БНТУ / ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛ / ГIСТОРЫЯ БЕЛАРУСI курс лекцый

ɡɚɤɪɵɰɰɹ ɰɷɪɤɜɚʆ, ɪɵɧɤɚʆ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɚɫɤɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɬɷɦɩɚʆ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ ɭ

ɜɺɫɤɭ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ ʆɩɚʆɧɚɜɚɠɚɧɵɹ ɤɚɦɭɧɿɫɬɵ ɿ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɹ-

ɞɜɚɰɰɚɰɿɩɹɰɿɬɵɫɹɱɧɿɤɿ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɵɫɥɚɧɵɹ ɡ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɰɷɧɬɪɚʆ

ɊɋɎɋɊ. ɑɚɫɬɤɚ ɡ ɿɯ, ɧɟ ɜɟɞɚɸɱɵ ɜɺɫɤɿ ɿ ɩɚɬɪɷɛ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɱɵɧɿɥɚ ɫɚɦɚɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɵ.

Ɍɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɵ ɩɚ ɫɭɦɟɫɧɚɣ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɰɵ

ɡɹɦɥɿ

ʆ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ

ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɵ ɚɪɰɟɥɟɣ.

У

“Ɋɚɫɤɭɥɚɱɜɚɰɶ” ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɤɭɥɚɤɨʆ, ɚɥɟ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɿ ɫɟɪɚɞɧɹɤɨʆТ, ɹɤɿɹ

ɧɟ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ʆɫɬɭɩɚɰɶ ɭ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɵ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɨ “ɪɚɫɤɭɥɚɱɚɧɚ” ɤɚɥɹ 24 ɬɵɫɹɱ

ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɫɟɦ’ɹʆ. ɍɫɺ ɧɚɠɵɬɚɟ ɫɟɥɹɧɿɧɚɦ, ɭɤɥɸɱɚɸɱɵ ɠɵɥɥɺɜɵɹ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɵ,

Н

ɩɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɜɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ.

Б

ɉɪɵɦɭɫɨɜɵɹ ɦɟɪɵ ɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɜɚɟ ɜɵɧɿɤɿ. Ʉɚɥɿ ʆ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿ 1930 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ

ɤɚɥɝɚɫɵ ʆɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ 20,9% ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɞɜɚɪɨʆ, ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɠ ɝɨɞɚ – 58%.

Ƚɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɧɚɫɿɥɥɹ ɩɪɵ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɚɫɚɜɚɹ

ɧɟɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɟɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚɣ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ, ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵйɩɪɚɬɷɫɬ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɚɠ ɞɚ ʆɡɛɪɨɟɧɵɯ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹʆ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɧɹɩɨʆɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɵɯ,

ɭ 1930 ɝɨɞɡɟ

и

ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 500 ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹʆ. ɍ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɞɡɜɵɱɚɣ

ɜɨɫɬɪɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹ.

р

Ɋɷɡɤɚɟ ɚɛɜɚɫɬɪɷɧɧɟ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ʆ ɜɺɫɰɵ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɿ

ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɿɰɶ ɚɞ оɝɪɭɛɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɞɚʆ ɚɛɚɝɭɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ.

ɍ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1930

ɝɨɞɚ ɐɄ ȼɄɉ(ɛ) ɩɪɵɧɹʆ ɫɩɟɰɵɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɭ “Ⱥɛ

т

ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɟ ɫɚ ɫɤɪɵʆɥɟɧɧɹɦɿ ɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɚɣ ɥɿɧɿɿ ʆ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɧɵɦ ɪɭɯɭ”. Ⱥɞɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ ʆ

ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1930 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɵɦ ɯɨɞɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɚɫɥɚɛɿʆ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ

и

ɜɺɫɰɵ ɿ ɞɚʆ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɜɟɫɰɿ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɧɚɟ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɚɚɯɜɨɬɧɚɣ

з

ɚɫɧɨɜɟ, ɡɚɫɹɪɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚ-ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɦ ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɿ

ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɭɜɨɫɟɧɶ ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɯɜɚɥɹ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ.

о

ɧɚ

ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚɫɰɶ

ɞɚɩɭɲɱɚɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɥɿɤɚʆ

ɿ

ɩɚɦɵɥɚɤ,

ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ

ɏȱȱȱ ɡ’ɟɡɞ

Ʉɚɦɩɚɪɬɵɿ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ (30 ɦɚɹ –

12 ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ 1930 ɝ.)

ɩɪɵɡɧɚʆ

п

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɿ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚ-ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɐɄ Ʉɉ(ɛ) Ȼ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɶɧɚɣ ɿ ɞɚʆ

еɭɫɬɚɧɨʆɤɭ ɧɚ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɿ ɮɚɪɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ. ɍ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ

Р

1931 ɝɨɞɚ

Ȼɸɪɨ

ɐɄ

Ʉɉ(ɛ)Ȼ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɨ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ ɚɛ ɡɚɜɹɪɲɷɧɧɿ

ɞɚ ɜɹɫɧɵ

1932 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɭɰɷɥɶɧɚɣ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ ʆ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ. ȱɡɧɨʆ ɚɞɧɚɜɿɥɿɫɹ “ɲɬɭɪɦ”,

Н

ɰɷɥɵɦ ɩɚ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ ʆɩɚɥɚ ɞɚ 65% ʆ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ 1913 ɝɨɞɚɦ. Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɭ

ɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɪɷɡɤɚ ʆɡɪɚɫɥɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ ɧɚɪɵɯɬɨʆɤɿ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ

ɞɚɩɭɲɱɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɦɵɥɚɤ ɭ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɰɵ ʆ 1932 – 1933Тɝɝ. ɱɚɫɬɤɭ,

Б

ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɭɸ, ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɚɯɚɩɿʆ ɝɨɥɚɞ.

Ɂɧɚɯɨɞɡɹɱɵɫɹ ʆ ɛɟɡɜɵɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɵ, ɥɸɞɡɿ, ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɠɚɧɱɵɧɵ,

ɫɩɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɡɪɚɡɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɟɬɤɚɯ ɤɚɥɚɫɤɿ, ɜɵɧɟɫɰɿ ɡɟɪɧɟ ʆ ɤɿɲɷɧɹɯ,

ɡɚ ɩɚɡɭɯɚɣ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ 7 ɠɧɿʆɧɹ 1932 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɚɛ ɚɯɨɜɟ

и

ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ (“ɡɚɤɨɧ ɚɛ ɩɹɰɿ ɤɚɥɚɫɤɚɯ”, ɹɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿ ɹɝɨ ʆ

ɧɚɪɨɞɡɟ), ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɿɹ ɤɪɚɞɡɹɠɵ ʆɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɫɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɫɰɶ.

р

ɉɪɚʆɞɚ, ɩɪɚɡ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɝɷɬɵ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɛɵʆйɚɞɦɟɧɟɧɵ.

Ⱦɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ 30-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɹ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɚɧɚ,

ɤɭɥɚɰɬɜɚ ɹɤ ɤɥɚɫ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɜɚɧɵ. ɍ 1937 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɵ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɨʆɜɚɥɿ 680 ɬɵɫ.

т

ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɞɜɚɪɨʆ ɰɿ 87,5% ɿɯ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ. Ⱥɛɚɝɭɥɟɧɵɹ ɩɚɥɟɬɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɥɿ

96% ɭɫɺɣ ɩɚɫɹʆɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɲɱɵ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɡɚɜɹɪɲɷɧɧɹ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ

и

ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɹ

ɄɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿоɋɋɋɊ 1936 ɝɨɞɚ

ɛɵɥɵɦ ɤɭɥɚɤɚɦ

ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ

з

ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɫɬɚɰɶ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɚɰɚʆɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ, ɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɠɵɰɰɿ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ.

о

ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ 30-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɩɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɡɚɯɚɞɵ ɞɥɹ

ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ ɭ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚ-ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ. ɇɚɥɚɞɠɜɚɥɚɫɹ

п

ɤɚɥɝɚɫɧɚ-ɫɚʆɝɚɫɧɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɸ,

ɭɦɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ

ɞɵɫɰɵɩɥɿɧɚ

ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ

DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.)

ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ɿ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɵ ɩɚɞɚɬɚɤ. ɍ 1938 – 1939 ɝɝ. ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ

ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɹ ɯɭɬɚɪɨʆ. Ʌɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɹ ɯɭɬɚɪɨʆ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ

Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɞɚ ȻɋɋɊ, ɞɚ ɫɚɦɚɝɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɣ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ.

ɋɤɥɚɞɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ ɞɵɪɷɤɬɵʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɥɚɧɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚ-

ɛɸɪɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚɦɿ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɚ-ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɭ.

У

ɇɨɪɦɚɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɚɹ ɡɦɟɧɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ. ɉɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ 1933 ɝɨɞɚ,

ɤɚɥɝɚɫɵ ɜɵɤɨɧɜɚɥɿ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɨɜɵɹ ɩɚɫɬɚʆɤɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ɩɚ ɰɷɧɚɯ, ɹɤɿɹ

ɛɵɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɧɿɠɷɣɲɵɦɿ ɡɚ ɪɵɧɚɱɧɵɹ. Ȼɸɪɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚ-ɤɚɦɚɧɞɧɚɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ

ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚɦɿ, ɹɤɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ 20 – 30-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ, ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɹ

Н

ɡɦɟɧɵ 50 – 80-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ, ɭ ɦɧɨɝɿɦ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɞɡɺɧ.

ТɋɋɋɊ, ɭ ɬɵɦ

9.4. ɍɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɦɚɧɞɧɚ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɵʆɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ʆ

ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ

Б

Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ ȻɋɋɊ ɭ ɤɚɧɰɵ 20-ɯ –

30-ɹ ɝɝ. ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɚ ɫɩɵɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ

и

ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɪɚɡɝɨɪɬɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɣ ɿ ɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚɱɜɚɧɧɹʆ. ɍ

ɝɷɬɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɡɦɟɧɵ

ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɿɫɹ

ɡ

ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟɦ

р

ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ, «ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɣйɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ». ɇɚ ɬɨɣ ɦɨɦɚɧɬ

ɋɋɋɊ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹʆɫɹ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɣ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɣ ɭ ɫɜɟɰɟ, ɲɬɨ ɚɛɭɦɨɜɿɥɚ

ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɿ ɹɝɨ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɰɶ ɭɥɚɞɭ ɿ ɩɚɫɤɨɪɚɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ

т

ɚɠɵɰɰɹɜɿɰɶ ɭɫɟ ɡɦɟɧɵ, ɤɚɛ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵ ɥɚɞ ɩɪɵ ɚɩɨɪɵ ɧɚ

ʆɥɚɫɧɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ.

и

ɍ 1924 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɦɺɪоɩɟɪɲɵ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɍ. Ʌɟɧɿɧ ɿ

з

ɩɚɫɥɹ ʆɧɭɬɪɵɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɚɣ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɞɚ ʆɥɚɞɵ ʆ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɵɣɲɨʆ

ȱ. ɋɬɚɥɿɧ. Ɂ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɵɯɨɞɚɦ ɞɚ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɦɚɧɞɧɚ-

о

ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɭ ɪɚɦɤɚɣ ɹɤɨɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɹɥɚ

ɩɨʆɧɵ (ɬɚɬɚɥɶɧɵ) ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ʆɫɿɦɿ ɫɮɟɪɚɦɿ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ.

п

ɉɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɤɚɦɭɧɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɵɹ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɚ ɪɵɫɵ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɣ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɟɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ: ɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɵɹ

ɦɟɪɚɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɪɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɡ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɛɸɞɠɷɬɭ, ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ

Р

ɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɨɜɵɹ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɿɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ, ɚ

ɤɚɦɭɧɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ (ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɚʆ, ɩɪɵ ɹɤɨɣ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɚʆɫɹ ɤɥɚɫɚɜɵ

еɩɚɞɵɯɨɞ ɭ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɟ ɧɨɜɚɝɚ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ, ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɡ ɬɷɨɪɵɹɣ ɚɛ

ɚɛɜɚɫɬɪɷɧɧɿ ɤɥɚɫɚɜɚɣ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɩɚ ɦɟɪɵ ɪɭɯɭ ɞɚ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɡɦɭ) ɫɬɚɥɚ

ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɚɣ. Ȼɚɪɚɰɶɛɨɣ ɡ ɿɧɲɚɞɭɦɫɬɜɚɦ, ɞɚ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɥɿ ɥɸɛɭɸ ɧɹɡɝɨɞɭ ɡ

ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵɦ ɤɿɪɭɧɤɚɦ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ, ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿɫɹ

ɫɩɟɰɫɥɭɠɛɵ.

ɉɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ 20-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ, ɹɤ ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɩɚ ɋɋɋɊ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

ɫɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚʆɫɹ

ɫɜɨɟɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɵ

ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿʆɧɵ

ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦ, ɹɤɿ

ʆɤɥɸɱɚʆ ɭ ɫɹɛɟ ɹɤ

DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.)

ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɿ ɩɚɡɚɫɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ ɿ

ɜɵɩɪɚʆɥɟɧɱɚ-ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɯ ɥɚɝɟɪɚʆ (ȽɍɅȺȽ). Ɂ 1929 ɝɨɞɚ "ɫɩɪɚɜɵ" ɤɥɚɫɚɜɵɯ

ɜɨɪɚɝɚʆ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɜɚɰɶ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɵɹ "ɬɪɨɣɤɿ" (ɩɟɪɲɵ ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪ ɪɚɣɤɚɦɚ,

ɫɬɚɪɲɵɧɹ ɪɚɣɜɵɤɚɧɤɚɦɚ ɿ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɿɤ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɝɚ ɚɞɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɹ Ƚɉɍ). ɋɩɪɚɜɵ

ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɚɤɭɪɨɪɚ ɿ ɚɞɜɚɤɚɬɚ. Ⱥɛɫɤɚɪɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɵɫɭɞɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɦɿɥɚɜɚɧɧɟ

У

ɧɟ ɞɚɩɭɲɱɚɥɿɫɹ. ɉɪɵɫɭɞ ɞɚ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɜɵɤɨɧɜɚʆɫɹ ɛɟɡ

ɩɪɚɦɚɪɭɞɠɜɚɧɧɹ.

ɍɠɨ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ 30-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɪɚɣɲɥɨ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣ. Ⱦɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɬɵɹ, ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚɯ

ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟ). ȼɚɠɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɠɵɰɰɿ

ɧɚɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɚɮɫɚɸɡɧɵɦ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɦ. ɍ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɡɟ 1940 ɝɨɞɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ

и

ɩɪɚɮɫɚɸɡɚʆ ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɚɦɚɥɶ 650 ɬɵɫ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. Ⱥɞɛɵɜɚʆɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ

ɤɚɦɫɚɦɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣ ɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ɿ ɜɺɫɤɚɯ (ɤ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 1941 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ

р

ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ 263 ɬɵɫɹɱɵ ɤɚɦɫɚɦɨɥɶɰɚʆ). й

Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɟ ȻɋɋɊ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚ ɦɹɧɹɰɶ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ

ɠɵɯɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɭ 1932 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɚ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɩɿɫɤɚ). ȼɵɟɡɞ ɡɚ ɦɟɠɵ ɋɋɋɊ,

т

ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧ ɞɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 90-ɯ

ɝɚɞɨʆ ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹʆɫɹ.

и

ɍ ɋɋɋɊ ɿ ȻɋɋɊ ɭоɝɷɬɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ ʆɫɬɚɥɹɜɚʆɫɹ «ɤɭɥɶɬ ɚɫɨɛɵ», ɩɚɧɚɜɚʆ

з

ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɩɚɞɧɚɱɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɭɥɚɞɡɟ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɵ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚ-ɤɚɦɚɧɞɧɵɦɿ ɦɟɬɚɞɚɦɿ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ

о

ʆɡɜɹɥɿɱɜɚɧɧɟ ɪɨɥɿ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɵɩɿɫɜɚɧɧɟ ɹɦɭ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ʆɩɥɵɜɭ

ɧɚ ɯɨɞ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɡɟɣ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɋɚɜɟɬɵ, ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ,

п

ɧɿɡɚɜɵɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ ɫɬɪɚɱɜɚɥɿ ɫɜɚɺ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ. ɍ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ

ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɪɨɥɹ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɵɹɬɚ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚʆ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɚʆ

ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɰɰɚ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɚʆ ɡ ɬɵɦɿ, ɱɵɹ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚɹɥɚ ɰɿ ɧɟ ɫɭɩɚɞɚɥɚ

Р

ɡ ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɚɣ.

ɉɚɪɬɵɣɧɚɹ ɿ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɹ ɷɥɿɬɚ ʆ ɝɚɞɵ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɋɬɚɥɿɧɚ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵɱɧɚ

еɡɦɹɧɹɥɚɫɹ, ɱɚɫ ɚɞ ɱɚɫɭ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɵɹ “ɱɵɫɬɤɿ”: ɩɚɫɥɹ

«ɤɥɚɫɚɜɵɯ ɜɨɪɚɝɚʆ», ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɰɿ

ɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ. ɍ 30-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɣ

ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɡɦɹɧɿɥɚɫɹ, ɹɧɵ ɡɚɤɪɚɧɭɥɿ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ, ɿ ɷɥɿɬɭ ɧɨɜɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ.

ɉɿɤɚɦ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɣ ɫɬɚʆ 1937 ɝɨɞ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɭɲɱɚɧɚ ʆ ɯɨɞ ɜɟɪɫɿɹ ɚɛ ɬɵɦ,

ɲɬɨ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɟ ɪɚɡɝɚɥɿɧɚɜɚɧɚɟ ɚɧɬɵɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɟ ɩɚɞɩɨɥɥɟ, ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥ-

ɮɚɲɵɫɰɤɚɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ɇ. Ƚɿɤɚɥɚɦ,

У

Ⱥ. ɑɚɪɜɹɤɨɜɵɦ, Ɇ. Ƚɚɥɚɞɡɟɞɚɦ, ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɚɪɵɲɬɵ.

ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ 30-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ "ɱɵɫɬɤɚ" ɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɤɚʆТȺȾɉɍ –

ɇɄɍɋ. ɍ 1939 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵʆ ɚɫɭɞɠɚɧɵ ɞɚ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɲɷɪɚɝ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɇɚɪɤɚɦɚɬɚ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚʆ ȻɋɋɊ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɩɹɰɶ ɫɬɚɪɲɵɧɶ

Н

ɈȾɉɍ – ɇɄɍɋ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ Ȼ. Ȼɟɪɦɚɧ, Ⱥ. ɇɚɫɟɞɤɿɧ, ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɿɯ

ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɿ.

Б

ɇɚ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɧɟɝɚɬɵʆɧɚ ɚɞɛɿʆɫɹ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚ-

ɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɵ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɸ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ. ɍ ȻɋɋɊ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɿ

ɡɚɤɪɚɧɭɥɿ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɞɡɟɹɱɚʆ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵй, ɹɤɿɯ ɡ ɤɚɧɰɚ 20-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɫɬɚɥɿ

ɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚɱɜɚɰɶ

ɭ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥ-ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɡɦɟ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ "ɋɚɸɡɚ

и

ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ" ɭ 1930 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɪɵɲɬɚɜɚɧɚ 108 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ

ȼ. Ʌɚɫɬɨʆɫɤɿ,

Ⱦɡ. ɉɪɵɲɱɷɩɚʆ, Ⱥ. ɋɦɨɥɿɱ, Ɇ. Ƚɚɪɷɰɤɿ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ɍ 1930 ɝɨɞɡɟ

р

ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɫɩɪɨɛɭ ɫɚɦɚɝɭɛɫɬɜɚ əɧɤɚ Ʉɭɩɚɥɚ, ɹɤɿ ʆ ɩɟɪɚɞɫɦɹɪɨɬɧɵɦ ɥɿɫɰɟ

ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵʆ, ɲɬɨ «ɥɟɩɲ ɫɦɟɪɰɶоɮɿɡɿɱɧɚɹ, ɱɵɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ». ɍ 1933 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ

ȻɋɋɊ ɛɵɥɚ "ɜɵɤɪɵɬɚ" ɹɲɱɷ ɚɞɧɚ ɧɚɰɞɷɦɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ – "Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ

т

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɰɷɧɬɪ".ɡɚɬɵɦ – “ɉɪɚɰɨʆɧɚɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɵɹ” – ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ

ɮɿɥɿɹɥ (ɚɪɵɲɬɚɜɚɧɚ 59 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ), – ɉɪɚɦɩɚɪɬɵɹ – ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɮɿɥɿɹɥ

и

(30 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ), – ɫɚɸɡɧɚɟ ɛɸɪɨ ɊɋȾɊɉ – ɦɟɧɶɲɚɜɿɤɨʆ (30 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ), – “ɉɚɪɬɵɹ

з

ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɹɥɹɧ” (110 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ) ɿ ɿɧɲ.

Ȼɵɥɿ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ 826 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɠɵɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ȻɋɋɊ ɿ

о

ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɩɚ ɫɩɿɫɭ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ 1917 –

1924 ɝɝ. Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ʆ 30-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɩɚɡɛɚɜɿʆɫɹ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ

п

ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɣ ɋɚɸɡ ɩɿɫɶɦɟɧɧɿɤɚʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɛɵɥɿ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ

е26 ɚɤɚɞɷɦɿɤɚʆ ɿ 6 ɱɥɟɧɚʆ-ɤɚɪɷɫɩɚɧɞɷɧɬɚʆ Ⱥɤɚɞɷɦɿɿ ɇɚɜɭɤ ȻɋɋɊ. ɍ 1937 –

Р

1938 ɝɚɞɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɦɚɫɚɜɚɹ ɚɤɰɵɹ «ɩɚ ɜɵɤɪɵɰɰɿ» ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ, ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɯ ɿ

DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.)

ɍ 1937 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ ȻɋɋɊ. ɍ ɺɣ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɵ

ɲɷɪɚɝ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɿ ɫɜɚɛɨɞ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɵɛɿɪɚɰɶ ɿ ɛɵɰɶ

ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵɦ ɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ʆɥɚɞɵ. Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ 1937 ɝɨɞɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ

ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɭɥɚɞɵ ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ ɋɚɜɟɬ. Ⱥɥɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɜɚ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ

ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɧɚɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɛɵɰɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵɦ ɭ ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ ɿ

У

ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɹ ɋɚɜɟɬɵ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɬɚʆ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɩɚ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɫɩɿɫɚɯ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɤɚɦɭɧɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɫɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɵɹ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɣ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɚɣ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ. ɍ ɯɨɞɡɟ ɜɵɛɚɪɚʆ ɭ ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ ɋɚɜɟɬ ɋɋɋɊ,

ɹɤɿɹ ɚɞɛɵɥɿɫɹ 12 ɫɧɟɠɧɹ 1937 ɝɨɞɚ, ɧɚ ɜɵɛɚɪɱɵɹ ʆɱɚɫɬɤɿ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ

Н

97,4% ɜɵɛɚɪɲɱɵɤɚʆ. Ɍɚɤɿ ɜɵɫɨɤɿ ɩɪɚɰɷɧɬ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɜɵɛɚɪɚʆ ɝɚɜɨɪɵɰɶ ɚɛ

ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɵɯ ɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚʆ ɦɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɜɚɰɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ, ɞɥɹ

ɹɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɵɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɜɵɛɚɪɵ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹʆɫɹ ɫɩɨɫɚɛɚɦ ɞɷɦɚɧɫɬɪɚɜɚɧɧɹТɥɚɹɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɚ

ɿɫɧɭɸɱɚɝɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɭ.

Б

ɍ ɦɿɠɜɚɟɧɧɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɋɋɋɊ ɥɿɞɡɿɪɚɜɚʆ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɩɚ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ

ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦ ɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɸ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɹ. Ɇɚɫɚɜɚɹ

ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɚ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɦɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɚɦɿ, ɡ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭ ɚɫɨɛɵ ɋɬɚɥɿɧɚ

и

ɛɵɥɿ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɡ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺɦ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɹ, ɩɷʆɧɵɦ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɦ

ɪɨɫɬɚɦ (ɭ 1935 ɝɨɞɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɦɟɧɟɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɚɱɧɚɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ), ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɷɧɧɟɦ

р

ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɹʆ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɦɚɛɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɿй(ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɫɬɚɥɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɦɚɞɷɪɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ

ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɡɦɹɧɿɰɶ ɫɜɨɣ

ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ).

т

ɍ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ, ɹɤ ɭ ɋɋɋɊ ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ, ɛɵʆ ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɥɚɞ,

ɩɪɵ ɹɤɿɦ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚʆɫɹ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɵ ɠɵɰɰɺɜɵ ʆɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɡɚ

и

ɤɨɲɬ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɿɯ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɚɝɚоɷɧɬɭɡɿɹɡɦɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɣ

з

ɞɵɫɰɵɩɥɿɧɵ. Ɋɷɩɪɷɫɿɿ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɡ ɜɟɪɚɣ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɚɝɚ

ɤɭɪɫɭ ɿ ɛɟɫɩɚɦɵɥɤɨɜɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ I. ɋɬɚɥɿɧɚ.

о

п

е

Р

10.1. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɧɚɩɹɪɷɞɚɞɧɿ

ɿ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ

У

ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ. ɍɜɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɋɋɋɊ

10.2. ɉɚɱɚɬɚɤ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɣ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ. Ⱥɛɚɪɨɧɱɵɹ ɛɚɿ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɗɜɚɤɭɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɦɟɪɚɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ

10.3. Ⱥɤɭɩɚɰɵɣɧɵ ɪɷɠɵɦ, ɹɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɿ ɦɟɬɚɞɵ

Н

10.4. Ȼɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɧɚɰɵɫɰɤɚɣ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ ɧɚ ɚɤɭɩɿɪɚɜɚɧɚɣ

ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ

10.5. Ⱥɩɟɪɚɰɵɹ “Ȼɚɝɪɚɰɿɺɧ”. ȼɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ȻɋɋɊТ

Б

10.1. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹ ɧɚɩɹɪɷɞɚɞɧɿ ɿ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ

ɜɚɣɧɵ. ɍɜɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɋɋɋɊ

и

Ʉɚɧɟɰ 30-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ XX ɫɬ. ɛɵʆ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ ɪɷɡɤɿɦ ɩɚɝɚɪɲɷɧɧɟɦ

ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ. Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɹ ɧɟ ʆɬɨɣɜɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɰɤɿɯ ɩɥɚɧɚʆ ɿ

р

ɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭɱɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ, ɹɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɹɥɚйɦɿɥɿɬɚɪɵɡɚɰɵɸ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ ɿ

ʆɫɹɝɨ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1938 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ

ɚɧɲɥɸɫ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɿ – ɹɟ

о

ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ "ɞɨɛɪɚɚɯɜɨɬɧɚ" ʆɜɚɣɲɥɚ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ. ɍɫɥɟɞ ɡɚ ɝɷɬɵɦ, ɭ

т

ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ 1938 ɝɨɞɚ, Ƚɿɬɥɟɪ

ɡɚɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɰɶ ɪɷɣɯɭ ɋɭɞɡɟɰɤɭɸ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɶ –

ɪɷɝɿɺɧ ɑɷɯɚɫɥɚɜɚɰɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ, ɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɠɵɜɚɥɚ 3,3 ɦɥɧ. ɧɟɦɰɚʆ (ɭɫɺ

и

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɑɷɯɚɫɥɚɜɚɤɿɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɬɚɞɵ 11 ɦɿɥɶɺɧɚʆ). Ʉɪɚɿɧɵ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ

з

ȿʆɪɨɩɵ (Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹ ɿ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɹ) ɡɚɧɹɥɿ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ "ɫɭɩɚɤɚɟɧɧɹ ɚɝɪɷɫɚɪɚ". əɧɵ ɧɟ

ɠɚɞɚɥɿ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɰɶ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ, ɞɭɦɚɥɿ, ɲɬɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɤɚɦɿ ɡɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɰɶ

о

Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɸ ɧɚ ɍɫɯɨɞ ɿ ɩɚɞɲɬɭɪɯɧɭɰɶ ɹɟ ɞɚ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɡ ɋɋɋɊ. Ɍɚɦɭ ɩɪɵ

ɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɿɰɬɜɟ ȱɬɚɥɿɿ ʆ Ɇɸɧɯɟɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɤɚɧɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹ, ɧɚ ɹɤɨɣ

п

ɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɱɚɬɵɪɨɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ: Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ, ȱɬɚɥɿɿ, Ⱥɧɝɥɿɿ ɿ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ.

ɇɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɤɚɧɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɿ ɛɟɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ɑɷɯɚɫɥɚɜɚɤɿɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ

ɩɟɪɚɞɚɰɶ ɋɭɞɡɟɬɵ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ. Ɏɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɚɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɪɚɯ ȼɟɪɫɚɥɶɫɤɚ-

Р

ȼɚɲɵɧɝɬɨɧɫɤɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ, ɛɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɹ ɿ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɚɦɿ

ɧɟɞɚɬɵɤɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ, ɹɤɿɹ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ʆ

еȿʆɪɨɩɟ. ɍ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1939 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɫɬɚɬɧɹɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɑɷɯɚɫɥɚɜɚɤɿɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɯɨɩɥɟɧɚ

ɩɪɵɧɹɥɿ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɭ ɋɋɋɊ ɩɚɱɚɰɶ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɿ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɵ ʆ ɦɷɬɚɯ

ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹ ɞɚɦɨʆɥɟɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɭ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɭ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɭɫɹɝɨ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɦɚɧɟʆɪ, ɤɚɛ ɩɚɰɹɝɧɭɰɶ ɱɚɫ ɿ ɧɟ ɞɚɰɶ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɦɭ ʆɪɚɞɭ

ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɡɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɱɵ ɫɹɛɟ ɚɞ ɧɚɩɚɞɭ ɹɤɿɦ-ɧɟɛɭɞɡɶ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɫɪɨɞɤɚɦ.

ɋɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɭ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɹɩɪɨɫɬɵɦ. əɲɱɷ ɡ 1933 ɝɨɞɚ

У

ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɟ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚɫɥɹɞɨʆɧɚ ɜɵɤɚɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ʆ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ

ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɣ ɛɹɫɩɟɤɿ, ɚɞɧɚɤ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɩɚɞɨɛɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɛɪɵɬɚɧɿɿТ

ɿ

Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɠɚɞɚɥɿ ɫɭɬɵɤɧɭɰɶ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɸ ɿ ɋɋɋɊ ɿ ɩɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɡɚɫɬɚɰɰɚ

ʆɛɚɤɭ, ɤɚɛ

ɡɚɬɵɦ

ɫɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɰɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɿ ɡɧɹɫɿɥɟɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. Ɂ

Н

Б

ɿɧɲɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ, ɧɹɦɟɰɤɚɟ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɥɿɜɚ ɲɭɤɚɥɚ ɡɛɥɿɠɷɧɧɹ ɡ ɋɋɋɊ, ɛɨ

ɹɲɱɷ ɡ ɱɚɫɨʆ ȼɟɣɦɚɪɫɤɚɣ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɜɵɝɚɞɧɚɟ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ, ɭ ɩɟɪɲɭɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ʆ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ ɿ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ. Ɍɚɦɭ ʆ

ɦɨɦɚɧɬ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲɚɝɚ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɧɹ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɿ, ɤɚɥɿ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɵɦ ɧɟɠɚɞɚɧɧɟ

Ⱥɧɝɥɿɿ ɿ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɵ ɞɚɦɨʆɥɟɧɚɫɰɶй, ɹɤɚɹ ɦɚɝɥɚ ɛɵ ɡɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɱɵ ɋɋɋɊ

ɚɞ ɚɝɪɷɫɿɿ, ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿ ʆɪɚɞ ɩɚ ɿɧɿɰɵɹɬɵɜɟ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ 23 ɠɧɿʆɧɹ 1939 ɝ. ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚʆ

и

ɩɚɤɬ ɚɛ ɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɡɟ ɡ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɹɣ – "ɉɚɤɬ Ɇɨɥɚɬɚɜɚ - Ɋɵɛɟɧɬɪɨɩɚ". ɋɚɦ ɩɚ ɫɚɛɟ

ɩɚɤɬ ɡ'ɹʆɥɹʆɫɹ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ, ɚɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɭ ɞɪɭɤɭ, ɿ

р

ɧɟ ɧɚɫɿʆ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɝɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɭ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɞɚ ɩɚɤɬɚ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɫɚɤɪɷɬɧɵɹ

ɩɪɚɬɚɤɨɥɵ, ɚɛ ɹɤɿɯ ɲɵɪɨɤɚɹоɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɡɧɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɪɚɡ ɞɡɟɫɹɬɤɿ ɝɚɞɨʆ

ɩɚɫɥɹ ɜɚɣɧɵ.

т

ɉɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɩɪɚɬɚɤɨɥɚʆ ɭɫɬɚɥɺʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɹɠɚ ɫɮɟɪ ɭɩɥɵɜɭ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ ɿ

ɋɋɋɊ. Ⱦɚ

ɫɮɟɪɵ

ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɋɚɸɡɚ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɦɟɠɧɵɹ ɡ

и

Ɏɿɧɥɹɧɞɵɹɣ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ʆ ɪɚɺɧɟ Ʌɟɧɿɧɝɪɚɞɚ, ɉɪɵɛɚɥɬɵɤɚ, ɭɫɯɨɞɧɹɹ

з

ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ (ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ, ɡɟɦɥɿ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ

Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ), Ȼɟɫɚɪɚɛɿɹ. ȼɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɫɮɟɪɵ ʆɩɥɵɜɭ ɋɋɋɊ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

о

ɩɪɚɣɲɥɨ ɩɚ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɚɣ “Ʌɿɧɿɿ Ʉɟɪɡɚɧɚ” – ɝɷɬɚɹ ɦɹɠɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɚ ɹɲɱɷ ʆ

ɝɚɞɵ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɹ ɪɚɺɧɵ ɩɪɚɠɵɜɚɧɧɹ

п

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɠɠɵ ɡ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɦɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦɿ ɪɚɺɧɚɦɿ.

е1 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ 1939 ɝɨɞɚ ɝɿɬɥɟɪɚʆɫɤɚɹ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɹ ɧɚɩɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɭ. 3

Р

ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɹ ɿ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿɥɿ ɜɚɣɧɭ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ. ɉɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ

ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ. ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɦɭɠɧɚɟ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ʆ

ɚɞɞɚɥɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɭ Ƚɿɬɥɟɪɭ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɞɪɚɞɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ.

У

ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɪɭɝɚɯ

ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɬɚɟɦɧɚɹ ɦɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɩɚɞ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɚɦ

Н

"ɜɹɥɿɤɿɯ ɜɭɱɷɛɧɵɯ ɡɛɨɪɚʆ". 11 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɚɫɨɛɧɚɣ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ

ɚɤɪɭɝɿ (ȻȺȼȺ) ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɮɪɨɧɬ (ɤɚɦɚɧɞɭɸɱɵ Ɇ. Ʉɚɜɚɥɺʆ), ɚ ɧɚ

ɛɚɡɟ Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɚɣ ɚɫɨɛɚɣ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ

ɚɤɪɭɝɿ – ɍɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿ ɮɪɨɧɬТ(ɤɚɦɚɧɞɭɸɱɵ

Б

ɋ. ɐɿɦɚɲɷɧɤɚ). əɤ ɜɹɞɨɦɚ, ɮɪɚɧɬɵ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɸɰɰɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɜɚ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ ɜɚɣɧɵ.

ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɿɤ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɒɬɚɛɚ ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɣ Ⱥɪɦɿɿ Ȼ. ɒɚɩɚɲɧɿɤɚʆ ɜɵɞɚʆ ɡɚɝɚɞ,

ɞɡɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɞɚ 11 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ 1939 ɝɨɞɚ ɬɚɟɦɧɚ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɰɶ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɿ ɛɵɰɶ

ɝɚɬɨɜɵɦɿ

ɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹ,

ɤɚɛ

ɦɚɥɚɧɤɚɜɵɦ

ɭɞɚɪɚɦ

ɪɚɡɝɪɚɦɿɰɶ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ

и

ɫɚɩɟɪɧɿɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚɹɰɶ ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɣ Ⱥɪɦɿɿ.

ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɹ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɨʆɤɚ ɞɚ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ ɫɭɩɪɚɜɚɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɨɰɧɵɦ

р

ɞɵɩɥɚɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɰɿɫɤɚɦ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿй, ɹɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɡ ɫɜɚɺ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɷɪɫɬɜɚ

ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚʆ ɩɚɞɲɬɭɪɯɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɞɚ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ

ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ. Ⱦɥɹ Ƚɿɬɥɟɪɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚ, ɤɚɛ ɋɋɋɊ ɧɟ ɫɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɛɨɤ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɿ ɿ

т

Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ ɿ ɧɟ ʆɬɜɚɪɵʆ ɡ ɿɦɿ ɚɧɬɵɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɤɚɚɥɿɰɵɸ. Ʌɟɩɟɣ ɭɫɹɝɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɛ

ɭɰɹɝɧɭɰɶ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɿ

ɋɚɸɡ ɭ ɜɚɣɧɭ ɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ ɹɝɨ ʆ ɹɤɚɫɰɿ ɚɝɪɷɫɚɪɚ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ

и

ȱ. ɋɬɚɥɿɧ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɚɤɪɭɠɷɧɧɟоɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɿ ɬɚɣɧɵɹ ɦɚɬɵɜɵ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɣ

з

ɞɵɩɥɚɦɚɬɵɿ, ɩɚɝɷɬɚɦɭ ɚɞɰɹɝɜɚɥɿ ɜɚɟɧɧɭɸ ɚɤɰɵɸ ɞɚ ɩɪɵɞɚɬɧɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɿ

ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿ ɿɞɷɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵ ɩɚɞɦɭɪɚɤ ɞɥɹ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɭ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɭ, ɹɤɿ ɛ ɦɨɝ ɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɿɰɶ

о

ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ.

14 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ 1939 ɝɨɞɚ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ "ɉɪɚʆɞɚ" ɡɦɹɫɰɿɥɚ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɧɵ

п

Ⱥ.Ⱥ. ɀɞɚɧɚɜɵɦ ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥ, ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɩɚɪɚɠɷɧɧɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ

ɧɚɡɵɜɚʆɫɹ ɩɪɵɝɧɺɬ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɧɲɚɫɰɹʆ (ɭɤɪɚɿɧɰɚʆ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ). Ƚɷɬɵ

ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥ

ɫɬɚʆ

ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɧɵɦ

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦ

ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ

ɩɪɚɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ ɩɚ

Р

ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ ɭ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ ɞɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ. ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɟ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɣ Ⱥɪɦɿɿ "ɭɡɹɰɶ ɩɚɞ ɫɜɚɸ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ

еɁɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɿ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ" (ɡ ɪɚɞɵɺɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹ ȼ.Ɇ. Ɇɨɥɚɬɚɜɚ

DZșȎȐȎ 10. ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ DZǮDzȉ DzǾȁDZǼǷ ǿȁǿǰdzȀǻǮǷ ǰǮǷǻȉ

Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɹɣ". Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɮɪɨɧɬ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚʆ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 200 ɬɵɫ.

ɫɚɥɞɚɬ ɿ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɚʆ. əɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚɹɥɚ 45 ɬɵɫ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɭɦɹɲɚɧɧɟ ɋɋɋɊ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɱɚɤɚɧɵɦ. ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɟ

ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɚɤɚɡɚɰɶ ɭɡɛɪɨɟɧɚɟ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɿ ɚɞɞɚɥɨ

ɡɚɝɚɞ: "Ɂ ɋɚɜɟɬɚɦɿ ɛɚɹɜɵɯ

ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ ɧɟ ɜɹɫɰɿ".

Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ, ɭ

ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ

У

ɦɟɫɰɚɯ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɫɭɪ'ɺɡɧɵɹ ɛɚɿ, ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɩɚɧɟɫɥɿ ɿ ɬɨɣ, ɿ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɛɨɤ.

ɇɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɤɚɥɹ Ƚɪɨɞɧɚ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɿ 16 ɬɚɧɤɚʆ, 47 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ

ɡɚɛɿɬɵɦɿ ɿ 156 ɩɚɪɚɧɟɧɵɦɿ. Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ ɫɤɥɚɥɿ 316

ɱɚɥ. ɡɚɛɿɬɵɦɿ ɿ 642 ɩɚɪɚɧɟɧɵɦɿ, ɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɹ

ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɣ

Ⱥɪɦɿɿ –

1475 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɡɚɛɿɬɵɦɿ.

Н

ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿɹ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ

ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɣ Ⱥɪɦɿɹɣ. ɍ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚɯ

ɦɹɠɚТ, ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɚɹ ʆ

Б

ɫɚɤɪɷɬɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɬɚɤɨɥɟ ɞɚ ɩɚɤɬɚ 23 ɠɧɿʆɧɹ, ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɪɭɲɚɧɚ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɿɦɿ

ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɿ, ɚɥɟ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɨʆ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɿ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɭɫɺ ɛɵɥɨ

ɩɪɵɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ʆ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɦɿ ɩɚɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɹɦɿ. ɍ Ȼɪɷɫɰɟ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ

ɲɵɪɨɤɚ ɜɹɞɨɦɵ ɰɹɩɟɪ ɫɭɦɟɫɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɞ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɿ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɜɨɣɫɤɚʆ, ɹɤɿ

и

ɩɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ Ƚ. Ƚɭɞɷɪɵɹɧ ɿ ɤɚɦɛɪɵɝ ɋ. Ʉɪɵɜɚɲɷɿɧ.

28 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ 1939 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ɇɚɫɤɜɟ, ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɨʆ ȱ. ɋɬɚɥɿɧɚ ɿ ȼ. Ɇɨɥɚɬɚɜɚ

ɡ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɦ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɦ

р

ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɧɚ

ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚ-

ȱ. ɮɨɧ Ɋɵɛɟɧɬɪɨɩɚɦй, ɛɵɥɚ

ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɞɚɦɨɜɚ ɚɛ ɫɹɛɪɨʆɫɬɜɟ ɿ ɦɹɠɵ. ɍ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɺɣ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ

ɦɟɠɵ ɫɮɟɪ ɭɩɥɵɜɭ, ɹɤɿɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɩɚɤɬɚɦ ɚɞ 23 ɠɧɿʆɧɹ

т

1939 ɝɨɞɚ: Ʌɿɬɜɚ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɭ ʆɩɥɵɜɭ ɋɋɋɊ ɭ ɚɛɦɟɧ ɧɚ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɿ

ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɫɬɜɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ. ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ ɡɧɿɤɥɚ

и

ɡ ɤɚɪɬɵ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ. ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿоʆɪɚɞ ɋɿɤɨɪɫɤɚɝɚ, ɹɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ 30 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ

з

1939 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ʌɨɧɞɚɧɟ (ɭɠɨ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɧɧɹ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚ-ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɚɣ ɞɚɦɨɜɵ),

ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿʆ ɝɷɬɚ ɱɚɰɜɺɪɬɵɦ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚɦ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɿ ɚɞɦɨɜɿʆɫɹ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ

о

ɡɚɤɨɧɧɚɫɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɚɤɬɚ, ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚʆɲɵ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɿ ɿɯ ɫɚɸɡɧɿɤɚʆ ɞɚ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɡɚ

ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɞɚ 1 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ 1939 ɝɨɞɚ.

п

10 ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ 1939 ɝɨɞɚ, ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟɦ ɭɪɚɞɚ ɋɋɋɊ, Ʌɿɬɜɚ

ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ȼɿɥɶɧɸ ɿ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɟ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɥɟɬɚɦ 1940 ɝɨɞɚ – ɹɲɱɷ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ

Р

ɪɚɺɧɚʆ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɶ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ, ɪɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ, ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ

Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɥɚ ɑɵɪɜɨɧɭɸ Ⱥɪɦɿɸ ɹɤ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɿɰɟɥɶɧɿɰɭ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ

еɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɚɟ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɿɯ ɞɚɜɟɪɭ, ɬɚɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɲɵɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ ɿ