫ (017) 292-91-37 |
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Ɋɷɝiɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɵ ʋ ȻɇɌɍ/ɎɌɍȽ01 – 2.2009 |
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© ȻɇɌɍ, 2009 |
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© Ʉɚɥɟɤɬɵʆ ɚʆɬɚɪɚʆ, 2009 |
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2
ǵǺdzǿȀ
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ɁɆȿɋɌ |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1. ɍȼɈȾɁȱɇɕ ȸ ɄɍɊɋ “ȽȱɋɌɈɊɕə ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋȱ”................... |
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1.1. ɉɪɚɞɦɟɬ ɿ ɡɚɞɚɱɵ ɤɭɪɫɚ “Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɰɟ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ |
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ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ” ............................................................................................... |
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1.2. ɉɟɪɵɹɞɵɡɚɰɵɹ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.................................................... |
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1.3. Ʉɪɵɧɿɰɵ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɹ ................................................................ |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 2. ɋȼȿɌ ȱ ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ ɍ ɋɌȺɊȺɀɕɌɇɕ ɉȿɊɕəȾ............У16 |
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2.1. ɉɟɪɲɚɛɵɬɧɚɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɤ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɷɬɚɩ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɰɬɜɚ. |
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Ʉɚɦɟɧɧɵ ɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ...................................................... |
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2.2. Ȼɪɨɧɡɚɜɵ ɜɟɤ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. Ɂ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɿɧɞɚɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɰɚʆ ɿ “ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ |
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ɩɟɪɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ”. Ȼɚɥɬɵ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.......................... |
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2.3. ɀɚɥɟɡɧɵ ɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɉɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɿ |
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ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ........................................................... |
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2.4. Ⱦɭɯɨʆɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɿ ɦɚɫɬɚɰɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɲɚɛɵɬɧɚɝɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ.............. |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3. ȿȸɊɈɉȺ ȱ ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ ɍ ɊȺɇɇȱɆйȱ ȼɕɋɈɄȱɆ |
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ɋəɊɗȾɇəȼȿɑɑɕ. ɋɌȺɇȺȸɅȿɇɇȿ ȾɁəɊɀȺȸɇȺɋɐȱ ȼȺ |
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ȸɋɏɈȾɇȱɏ ɋɅȺȼəɇ (VI – ɉȿɊɒȺəиɉȺɅɈȼȺ XIII ɫɬ.)................ |
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3.1. ɍɫɯɨɞɧɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɿɹ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ ɡɚɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɟ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ. Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɚɹ Ɋɭɫɶ. Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɿ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚʆ........................................................... |
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3.2. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɩɟɪɲɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ-ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚʆ....... |
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3.3. Ɏɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɶт |
. Ȼɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɡ ɤɪɵɠɚɰɤɚɣ ɚɝɪɷɫɿɹɣ ɿ |
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ɧɚɛɟɝɚɦɿ ɬɚɬɚɪɚ-ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚʆ........................................................................ |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4. ȿȸɊɈɉȺ ȱ ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ ɍ ɉɈɁɇȱɆ ɋəɊɗȾɇəȼȿɑɑɕ. |
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ɍɌȼȺɊɗɇɇȿ ȱ ȸɆȺɐȺȼȺɇɇȿ ȼəɅȱɄȺȽȺ ɄɇəɋɌȼȺ |
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ɅȱɌɈȸɋɄȺȽȺ, ɊɍɋɄȺȽȺ, ɀȺɆɈɃɐɄȺȽȺ (ȾɊɍȽȺə ɉȺɅɈȼȺ |
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ɏȱȱȱ – ɉȿɊɒȺə ɉȺɅɈȼȺ ɏVȱ ɫɬɫɬ.).................................................... |
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п4.1. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɵ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ |
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ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ, Ɋɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɀɚɦɨɣɰɤɚɝɚ. Ʉɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ |
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еɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. Ɏɟɞɷɪɚɬɵʆɧɵ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɵ |
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ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ, Ɋɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɀɚɦɨɣɰɤɚɝɚ........................... |
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4.2. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɧɚɤɿɪɭɧɤɿ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ |
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Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ, Ɋɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɀɚɦɨɣɰɤɚɝɚ ......................................................... |
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4.3.Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɥɚɞ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɟ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ȼɄɅ..57
4.4.Ʉɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ. Ɋɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɷɬɧɚɫɭ..60
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ǵǺdzǿȀ
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 5. ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ ɍ ɋɄɅȺȾɁȿ Ɋɗɑɕ ɉȺɋɉȺɅȱɌȺɃ................ |
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5.1. Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɭɧɿɹ 1569 ɝɨɞɚ. ɍɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɿ ɹɟ |
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ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɥɚɞ.......................................................................................... |
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5.2. Ɋɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɹ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ʆ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ. Ȼɪɷɫɰɤɚɹ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɹ ʆɧɿɹ |
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ɿ ɹɟ ɜɵɧɿɤɿ ɞɥɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ........................................................................... |
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5.3. Ɂɧɟɲɧɟɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ Ɋɷɱɵ |
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ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ................................................................................................ |
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5.4. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ XVII – XVIII ɫɬɫɬ... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 6. ȿȸɊɈɉȺ ȱ ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ ɍ ɄȺɇɐɕ XVIII – ɉȿɊɒȺɃ |
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ɉȺɅɈȼȿ XIX ɋɌȺȽɈȾȾɁə. ɉȺɑȺɌȺɄ ȱɇȾɍɋɌɊɕəɅɖɇȺɃ |
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ɐɕȼȱɅȱɁȺɐɕȱ.......................................................................................... |
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6.1. ɍɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ |
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ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ |
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XVIII – ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XIX ɫɬɫɬ. ........................................................... |
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6.2. Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɭ ɜɚɣɧɟ 1812 ɝɨɞɚ. Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɪɭɯ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ |
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ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ.............................................................................. |
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6.3. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺйɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ |
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ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ.............................................................................. |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 7. ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ ȼ ɉȿɊɕəȾ ɊȺɁȼȱɐɐə ɄȺɉȱɌȺɅȱɁɆȺ (1861 |
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– ɥɸɬɵ 1917 ɝɝ.).......................................................................................... |
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7.1. Ⱥɞɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɵɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ |
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XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ........................................................................................... |
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7.2. Ɋɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦɚ ʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ ɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ... |
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7.3. Ⱥɛɜɚɫɬɪɷɧɧɟɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɯɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɟɣ. Ɋɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ1905 ɿ1917 ɝɝ... |
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7.4. Ɏɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣɧɚɰɵɿ. 1-ɹɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɹɜɚɣɧɚɿȻɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 8. ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ ɍ ɉȺɑȺɌɄɍ ɇȺɃɇɈȸɒȺȽȺ ɑȺɋɍ. |
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ȾɁəɊɀȺȸɇȺɋɐɖо |
ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋȱ ȸ ɉȺɋɅəɄȺɋɌɊɕɑɇȱɐɄȱ |
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ɉȿɊɕəȾ (1917 – 1920 ɝɝ.) ...................................................................... |
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п8.1. Ʉɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɰɤɚɹ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ 1917 ɝɨɞɚ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ |
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ɫɚɦɚɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɉɟɪɲɵ ɍɫɟɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɡ’ɟɡɞ (ɫɧɟɠɚɧɶ 1917 ɝ.) |
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ɿ ɹɝɨ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɿ........................................................................................... |
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8.2. Ⱥɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɹɟ ɪɚɞɵ |
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(ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤ – ɫɧɟɠɚɧɶ 1918 ɝ.).................................................................... |
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8.3. ɋɚɦɚɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ. ɍɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɋɋɊȻ ɿ |
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ɅɿɬȻɟɥ ..................................................................................................... |
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8.4. ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚ-ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ ɿ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɵ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ. |
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Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ ɋɋɊȻ. Ɋɵɠɫɤɿ ɦɿɪɧɵ ɞɚɝɚɜɨɪ (ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤ 1921 ɝ.)... |
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ǵǺdzǿȀ
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 9. ȻɋɋɊ ɍ ɆȱɀȼȺȿɇɇɕ ɉȿɊɕəȾ (1921 – 1939 ɝɝ.) |
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9.1. ȻɋɋɊ ɭ ɝɚɞɵ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ.................................... |
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9.2. ɉɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɹɟ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɿ ɿ ɜɵɧɿɤɿ............. |
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9.3. Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ ʆ |
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ȻɋɋɊ....................................................................................................... |
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9.4. ɍɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɦɚɧɞɧɚ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɵʆɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ʆ ɋɋɋɊ, ɭ ɬɵɦ |
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ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ.......................................................................................... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ10. ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖɍȽȺȾɕȾɊɍȽɈɃɋɍɋȼȿɌɇȺɃȼȺɃɇɕ..... |
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10.1. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɩɹɪɷɞɚɞɧɿ ɿ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ |
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ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ. ɍɜɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɋɋɋɊ... |
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10.2. ɉɚɱɚɬɚɤ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɣ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ. Ⱥɛɚɪɨɧɱɵɹ ɛɚɿ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɗɜɚɤɭɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɦɟɪɚɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ........................................... |
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10.3. Ⱥɤɭɩɚɰɵɣɧɵ ɪɷɠɵɦ, ɹɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɿ ɦɟɬɚɞɵ ................................. |
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10.4. Ȼɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɧɚɰɵɫɰɤɚɣ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ ɧɚ ɚɤɭɩɿɪɚɜɚɧɚɣ |
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ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ............................................................................................... |
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10.5. Ⱥɩɟɪɚɰɵɹ «Ȼɚɝɪɚɰɿɺɧ». ȼɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ȻɋɋɊ.............. |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ11. ɋɋɋɊɍȸɆɈȼȺɏɋɉȺȻɈɊɇȱɐɌȼȺ ȱɄȺɇɎɊȺɇɌȺɐɕȱ |
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ɋɍɉɊȺɐɖɅȿȽɅɕɏ ɋȺɐɕəɅɖɇȺ-ɉȺɅȱɌɕɑɇɕɏ ɋȱɋɌɗɆ. |
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ȺɋɇɈȸɇɕəɌɗɇȾɗɇɐɕȱɊȺɁȼȱɐɐəȻɋɋɊɍ1950 – 1980-ɹɝɚɞɵ... |
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11.1. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɹ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ. ȻɋɋɊ ɧɚ |
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ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɚɪɷɧɟ ................................................................................ |
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11.2. Ⱥɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ |
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ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ. Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɠɵɰɰɺ ɿ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ |
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ɪɷɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ ʆ 1950 – 1960-ɹ ɝɝ...................................... |
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11.3. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ȻɋɋɊ ɭ 1970 – 1980-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ... |
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 12. ɋɌȺɇȺȸɅȿɇɇȿ ȱ ɊȺɁȼȱɐɐȬ ɋɍȼȿɊɗɇɇȺɃ |
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ɊɗɋɉɍȻɅȱɄȱоȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ (1990 – 2008 ɝɝ.) ....................................... |
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12.1. Ɋɚɫɩɚɞ ɋɋɋɊ. Ⱥɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ |
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п12.2. Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ |
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ɩɚɥɨɜɟ 1990-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XXI ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ .................................... |
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12.3. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ............. |
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12.4. Ƚɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ. Ɋɨɥɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ |
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ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɋɚɞɪɭɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɇɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɵɯ Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆ............. |
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ɅȱɌȺɊȺɌɍɊȺ........................................................................................... |
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5
DZșȎȐȎ 1. ȁǰǼDzǵIǻȉ Ǭ ǸȁǾǿ «DZIǿȀǼǾȉȍ ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿI»
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 1 ɍȼɈȾɁȱɇɕ ȸ ɄɍɊɋ “ȽȱɋɌɈɊɕə ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋȱ”
1.1. ɉɪɚɞɦɟɬ ɿ ɡɚɞɚɱɵ ɤɭɪɫɚ “Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ” 1.2. ɉɟɪɵɹɞɵɡɚɰɵɹ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ 1.3. Ʉɪɵɧɿɰɵ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɹ
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1.1. ɉɪɚɞɦɟɬ ɿ ɡɚɞɚɱɵ ɤɭɪɫɚ “Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɰɟ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ |
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ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ” |
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ɉɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɦɧɨɝɿɯ, ɜɟɪɚɝɨɞɧɚ, |
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ɭɡɧɿɤɧɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ: “ɇɚɜɨɲɬɚ ɧɚɦ ɹɲɱɷ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɜɭɱɚɰɶ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ? Ɇɵ ɜɵɜɭɱɚɥɿ |
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ɝɷɬɵ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɟ. Ⱦɵ ɿ ɡ ɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ,Нɩɟɪɚɞɚɱ ɬɷɥɟɛɚɱɚɧɧɹ |
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ɦɚɟɦ ɧɹɦɚɥɚ ɡɜɟɫɬɚɤ ɚɛ ɦɿɧɭɥɵɦ ɧɚɲɚɣ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɵ. ȱ ʆɜɨɝɭɥɟ, ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ |
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ɦɿɧɭɥɵɦ, ɚ ɧɚɦ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɠɵɰɶ ɰɹɩɟɪɚɲɧɿɦ ɿ ɛɭɞɭɱɵɦБ”. |
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Ʉɚɛ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɩɨʆɧɚ ɚɞɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ, ɬɪɷɛɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬ ɿ ɡɚɞɚɱɵ |
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ɤɭɪɫɚ. ɒɬɨ ɫɚɛɨɣ ɭɹʆɥɹɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɹɤ ɧɚɜɭɤɚ? ȼɵɬɨɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ |
ɚɞɧɨɫɹɰɰɚ ɞɚ |
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ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɨʆ, ɤɚɥɿ ɥɸɞɡɿ ɪɚɫɩɚɜɹɞɚɥɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɡ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɝɚ. Ⱥɥɟ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɿ |
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ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɹ ɚɩɨɜɹɞɵ. ɉɟɪɲɵɹ ɠ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɩɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɫɜɚɿɯ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɰɶ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɫɰɿ: ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɝɪɷɱɚɫɤɿɹ |
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ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ Ƚɟɪɚɞɨɬ ɿ Ɏɭɤɿɞɡɿɞр, ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɪɵɦɫɤɿɹ – ɐɿɬ Ʌɿɜɿɣ, ɉɚɥɿɛɿɣ, |
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ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɤɿɬɚɣɫɤɿ – ɋɵɦɚ ɐɹɧɶ, ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ Ⱥɪɚɛɫɤɚɝɚ ɯɚɥɿɮɚɬɚ – Ⱥɥɶ Ȼɿɪɭɧɿ ɿ |
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о |
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ɿɧɲɵɹ. əɤ ɛɚɱɵɦ, ɭɠɨ ʆ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɥɸɞɡɿ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɭ ʆ |
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ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɜɟɞɚɯ. Ɍɚɞɵтɠ ɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵʆɫɹ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɹɤ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ, ɹɤɚɹ |
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ɜɵɜɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɱɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɜɚ ʆɫɺɣ ɹɝɨ ɤɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ |
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ɪɚɡɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɚɫɰɿ. иȼɚɠɧɚ ɡɪɚɡɭɦɟɰɶ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɟ ɡ ɭɫɿɦɿ ɹɝɨ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɹɦɿ, |
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ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɹɦɿ ɿ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹɦɿ. ɍ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ, ɞɚɪɷɱɵ, ɹɤ ɿ ɫɺɧɧɹ, ɩɨɛɚɱ ɫɬɚɹɰɶ |
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ɩɪɚɹʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɞɭɯɚ ɿ ɛɚɹɡɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ, ɝɟɪɚɿɡɦɚ ɿ ɡɞɪɚɞɧɿɰɬɜɚ. Ɋɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ – |
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ɝɷɬɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɟоɩɪɵɱɵɧ ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɚʆ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ, ɝɷɬɚ |
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ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɚɝɧɚɡɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɹɟ ɛɭɞɭɱɚɝɚ. |
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ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɟɣ ɿ |
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ɉɪɚɞɦɟɬɚɦ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ |
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ɡɚɤɚɧɚɦɟɪɧɚɫɰɟɣ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɷɬɧɚɫɭ, ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɹɝɨ ɠɵɰɰɹɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ, ɫɭɜɹɡɟɣ ɡ ɿɧɲɵɦɿ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ ɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦɿ. Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ – ɝɷɬɚ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɹ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɬɵʆɧɚɹ ɞɵɫɰɵɩɥɿɧɚ, ɹɤɚɹ ɡɚɣɦɚɟ ɜɚɠɧɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ʆ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɟ ɝɭɦɚɧɿɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɭɤ. Ⱦɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɟ ɞɚɩɚɦɚɝɚɸɰɶ ɬɚɤɿɹ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ, ɹɤ ɷɬɧɚɥɨɝɿɹ, ɚɪɯɟɚɥɨɝɿɹ, ɮɿɥɚɥɨɝɿɹ, ɮɿɥɚɫɨɮɿɹ, ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɹ ɬɷɨɪɵɹ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ. Ʉɨɠɧɚɹ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɧɚɜɭɤ ɜɵɜɭɱɚɟ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɵ, ɚɥɟ ɩɪɚɡ ɩɪɵɡɦɭ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɫɩɟɰɵɮɿɤɿ, ɩɪɵ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɡɟ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɦɟɬɚɞɚʆ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɦɨɠɚ ɛɵɰɶ ɚɧɚɥɿɡ
6
DZșȎȐȎ 1. ȁǰǼDzǵIǻȉ Ǭ ǸȁǾǿ «DZIǿȀǼǾȉȍ ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿI»
ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚʆ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ, ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɞɵɧɚɦɿɤɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɦɨɜɵ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɦɟɪɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɰɿ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɚʆ. Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɵ ʆ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɭɟ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ. Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɹɧɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ʆɡɛɚɝɚɱɚɟ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɮɚɤɬɚɦɿ ɿ ɚɧɚɥɿɡɚɦ ɿ, ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ, ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ɿɯ ɚɛɚɝɭɥɶɧɟɧɧɹɦɿ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɩɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɰɰɹ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚ
ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚ. |
У |
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Ʉɨɠɧɵ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɿɦɤɧɟɰɰɚ ɜɟɞɚɰɶ ɫɜɚɸ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ, ɫɜɚɟ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹ ɤɚɪɚɧɿ. |
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Ƚɷɬɚ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚ, ɤɚɛ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɰɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɫɭɜɹɡɶ ɱɚɫɨʆ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɤɚɛ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ ɜɨɩɵɬ, ɧɟ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɚɰɶ ɩɚɦɵɥɚɤ, ɚ ɛɪɚɰɶ ɡ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɝɚ
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ʆɪɨɤɿ, ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ. ɍɜɨɝɭɥɟ, ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ʆɹɜɿɰɶ |
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ɫɚɛɟ ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɬɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɿɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɰɿ ɿɧɲɚɣ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ, |
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ɹɤɿ ɛ ɧɟ ɜɟɞɚʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ɫɜɚɺɣ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɵ. |
Б |
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ȼɚ ʆɫɿɦ ɫɜɟɰɟ ɧɚɡɿɪɚɟɰɰɚ ʆɫɬɨɣɥɿɜɚɹ |
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ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɚ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɝɚ |
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ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɷʆɧɚɝɚ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɚ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɦɚɤɫɿɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ ɿ ɡɛɟɪɚɝɱɵ |
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ɫɜɚɸ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɭɸ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɭ, ɹɤ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɭɸ. Ƚɷɬɚ |
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ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ |
ɚɤɫɿɺɦɚɣ, ɩɚɤɚɡɱɵɤɚɦ ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɚɫɰɿ. ɍ ɧɚɲ ɱɚɫ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ |
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ʆɫɸɞɵ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɟ ɛɹɫɩɚɦɹɰɬɜɚ ɥɿɱɵɰɰɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɣ ɡɚɝɚɧɚɣ. |
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ɇɚɲ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɦɚɟ ɛɚɝɚɬɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɭɸ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɭ, ɚɥɟ ɩɚ ɲɷɪɚɝɭ ɩɪɵɱɵɧ |
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ɹɧɚ ɹɲɱɷ ɧɟ ɩɨʆɧɚɫɰɸ ʆɡɧɨʆɥɟɧɚ. ɍ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɹйɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɶ ɞɚ ɹɟ |
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ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ʆɡɪɚɫɥɚ, ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵ ɧɨɜɵɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɤɿ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ, ɹɧɚ ɩɚɞɚɟɰɰɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ |
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ɪɚɡɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ ɩɪɚɡ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ, ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɚɫɨɛ. Ⱦɪɭɝɿɦɿ |
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ɫɥɨɜɚɦɿ, ɹɧɚ ɧɚɛɵɥɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɱɵ ɜɨɛɥɿɤ ɡɚɦɟɫɬ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɚʆ. |
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ɑɵɦ ɠɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɶ? |
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Ɍɭɬ |
ɦɚɸɰɶ |
ɦɟɫɰɚоɿ ɫɭɛ’ɟɤɬɵʆɧɵɹ, ɿ ɚɛ’ɟɤɬɵʆɧɵɹ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɵ. Ɍɪɷɛɚ |
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ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, |
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ɲɬɨ |
ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɞɨʆɝɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɧɚɲɚɣ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɵ |
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ɩɚɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɚɞɧɚɛɚɤɨɜɚ. ɋɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɹɧɚ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ |
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ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ, ɡɚɬɵɦ, ɭ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ, ɡɵɯɨɞɡɹɱɵ ɡ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ |
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“ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɪɭɫɿɡɦɚ”, ɩɚɡɧɟɣ, ɭ ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ, ɭ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦɿ |
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ɿɞɷɹɦɿ “Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ȼɄɉ(ɛ)”, ɭ ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɵ – ɩɚɞ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ |
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ɫɭɛ’ɟɤɬɵʆɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɚɤ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɬɚɝɨ ɰɿ ɿɧɲɚɝɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɚ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. ɉɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɹ ʆɜɚɝɚ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɰɚɯ, ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤɚɯ |
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Р |
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ɏɏɫɬ. ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɦɭ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɭ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɋɋɋɊ. Ƚɷɬɚɹ |
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ɩɚɥɿɬɵɡɚɜɚɧɚɫɰɶ |
ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɪɚɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ʆ 1980-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ (ɱɚɫ |
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е“ɩɟɪɚɛɭɞɨɜɵ”). ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ 80-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɝɚɥɨɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɜɵɹʆɥɟɧɧɹ |
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ɿ ɚɫɜɹɬɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɵɯ “ɛɟɥɵɯ ɩɥɹɦ” ɭ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ. Ɂ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ, ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɵ ɧɚ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɭɸ ɬɷɦɚɬɵɤɭ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɞɪɭɤɚɜɚɰɰɚ ʆ ɬɚɝɚɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɩɪɷɫɟ. ɉɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɭ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɹɯ ɭɜɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɰɷɧɬɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɵʆɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɚɯ ʆ ɠɵɰɰɿ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɂ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɭɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɞɚɜɨɥɿ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɦɷɬɭ – ɩɪɚɡ ɤɪɵɬɵɤɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ɪɚɡɝɨɣɞɚɰɶ ɿ ɡɚɬɵɦ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɵɰɶ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ
7
DZșȎȐȎ 1. ȁǰǼDzǵIǻȉ Ǭ ǸȁǾǿ «DZIǿȀǼǾȉȍ ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿI»
ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ. Ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ, ɝɷɬɚ ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɸ ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɿ ɞɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ: ɥɸɞɡɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɦɟɰɶ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɩɨʆɧɭɸ ɿ ʆɫɟɛɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɿɧɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɸ ɚɛ ɬɵɯ ɰɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɩɚɞɡɟɹɯ.
ɉɚɫɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ ɋɋɋɊ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɱɚɫ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɡɚɜɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɚɫɜɹɬɥɟɧɧɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ. ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 90-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɿ ɦɚɫɚɜɚ
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ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɩɭɛɥɿɰɵɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɧɟɝɚɬɵʆɧɵɦ ɚɫɜɹɬɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ |
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ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ. ɉɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɪɭɤɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɷɦɿɝɪɚɧɰɤɚɹ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɵ |
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ɦɨɦɚɧɬ, ɛɨ ɱɵɬɚɱɵ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɩɚɡɧɚɺɦɿɰɰɚ ɡ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɧɟɜɹɞɨɦɵɦɿ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɤɚɦɿ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ |
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ɦɿɧɭɥɚɝɚ, ɡ ɿɧɲɵɦɿ ɚɰɷɧɤɚɦɿ ɬɵɯ ɰɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɩɚɞɡɟɣ. |
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ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɥɿɜɵ ɲɥɹɯ, ɡ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ 1990-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ |
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ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɿ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤɿ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɧɚɛɵɜɚɰɶ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ, |
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ɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ, |
ɚɛ’ɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɶ. ɐɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɶ ɠɚ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɞɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿТɿɫɬɨɬɧɚ |
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ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɧɚ ɚɛ’ɟɤɬɵʆɧɵɦɿ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɚɦɿ, ɛɨ ɡɚɪɚɡ ɿɞɡɟ |
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ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɷɧɧɚɣ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. Ɂɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɚ, ɝɷɬɚ |
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ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɚ ɿ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɭɟ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɹɟ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɝɚ. |
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Ⱥɞɧɚʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɨɦɧɿɤɿ, ɚɞɤɪɵɜɚɸɰɰɚ ɧɨɜɵɹ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ, |
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ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɰɶ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɫɰɿ. |
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Ⱦɥɹ |
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ɛɨɥɶɲ |
ɫɿɫɬɷɦɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɝɥɵɛɨɤɚɝɚ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɧɚɲɚɣ |
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Ȼɚɰɶɤɚʆɲɱɵɧɵ ɝɷɬɵ ɤɭɪɫ ɭɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ɜɚ ʆɫɿɯйɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɯ: ɲɤɨɥɚɯ, |
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ɤɚɥɟɞɠɚɯ, ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚɯ. ɇɚɲɚ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɿɱɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɫɟɦɟɫɬɪ, ɹɧɚ |
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ʆɤɥɸɱɚɟ 34 |
ɝɚɞɡɿɧɵ ɥɟɤɰɵɣ ɿ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɠ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɤɚʆ, ɭ ɤɚɧɰɵ – |
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ɷɤɡɚɦɟɧ. |
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Ȼɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɚ, |
ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ |
ɥɸɛɨɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ɜɵɜɭɱɚɰɶ ɭ ɚɞɪɵɜɟ ɚɞ |
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ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ, ɭ ɩɟɪɲɭɸоɱɚɪɝɭ, ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɯ |
ɤɪɚɿɧ. |
ɍ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ |
ɝɷɬɚ ɧɟɹɤ |
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ɤɚɦɩɟɧɫɿɪɭɟɰɰɚ ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɚ ɿɞɡɟ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟ ʆɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ. ɍ |
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ȼɇɍ ɭɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɱɧɚ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ʆ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɰɟ. ɋɭɜɹɡɶ ɡ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɦɿ |
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ɡɜɟɫɬɤɚɦɿ |
ɚɛ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɯ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɚ ɩɪɵ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɿ ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ |
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ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɍ ɫɜɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɚɤɚɞɷɦɿɤ Ɋɚɞɡɿɦ Ƚɚɪɷɰɤɿ, ɚ ɡɚɬɵɦ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɟɰ ȱɝɚɪ |
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п |
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ɒɚɪɭɯɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɥɿ, ɲɬɨ ɝɟɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵ ɰɷɧɬɪ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ ʆ |
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ɬɪɨɯɤɭɬɧɿɤɭ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɑɷɪɜɟɧɟɦ, Ⱥɫɿɩɨɜɿɱɚɦɿ ɿ Ʉɥɿɱɚɜɵɦ. Ⱥɥɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ |
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ɩɚ ɝɟɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɦɹɲɱɷɧɧɿ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɩɚ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɝɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɵ |
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ɰɷɧɬɪɵ ʆɜɚɝɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ, |
ɹɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɰɟɫɧɚ |
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ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ |
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ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ ɿɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹɣ. Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ, ɲɬɨ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɚɞɚɦ ɭ ɹɟ |
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еɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɿ |
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ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ |
ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ |
ɦɟɬɚɞ, |
ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ |
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ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɸɰɰɚ ɫɬɚɬɵɫɬɵɱɧɵ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɚ-ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ. ɍɫɟ ɦɟɬɚɞɵ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɚɛɨɸ, ɞɚɩɚʆɧɹɸɰɶ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɿ ɬɚɦɭ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɸɰɰɚ ʆ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɹɯ.
Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɿ ɡ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɵɦɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦɿ ɦɟɠɚɦɿ ɫɤɥɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɨɡɧɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ɞɨʆɝɚɝɚ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɧɚ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɣ ɰɿ ɦɟɧɲɚɣ
8
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DZșȎȐȎ 1. ȁǰǼDzǵIǻȉ Ǭ ǸȁǾǿ «DZIǿȀǼǾȉȍ ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿI» |
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ɚʆɬɚɧɨɦɿɿ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɭɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹʆ. Ɍɚɦɭ ɿɫɧɭɟ |
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ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɤɚ ɩɚɞɦɟɧɵ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹɣ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ. ɇɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, |
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ɤɚɥɿ ɥɿɱɵɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ʆ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɜɟɱɱɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɣ (ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɜɟɪɧɚ, ɛɨ ȼɄɅ – ɝɷɬɚ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ |
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ɩɨɥɿɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ), ɬɨ ɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɰɶ, |
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ɲɬɨ ʆ ɱɚɫ ɹɝɨ ɪɨɫɤɜɿɬɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ, ɯɚɰɹ ɿ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɹɞɪɨɦ ȼɄɅ, ɚɥɟ ɩɪɵ |
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ɝɷɬɵɦ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿ ɦɟɧɲ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɹɝɨ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ. ɒɬɨ ɠ ɬɚɞɵ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɜɵɜɭɱɚɰɶ – |
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ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ʆɫɿɯ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹɣ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ |
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ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ȼɄɅ? Ɍɚɤɚɹ ɠ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɟ ɿ ɩɪɵ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɚʆ |
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ɭɜɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ, Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ȱɦɩɟɪɵɿ, |
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ȻɋɋɊ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ɋɋɋɊ. Ⱥɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵ: ɬɪɷɛɚ ɜɵɜɭɱɚɰɶ |
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ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɰɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ, ɭТɩɟɪɲɭɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ |
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ɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɯ. |
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əɲɱɷ ɚɞɧɚ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚɝɚ |
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ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɹ ɦɟɠɵ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɷɬɧɚɫɭ ɧɟ ɫɭɩɚɞɚɸɰɶ ɡ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦɿ. ɇɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɚɛ ɭɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ ȻɋɋɊ ɛɵʆ |
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ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ ʆ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɭ (ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ – ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ), ɚ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɚɛ |
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ɭɡ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɿ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡ ȻɋɋɊ – ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɫɬɨɤɭ, ɹɤɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵʆ ɬɚɞɵ |
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ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ. Ⱥɥɟ ɰɹɩɟɪ ɚɞɡɿɧ |
ɡйɿɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɰɰɚ ɞɚ Ɋɚɫɿɿ, ɞɪɭɝɿ – ɞɚ |
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ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ. əɤ ɛɵɰɶ? Ʉɚɥɿ ʆɡɹɰɶ ɡɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɭ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɹ ɦɟɠɵ, ɬɨ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɦɟɰɶ ɧɚ |
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ʆɜɚɡɟ ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɿ ɿɯ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɝɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ. Ʉɚɥɿ ɠ ɡɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɡ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ |
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ɦɟɠɚʆ, ɬɨ ɹɧɵ ɯɚɰɹ ɿ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɚɤɪɷɫɥɟɧɵ, ɚɥɟ ʆ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹɣ |
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ɧɹɪɷɞɤɚ ɡɦɹɧɹɥɿɫɹ. Ɍɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɶɧɚ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɸɱɵ ɚɛ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ |
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ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɚɯ, ɭɫɺ ɠоɡɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɡ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɚʆ, ɯɚɰɹ ɝɷɬɚ ɿ ɧɟ |
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ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɟ ɧɟɣɤɭɸ ʆɦɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɵ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. |
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əɤɿɹ ɠ ɡɚɞɚɱɵ ɫɬɚɹɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɧɚɦɿ? ɍ ɲɵɪɨɤɿɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɹɧɵ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɸɰɶ ɡ |
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ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɵɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ. |
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Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ ɜɵɯɚɜɚʆɱɚɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹ. ȼɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟ, ɜɟɞɚɧɧɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɞɚɩɚɦɚɝɚɟ ɜɵɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɭɸ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ, ɜɵɯɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɜɚɝɭ ɿ |
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ɥɸɛɨʆ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɤɪɚɹ ɿ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. |
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Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹɣ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɩɚɡɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ. ɍɜɟɫɶ ɡɦɟɫɬ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɤɭɪɫɚ |
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ɚɛɚɜɹɡɜɚɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɛɵɰɰɹ ɜɟɞɚʆ ɚɛ ɦɿɧɭɥɵɦ ɹɤ ɤɚɧɤɪɷɬɧɚɝɚ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ |
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ɤɪɚɿɧ. |
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еɌɪɷɰɹɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹ – ɩɪɚɝɧɚɫɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɧɚɹ. əɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɧɚ |
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ɜɵɹʆɥɹɰɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɦɟɪɧɚɫɰɿ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ, ɩɚ-ɩɟɪɲɚɟ, ɤɚɛ ɧɟ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɚɰɶ ɦɿɧɭɥɵɯ ɩɚɦɵɥɚɤ ɚɛɨ, ɧɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ, ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɶ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɦɷɬɚɯ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɵ ɜɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɨɞɤɚʆ, ɩɚ-ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɟ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɲɥɹɯ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ, ɤɚɛ ɜɵɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɩɬɵɦɚɥɶɧɵɹ.
9
DZșȎȐȎ 1. ȁǰǼDzǵIǻȉ Ǭ ǸȁǾǿ «DZIǿȀǼǾȉȍ ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿI»
Ʉɚɥɿ ɠ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɰɰɚ ɞɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɜɭɡɤɿɯ, ɩɪɚɝɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɱ, ɬɨ ɹɧɵ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɰɰɚ ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ ʆ ɡɚɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɿ, ɩɚɝɥɵɛɥɟɧɧɿ ɜɟɞɚʆ ɩɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɵɯ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɟ, ɧɚɛɵɰɰɿ ɧɚɜɵɤɚʆ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɣ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɚɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɝɚɥɿɧɟ.
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1.2. ɉɟɪɵɹɞɵɡɚɰɵɹ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ |
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Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɩɷʆɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵ. Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɿɫɧɭɟ |
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ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚ ɹɟ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵɡɚɰɵɿ. əɧɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ ɡ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ |
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ɤɪɵɬɷɪɵɹʆ, ɩɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɜɵɥɭɱɚɰɶ ɬɵɹ ɰɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɷɬɚɩɵ ʆ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ. |
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Ⱦɨʆɝɿ ɱɚɫ ɭ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɰɵ ɞɚɦɿɧɿɪɚɜɚʆ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɣɧɵ |
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ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞ ɞɚ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵɡɚɰɵɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ, ɹɤɿ ʆ ɰɷɧɬɪ ɭɜɚɝɿ ɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɩɪɚɰɭ, ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɵɹ |
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ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ɿ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɹ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɵ. əɝɨ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɥɿ Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɤɫ, Ɏ. ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫ ɿ |
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ɬɜɨɪɱɚ ɩɚɲɵɪɵʆ ɍ. ȱ. Ʌɟɧɿɧ. ɋɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ |
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ɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ ʆ ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ |
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ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɟɰɰɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺɦ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɵɯ ɫɿɥ. Ʉɚɥɿ ɠ ɹɧɵ |
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ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɰɶ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚɹɰɶ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɵɦ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɦ, ɬɨ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɟɰɰɚ ɡɦɟɧɚ |
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ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɯ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɣ. Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ |
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ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɚɞɩɚɜɹɞɚɸɰɶ ɩɷʆɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ: |
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ɩɟɪɲɚɛɵɬɧɚɚɛɲɱɵɧɧɵ ɥɚɞ, ɪɚɛɚʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɰɤɿ, ɮɟɚɞɚɥɿɡɦ, ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦ, |
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ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɡɦ ɿ ʆ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵɜɟ – ɤɚɦɭɧɿɡɦи. Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ ɡɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɡ |
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ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɚʆ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɝɚ, ɡɚɤɚɧɚɦɟɪɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɿʆɧɚɝɚ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚ, |
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ɞɵɧɚɦɿɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɟ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɹ ɫɮɟɪɚ. əɤ ɛɚɱɵɦ, ɹɧɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɟ |
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ɚɞɧɚɥɿɧɟɣɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ, ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ |
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ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɧɟ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɟ, ɬɭɬ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ ɿ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɿ ɿ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɿ |
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ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɟɰɰɚ ɹɧɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɪɚɰɚɣ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɚɫɨɛɚɦɿ, ɿɯ |
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ɩɚɜɨɞɡɿɧɚɦɿ, ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ʆ ɷɤɫɬɪɷɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɚɣ. |
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Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ ɧɟ ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹɸɰɶ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɝɷɬɭ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵɡɚɰɵɸ, ɚɥɟ, ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ, ɲɬɨ |
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ɹɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲзɚɞɧɨɫɿɰɰɚ ɞɚ ʆɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɰɬɜɚ, ɿ ɧɟ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɹɟ |
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ɦɨɠɧɚ ɩɪɵɦɹɧɿɰɶ ɭ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ ɞɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɞɥɹ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚɬɵɱɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɪɚɛɚʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ʆ ɤɥɚɫɿɱɧɵɦ |
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ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ, ɞɵ ɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦ ɧɟ ɩɚɫɩɟʆ ɩɨʆɧɚɫɰɸ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɚ. |
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ɍ ɦɧɨɝɿɯ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɯ ɫɜɟɬɭ ɩɪɵɹɪɵɬɷɬ ɚɞɞɚɟɰɰɚ ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɦɭ ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞɭ ɞɚ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ, ɞɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɹɟ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵɡɚɰɵɿ. ɇɚɝɚɞɚɟɦ, ɲɬɨ ɧɚɲ ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɟ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɰɟ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ. ɒɬɨ ɠ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ? Ⱥɦɟɪɵɤɚɧɫɤɿ ɚɧɬɪɚɩɨɥɚɝ Ʌ. Ɇɨɪɝɚɧ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɹɤ ɫɬɚɞɵɸ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɱɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ, ɹɤɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ʆɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɞɡɿɤɭɧɫɬɜɚɦ ɿ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɬɜɚɦ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɤɥɚɫɚʆ, ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ, ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɣ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ. ɋɭɱɚɫɧɵɹ ɜɭɱɨɧɵɹ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɥɿ ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɹɤ ɷɬɚɩ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɰɬɜɚ, ɹɤɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭɟɰɰɚ
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