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DZșȎȐȎ 10. ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ DZǮDzȉ DzǾȁDZǼǷ ǿȁǿǰdzȀǻǮǷ ǰǮǷǻȉ

ɤɨɞɚɜɚɣ ɧɚɡɜɚɣ «Ȼɚɝɪɚɰɿɺɧ». ɍ ɹɝɨ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɶ

ɭɞɡɟɥ ɱɚɬɵɪɵ ɮɪɚɧɬɵ: 1-ɵ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɩɚɞ ɤɚɦɚɧɞɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɚɪɦɿɿ

Ʉ. Ɋɚɤɚɫɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ, 2-ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ (ɤɚɦɚɧɞɭɸɱɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ-ɩɚɥɤɨʆɧɿɤ Ƚ. Ɂɚɯɚɪɚʆ),

3-ɿ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ

(ɤɚɦɚɧɞɭɸɱɵ

ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ-ɩɚɥɤɨʆɧɿɤ

ȱ. ɑɚɪɧɹɯɨʆɫɤɿ),

1-ɵ ɉɪɵɛɚɥɬɵɣɫɤɿ (ɤɚɦɚɧɞɭɸɱɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɚɪɦɿɿ ȱ. Ȼɚɝɪɚɦɹɧ). Ʉɚɚɪɞɵɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɿɯ

У

ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɵ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɋɚɸɡɚ Ƚ. ɀɭɤɚʆ ɿ Ⱥ. ȼɚɫɿɥɟʆɫɤɿ. ɍ ɫɤɥɚɞ

ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɝɪɭɩɿɪɨʆɤɿ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ 2,4 ɦɥɧ. ɫɚɥɞɚɬ ɿ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɚʆ, ɛɨɥɶɲ 36 ɬɵɫ.

ɝɚɪɦɚɬ ɿ ɦɿɧɚɦɺɬɚʆ, 5200 ɬɚɧɤɚʆ, 5300 ɫɚɦɚɥɺɬɚʆ. Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɩɚ

ɫɭɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ ɫɿɥ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɬɚ ɲɦɚɬɤɪɚɬɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɚ ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɣ Ⱥɪɦɿɿ.

Н

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɷɝɿɱɧɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɹ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ʆ ɞɜɚ

ɷɬɚɩɵ. ɇɚ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ (23 ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ – 4 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ) ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚ-

Ⱥɪɲɚɧɫɤɚɹ, Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɹ, Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤɚɹ, ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɹ ɿ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿТ. ɋɚɜɟɰɤɿɹ

Б

ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɚɤɪɭɠɵɥɿ ɿ ɡɧɿɲɱɵɥɿ ɝɪɭɩɿɪɨʆɤɿ ɜɨɪɚɝɚ ɩɚɞ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɦ, Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤɚɦ ɿ

Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɦ. ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɛɭɣɧɵɦ ɫɬɚʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɿ “ɤɚɰɺɥ”, ɞɡɟ ʆ ɩɚɥɨɧ ɬɪɚɩɿɥɚ

105 ɬɵɫ. ɫɚɥɞɚɬ ɿ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɚʆ ɜɟɪɦɚɯɬɚ. Ɂ ɿɯ ɥɿɤɭ 57 ɬɵɫ. ɛɵɥɿ ɚɞɩɪɚʆɥɟɧɵ ʆ

Ɇɚɫɤɜɭ, ɞɡɟ 17 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ 1944 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɵ «ɩɚɪɚɞ ɝɚɧɶɛɵ» –

и

ɩɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɧɟɦɰɚʆ ɩɪɚɜɹɥɿ ɩɚ ɋɚɞɨɜɵɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɵ. Ⱦɷɦɚɧɫɬɪɚɬɵʆɧɚ ɡɡɚɞɭ ɟɯɚɥɿ

ɩɚɥɿɜɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɦɚɲɵɧɵ, ɹɤɿɹ ɡɦɵɜɚɥɿ ɛɪɭɞ, ɩɚɤɿɧɭɬɵ ɫɥɹɞɚɦɿ ɡɚɜɚɺʆɧɿɤɚʆ.

р

26 ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɵ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤй, 27 ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ – Ɉɪɲɚ, 28 – Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ,

29 – Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤ. 3 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɿɥɿ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɭ ȻɋɋɊ ɝ. Ɇɿɧɫɤ.

ɉɟɪɲɵɦ ɭ ɝɨɪɚɞ ɭɜɚɪɜɚʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɬɚɧɤɭ ɷɤɿɩɚɠ ɦɚɥɨɞɲɚɝɚ ɥɟɣɬɷɧɚɧɬɚ

т

Ⱦɡ. Ɏɪɨɥɿɤɚɜɚ ɡ ɛɪɵɝɚɞɵ ɩɚɥɤɨʆɧɿɤɚ Ⱥ. Ʌɨɫɿɤɚ.

Ⱦɪɭɝɿ ɷɬɚɩ ɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿ «Ȼɚɝɪɚɰɿɺɧ» ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɡ 5 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ ɩɚ 29 ɠɧɿʆɧɹ

и

1944 ɝɨɞɚ.

ɍ

ɝɷɬɵ

ɩɟɪɵɹɞоɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɚɠɵɰɰɹɜɿɥɿ

ɒɚʆɥɹɣɫɤɭɸ,

з

Ʌɸɛɥɿɧ-Ȼɪɷɫɰɤɭɸ ɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿ.

ȼɿɥɶɧɸɫɤɭɸ,

Ʉɚʆɧɚɫɤɭɸ, Ȼɟɥɚɫɬɨɰɤɭɸ ɿ

28 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ 1944 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɵ ɚɩɨɲɧɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɝɨɪɚɞ – Ȼɪɷɫɬ. ɉɚɞɱɚɫ

о

ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɷɬɚɩɭ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ʌɚɬɜɿɿ, ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɹ Ⱥɪɦɿɹ ɩɟɪɚɣɲɥɚ

ɦɹɠɭ ɿ ʆɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ, ɚɞɤɿɧɭʆɲɵ ɧɟɦɰɚʆ ɞɚ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɝɚ

п

ɰɹɱɷɧɧɹ ɪ. ȼɿɫɥɚ. Ƚɪɭɩɚ ɚɪɦɿɣ «ɐɷɧɬɪ» ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɥɟɧɚ ɿ ɫɩɵɧɿɥɚ ɫɜɚɺ

ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ. 17 ɞɵɜɿɡɿɣ ɿ 3 ɛɪɵɝɚɞɵ ɜɨɪɚɝɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɡɧɿɲɱɚɧɵ, ɚ 50 ɞɵɜɿɡɿɣ

Р

ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɿ ɡɜɵɲ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɚɫɚɛɨɜɚɝɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ.

ȼɟɥɿɡɚɪɧɭɸ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ʆ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿ «Ȼɚɝɪɚɰɿɺɧ»

ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɹ Ⱥɪɦɿɹ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɚɞ ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧ, ɩɚɞɩɨɥɶɲɱɵɤɚʆ ɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ

еȻɋɋɊ. ɉɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɸ ɋɬɚʆɤɿ ɿ ȻɒɉɊ 20 ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ 1944 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɵ ɬɪɷɰɿ

ɷɬɚɩ ɪɷɣɤɚɜɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ. ɉɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɵ ɚɬɚɤɚɜɚɥɿ ɱɵɝɭɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɤɚɦɭɧɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɧɚ ʆɫɿɦ

ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ɚɞ ɥɿɧɿɿ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ ɞɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɦɹɠɵ ɋɋɋɊ. Ȼɵɥɨ ʆɡɚɪɜɚɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ

60 ɬɵɫ. ɪɷɟɤ, ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɵ ɿ ɩɚɞɩɨɥɶɲɱɵɤɿ ɞɚɛɵɥɿ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɥɿ ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɣ Ⱥɪɦɿɿ

ɡɜɟɫɬɤɿ ɚɛ 1800 ɜɚɪɨɠɵɯ ɝɚɪɧɿɡɨɧɚɯ.

ɇɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɚɧɬɵɮɚɲɵɫɬɵ-ɩɚɬɪɵɺɬɵ ɚɤɚɡɜɚɥɿ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɵ

ɩɟɪɚɩɪɚɜɚɯ

ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɩɪɚɡ

ɜɨɞɧɵɹ

ɩɟɪɚɲɤɨɞɵ,

ɚɞɧɚʆɥɹɸɱɵ ʆ

DZșȎȐȎ 10. ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ DZǮDzȉ DzǾȁDZǼǷ ǿȁǿǰdzȀǻǮǷ ǰǮǷǻȉ

ɧɚɣɤɚɪɨɬɤɿɹ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɵ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɚɧɵɹ ɦɚɫɬɵ, ɧɚɥɚɞɠɜɚɸɱɵ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɵ ɩɪɚɡ

ɛɚɝɧɿɫɬɭɸ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɝ. ɞ.

ɇɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɵɯ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɣ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɵ,

ɦɚɛɿɥɿɡɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɑɵɪɜɨɧɭɸ Ⱥɪɦɿɸ. ɍɫɹɝɨ ɡ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ȻɋɋɊ ɩɚɫɥɹ

ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɡɜɵɲ 600 ɬɵɫ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ, ɭ

ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ 180 ɬɵɫ. ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧ.

У

Ⱥɤɭɩɚɰɵɹ ɩɪɵɧɟɫɥɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɜɟɥɿɡɚɪɧɵɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ. ɉɪɚɦɵɹ

ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɫɤɥɚɥɿ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɣ 75 ɦɥɪɞ. ɪɭɛ. (ɭ ɰɷɧɚɯ ɩɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɚ

1941 ɝ.), ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɛɨɥɶɲ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɫɤɚɪɛɭ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɚɧɚ

Н

ɿ ɫɩɚɥɟɧɚ 209 ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɿ ɪɚɺɧɧɵɯ ɰɷɧɬɪɚʆ (ɡ 270), 9200 ɜɺɫɚɤ, ɡɧɿɲɱɚɧɚ

100465 ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɚ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɶ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 10 ɬɵɫ. ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ,

92 ɫɚʆɝɚɫɚʆ, 316 ɆɌɋ. ɇɚɰɵɫɬɵ

ɡɧɿɲɱɵɥɿ 421 ɬɵɫ.Тɞɚɦɨʆ, ɭɫɟ

Б

ɷɥɟɤɬɪɚɫɬɚɧɰɵɿ, ɜɵɜɟɡɥɿ ʆ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɸ 90% ɫɬɚɧɨɱɧɚɝɚ ɚɛɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹ, ɤɚɥɹ

18,5 ɬɵɫ. ɚʆɬɚɦɚɲɵɧ, 9 ɬɵɫ. ɬɪɚɤɬɚɪɨʆ. Ʌɟɬɚɦ 1944 ɝɨɞɵ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 39 % ɩɟɪɚɞɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ ɤɚɧɟɣ, 31 % ɛɭɣɧɨɣ ɪɚɝɚɬɚɣ ɠɵɜɺɥɵ,

ɭɫɹɝɨ 11 % ɩɚɝɚɥɨʆ’ɹ ɫɜɿɧɧɹʆ, 22 % ɚɜɟɱɚɤ ɿ ɤɨɡ. Ȼɵɥɿ ɡɧɿɲɱɚɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ

и

ʆɫɟ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ (ɤɥɭɛɵ, ɛɿɛɥɿɹɬɷɤɿ), ɦɟɞɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ. Ȼɵɥɨ

ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɚ 5425 ɦɭɡɟɹʆ. ɇɚɣɛɨɥɟɣ ɰɹɠɤɿɦɿ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɞɷɦɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ: ɩɚ

р

й3 ɦɥɧ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ (ɡ ɚɦɚɥɶ 10 ɦɥɧ.

ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɯ, ɡɚɝɿɧɭɥɚ ɚɞ 2,2 ɞɚ

ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ȻɋɋɊ), ɤɚɥɹ 400 ɬɵɫ. ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɚ ʆ ɹɤɚɫɰɿ

ɨɫɬɚɪɛɚɣɬɷɪɚʆ.

т

Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ, ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɪɚɡɝɚɪɧɭʆɫɹ ɦɚɫɚɜɵ ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɫɤɿ

ɪɭɯ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɵɧɺɫ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɲɤɨɞɭ ɚɤɭɩɚɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦ ɧɚɰɵɫɰɤɚɣ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɿ.

и

Ⱥɩɟɪɚɰɵɹ «Ȼɚɝɪɚɰɿɺɧо» ɩɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɸ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɦ

з

ɜɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɦɚɫɬɚɰɬɜɚ ɿ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɭ ɥɿɤ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɣ

ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɣ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ.

о

п

е

Р

ɧɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɚɪɷɧɟ

11.2. Ⱥɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-

У

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɠɵɰɰɺ ɿ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ ʆ 1950 –

1960-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ

Т

11.3. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɠɵɰɰɺ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ ɭ 1960 –

1980-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ

Н

11.1. Ɇɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɹ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ. ȻɋɋɊ ɧɚ

ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɚɪɷɧɟ

Б

йʆ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ

ɉɚɫɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ

ɩɪɚɹʆɥɹɰɰɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɿ:

и

ɚ) Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɹ ɿ ɹɟ ɫɚɸɡɧɿɤɿ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɿ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ʆ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɰɵ. ɇɚ

60% ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ. ȱɯ ɥɸɞɫɤɿɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɡɚ ɝɚɞɵ ɜɚɣɧɵ

о

ɫɤɥɚɥɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɫɨɬɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɚɞ ɫɬɪɚɬ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɧɺɫ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɿ ɋɚɸɡ, ɡɚɬɨɟ ɜɚɥɚɜɵ

т

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵʆɫɹ ɡɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɵ. Ⱥɜɚɥɨɞɜɚɧɧɟ

ɹɞɡɟɪɧɚɣ ɡɛɪɨɹɣ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚ ɋɒȺ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɡ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɿ ɫɿɥɵ.

и

Ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ, ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ʆ ɜɚɣɧɟ, ɞɪɭɝɨɣ

з

ɡɜɵɲɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɣ ɫɬɚɧɚɜɿʆɫɹ ɋɋɋɊ. əɝɨ ɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬ ɹɤ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɠɰɵ ɧɚɰɵɫɬɫɤɚɣ

о

п

Р

ɭɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɲɷɪɚɝɭ ɩɪɚɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ. ɉɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɟ

ɥɿɞɷɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɝɷɬɵɦɿ ɡɜɵɲɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɦɿ.

еɛ) ɇɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ əɥɰɿɧɫɤɚ-ɉɚɬɫɞɚɦɫɤɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ

ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ

ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɭ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɥɚɫɹ ɹɤ ɞɚ

ɡɦɟɧ ɭ ɝɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ

ɞɵɩɥɚɦɚɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɰɵ ɋɋɋɊ ɧɚ ɲɥɹɯ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɡɦɭ ɫɬɚɥɿ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɿɹ,

Ȼɚɥɝɚɪɵɹ, ȼɟɧɝɪɵɹ, ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ, Ɋɭɦɵɧɿɹ, ɑɷɯɚɫɥɚɜɚɤɿɹ, ɘɝɚɫɥɚɜɿɹ, ȽȾɊ – ɭɫɹɝɨ

8 ɤɪɚɿɧ. ɉɚɡɧɟɣ ɧɚ ɲɥɹɯ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɡɦɭ ɩɪɵ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɰɵ ɋɋɋɊ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɹ

Ʉɚɪɷɹ, Ʉɿɬɚɣ, ȼ’ɟɬɧɚɦ. ɍɫɹɝɨ ʆ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɯ ɩɪɚɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɩɪɚɠɵɜɚɥɚ ɬɪɷɰɹɹ

У

ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɭ. əɧɵ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɧɚɡɜɭ “ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ

ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɡɦɭ”. ȿʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɪɞɵɧɚɰɵɿ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ ʆ 1949 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɋɚɜɟɬ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɭɡɚɟɦɚɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɿ, ɚ ɞɥɹ

ɤɚɚɪɞɵɧɚɰɵɿ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ ɭ 1955 ɝɨɞɡɟ – Ⱥɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ ȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ

ɞɚɝɚɜɨɪɚ.

Н

ȱɦ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚɹɥɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɹ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɁɒȺ. ɍ

1949

ɝɨɞɡɟ

ɹɧɵ

ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɥɿɫɹ

ʆ

ɜɚɟɧɧɵ

ɫɚɸɡ – ТȺɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ

Б

ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɚɬɥɚɧɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɝɚɜɨɪɚ (ɇȺɌȺ). ɉɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɟ, ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ,

ɿɞɷɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɟ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚɹɧɧɟ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɫɿɫɬɷɦ, ɹɤɨɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɭ “ɯɚɥɨɞɧɚɹ

ɜɚɣɧɚ”. ɉɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɹɟ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ 1946 ɝɨɞɡɟ, ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɝ. Ɏɭɥɬɚɧɟ ʆ

ɩɪɵɫɬɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ

ɩɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɬɚ ɁɒȺ Ƚ. Ɍɪɭɦɷɧɚ

ɛɵɥɵ

ɩɪɷɦ’ɟɪ-ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɿ

и

ɍ. ɑɷɪɱɵɥɶ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɚ ɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚɰɿʆ ɋɋɋɊ ɭ ɡɚɯɨɩɟ ɿ ɿɡɚɥɹɰɵɿ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɿ

ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚʆ ɞɚ “ɤɪɵɠɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɭ”

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɋɋɋɊ. Ƚɨɞɚɦ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ,

ɭ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ

р

1947 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɬ ɁɒȺ Ƚ. Ɍɪɭɦɷɧ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɿɪɚɜɚʆй

ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɭ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɿ

“ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ” ɿ ɫɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɚɦɭɧɿɡɦɭ. əɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ

о

ɁɒȺ ɛɪɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɫɹɛɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɚɦɚ ɚɛɨ ʆɫɤɨɫɧɚ ʆɦɟɲɜɚɰɰɚ ɜɚ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ

т

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ, ɞɡɟ ɹɧɵ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɭ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦɭ. ɉɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɝɨɧɤɚ ʆɡɛɪɚɟɧɧɹʆ,

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ ɞɡɜɸɯ ɫɿɫɬɷɦ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɥɚ “ɠɚɥɟɡɧɚɹ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɚ”. “ɏɚɥɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ”

и

ʆ 1950 – 1960 ɝɝ. ɧɟ ɪɚɡ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɣɫɰɿ ʆ “ɝɚɪɚɱɭɸ” ɿ ɫɜɟɬ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚɜɚʆ ɧɚ

з

ɝɪɚɧɿ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ. ɇɟ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ʆɠɨ ʆ ɫɧɟɠɧɿ 1945 ɝɨɞɚ

ɛɵʆ

ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɧɵ

ɩɥɚɧ ɉɟɧɬɚɝɨɧɚ

ɚɛ

ɧɚɧɹɫɟɧɧɿ

ɹɞɡɟɪɧɚɝɚ

ʆɞɚɪɚ ɩɚ

о

ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɋɋɋɊ. ɍ ɚɞɤɚɡ ɋɋɋɊ ɭ 1949 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɵɩɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɚɬɚɦɧɭɸ

ɛɨɦɛɭ ɿ ɝɷɬɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɨɰɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ ɫɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɿɤɚ.

п

ɝ) ɍɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɚɫɹ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɹ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɹ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɤɪɚɿɧ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ.

Ʉɚɛ ɩɚɜɵɫɿɰɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɭɩɥɵʆ ɭ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ, ɁɒȺ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɠɵɰɰɺ “ɩɥɚɧɚ

Ɇɚɪɲɚɥɚ”. Ȭɧ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɜɵɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɿ ɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɦ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦ ɤɚɥɹ 17 ɦɥɪɞ.

Р

ɞɨɥɚɪɚʆ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ, ɚɥɟ ɩɪɵ ʆɦɨɜɟ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɷʆɧɵɯ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ. Ƚɷɬɵ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɿ 18 ɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ. Ⱦɥɹ

еɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɩɥɚɧɚ (ɪɚɡɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɿ) ʆ 1948 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɚ

ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ Ⱥɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ȿʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɗɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɋɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ (Ⱥȿɗɋ).

5 ɦɚɹ 1949 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ʌɨɧɞɚɧɟ 10 ɤɪɚɿɧ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ ɋɚɜɟɬ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ, ɚ ɹɲɱɷ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ, ɭ

1957 ɝɨɞɡɟ 6 ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ ȿʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɚɟ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ

ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ (ȿɗɋ) , ɭɧɭɬɪɵ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɧɹɬɵ ʆɫɟ ɦɵɬɧɵɹ ɛɚɪ’ɟɪɵ.

ɞ) Ʉɚɥɚɧɿɹɥɶɧɵɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɹ ɿ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹ ɜɵɣɲɥɿ ɡ ɜɚɣɧɵ

ɚɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɵɦɿ.

Ƚɷɬɚ,

ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɧɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɿ

ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ɡ ɿɧɲɵɦɿ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ. ɍ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1944 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵ

ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɵɹɬ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɚʆ ȻɋɋɊ, ɹɤɿ ʆ 1946 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵʆ ɪɷɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɵТ

ʆ

Б

ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɟ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɷɪɫɬɜɚ. 27 ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɚ 1945 ɝɨɞɚ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɿɧɲɵɦɿ

(ɡɚ ɩɟɪɲɚɟ ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɚɟ ɞɡɫɹɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɟ ȻɋɋɊ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 30

и

ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɚɝɚɜɨɪɚʆ, ɤɚɧɜɟɧɰɵɣ ɩɚ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹɯ); ɩɚ-ɱɚɰɜɺɪɬɚɟ,

з

ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɰɶ ȺȺɇ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦ. ɇɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɩɪɚɡ

ȺȺɇ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ

ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ɹɤ ɤɪɚɿɧɚ, ɹɤɚɹ

о

ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɩɚɰɹɪɩɟɥɚ ʆ ɝɚɞɵ ɮɚɲɵɫɰɤɚɣ ɚɤɭɩɚɰɵɿ. Ȼɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɚ, ɭ ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɵ

1975 ɝɝ. ɹɧɚ

ɜɵɛɿɪɚɥɚɫɹ

ɩɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɵɦ

ɱɥɟɧɚɦ ɋɚɜɟɬɚ

ɛɹɫɩɟɤɿ

ȺȺɇ,

ɧɟɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɚ ɹɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɗɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ

ɋɚɜɟɬɚʆ ȺȺɇ.

Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ȺȺɇ, ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɚɦ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ȻɋɋɊ ʆ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ

У

ɠɵɰɰɿ ʆ ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɨɫɿɧ ɡ

ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɦɿ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ. Ƚɷɬɚɦɭ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ ɿ ɝɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. əɧɚ

ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ ʆ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚɣ ɛɥɿɡɤɚɫɰɿ ɚɞ Ɂɚɯɚɞɭ; ɬɭɬ ɦɚɟɰɰɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ

ɚʆɬɚɞɚɪɨɝ ɿ ɱɵɝɭɧɚɤ; ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚʆ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ

Н

ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɫɚɸɡɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɿ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹɤɚɫɧɭɸ

ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɸ. ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ ɩɨɩɵɬɚɦ ɭ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɿ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɹ

ɬɚɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ,

ɹɤ

ɆȺɁ,

ɆɌɁ, Ƚɨɦɫɟɥɶɦɚɲ, ɫɬɚɧɤɚɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɱɵɯТ

Б

ɡɚɜɨɞɚʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚ, ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ɍɠɨ ʆ 1950-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɚɪɬ ɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ

ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɹ 120 ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ. ɍ 1952 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ ɛɵɥɨ

ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɚɞɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɍɫɟɫɚɸɡɧɚɣ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɚɣ ɩɚɥɚɬɵ, ɹɤɨɟ ʆ 1972 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɨ

ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ

ʆ Ƚɚɧɞɥɺɜɚ-ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɩɚɥɚɬɭ ȻɋɋɊ. Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚ ɬɚɤɿɦ

и

ɱɵɧɚɦ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɭ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɿɪɦɚɲɚɯ,

ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ

ɬɚɤɿɹ ɤɿɪɦɚɲɵ

ʆ ɫɹɛɟ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ 1960-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ ɛɵɥɨ

р

ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɡɜɵɲ ɡɚ 30 ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɬɚʆй.

ɍ 1950– 1980-ɹ ɝɝ. 80% ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɯ ɫɭɜɹɡɹʆ ȻɋɋɊ ɩɪɵɩɚɞɚɥɿ

о

ɧɚ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɚ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɭ 1970 –

т

1980 ɝɝ. ɩɪɵɩɚɞɚɥɚ 20,2% ɷɤɫɩɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɬɚɜɚɤ. ɍ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ ɭ ȻɋɋɊ ɲɵɪɨɤɚ

ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɬɷɯɧɿɱɵɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɵ ɡ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɵɯ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ.

и

Ɂɧɚɱɧɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ʆ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɦɿ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ ʆ

з

ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɹ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ. Ɂ 1958 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɨ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɟ

ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɫɹɛɪɨʆɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɫɭɜɹɡɹʆ ɡ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɦɿ

о

ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ, ɞɚ 1970 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ɤɚɥɹ 100 ɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ

ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ 400 ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɦɿ ɚɦɚɥɶ 70 ɤɪɚɿɧ

п

ɫɜɟɬɭ. Ⱥɥɟ ɩɪɵɹɪɵɬɷɬ ɚɞɞɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɝɟɪɚ.

ɒɵɪɵɥɿɫɹ ɤɚɧɬɚɤɬɵ ɩɚ ɥɿɧɿɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚɝɚ ʆ 1958 ɝɨɞɡɟ Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬɚ ɦɚɥɚɞɡɺɠɧɵɯ

Р

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ, ɩɪɚɮɫɚɸɡɚʆ.

ɉɪɚɞɭɤɬɵʆɧɚɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɣ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ

ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ

ɡɧɨɫɿɧ

ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ʆ ɝɚɥɿɧɟ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɂɚ 1946 – 1985 ɝɝ. ɡɚ ɦɹɠɨɣ

еɜɵɣɲɥɿ ʆ ɫɜɟɬ 342 ɬɜɨɪɵ 55 ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɩɿɫɶɦɟɧɧɿɤɚʆ. Ɂɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɠ ɱɚɫ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ

ɩɟɪɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵɯ ɤɧɿɝ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɫɤɥɚɥɚ ɤɚɥɹ 500 ɜɵɞɚɧɧɹʆ

ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɦ ɬɵɪɚɠɨɦ ɡɜɵɲ 4 ɦɥɧ. ɷɤɡɷɦɩɥɹɪɚʆ.

Ⱥɞɧɵɦ

ɡ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ

ɤɿɪɭɧɤɚʆ

ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ

ɫɭɜɹɡɹʆ

ɫɬɚɥɚ

ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ, ɚ ʆ 1980-ɹ

ɝɝ. ʆ Ȼɉȱ ɭɠɨ ɤɨɠɧɵ ɝɨɞ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɥɿ ɜɭɱɨɛɭ ɞɚ

1000 ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɚʆ, ɚ ʆɫɹɝɨ ɩɚ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ – ɞɚ 10 ɬɵɫɹɱ. ɉɪɚʆɞɚ, ɩɚɫɥɹ

ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ ɋɋɋɊ ɿɯ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɤɚɪɚɱɚɰɰɚ.

У

Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɭ 1950-1980-ɹ ɝɝ. ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɚɲɵɪɵɥɿɫɹ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɹ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ

ȻɋɋɊ, ɛɨɥɶɲ ɪɚɡɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɵɦɿ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɿɯ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɿ ɡɦɟɫɬ,

ɯɚɰɹ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ

ȻɋɋɊ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɚ ɪɚɦɤɚɦɿ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɋɚɸɡɚ ɿ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɫɚɸɡɧɚɣ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚɣ.

Н

11.2. Ⱥɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ

ɿ

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ

ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ

ɝɚɞɵ.

Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ

ɠɵɰɰɺТɿ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ

ɪɷɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ ʆ 1950 – 1960-ɹ ɝɝ.

Б

Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɰɹɠɤɿɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɫɬɜɵ ɞɥɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

Ɂɚɯɨɩɧɿɤɿ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɵɥɿ ɿ ɫɩɚɥɿɥɿ 209 ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɺɥɤɚʆ, 9200 ɜɺɫɚɤ.

Ɂɚɝɿɧɭɥɚ ɤɚɥɹ 3 ɦɥɧ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɵɹ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɫɤɥɚɥɿ

ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɧɚ 35 ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɞɚɜɵɯ ɛɸɞɠɷɬɚʆ. ɉɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɦɭ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ

ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɤɿɧɭɬɚ ɞɚ 1928йɝɨɞɚ, ɚ ɩɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɚɤɚɡɱɵɤɚɯ – ɞɚ

1913 ɝɨɞɚ.

и

Ⱥɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɿ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɚɞɪɚɡɭ

ɠ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ɚɞ ɮɚɲɵɫɰɤɿɯ ɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɤɚʆ, ɡ ɜɨɫɟɧɿ 1943 ɝɨɞɚ, ɿ

р

ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ 1955 ɝɨɞɚ, ɤɚɥɿ ɛɵʆ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɬɵ ɩɟɪɚɞɜɚɟɧɧɵ ʆɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ

ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ

ɜɚ ʆɫɿɯ

ɝɚɥɿɧɚɯ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ. ȼɹɥɿɤɭɸ

ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ

о

ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɤɚɡɚʆ ɫɚɸɡɧɵ ʆɪɚɞ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ

т

ɪɷɩɚɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɤɚɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɵɿ ʆ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ 1,5 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɚɪɚʆ, ɡ ɫɚɸɡɧɚɝɚ ɛɸɞɠɷɬɚ

ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɡɟɥɟɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ 1944 – 1945 ɝɝ. ɤɚɥɹ 1,7 ɦɥɪɞ. ɪɭɛɥɺʆ. Ɂɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɠ ɱɚɫ

и

ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɚɛɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɞɥɹ 60 ɡɚɜɨɞɚʆ, ɤɚɥɹ 6 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɪɚʆ,

з

ɝɪɭɡɚɜɵɯ ɚʆɬɚɦɚɲɵɧ ɿ ɤɚɦɛɚɣɧɚʆ, 158 ɬɵɫ ɤɚɪɨʆ. ɋɸɞɵ ɿɲɥɿ ɷɲɚɥɨɧɵ ɡ

ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɱɵɦɿ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚɦɿ, ɬɷɯɧɿɤɚɣ, ɧɚɫɟɧɧɟɦ, ɠɵɜɺɥɚɣ. Ⱥɥɟ, ɬɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ,

о

ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵ ɰɹɠɚɪ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɥɺɝ ɧɚ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ. ɍ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɞɧɿ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɿ

ɚɞɪɚɡɭ ɠ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ 1 ɦɥɧ. 300 ɬɵɫ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɡɜɚɧɵ ʆ ɚɪɦɿɸ,

п

380 ɬɵɫ. ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɝɚɞɵ ɚɤɭɩɚɰɵɿ ɞɷɩɚɪɬɚɜɚɧɵ ʆ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɸ, ɤɚɥɹ

е1,5 ɦɿɥɶɺɧɚ ɷɜɚɤɭɿɪɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɍɫɯɨɞ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɜɨɫɬɪɚ ɚɞɱɭɜɚʆɫɹ ɧɟɞɚɯɨɩ

Р

ɪɚɛɨɱɚɣ ɫɿɥɵ. ɇɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɭ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɚɧɬ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

400 ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ, ɬɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɰɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɥɿ 5 – 10

ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ.

ɍ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɡ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɚɣ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɋɋɋɊ ɭɠɨ ɞɚ

ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ 1945 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɚɞɧɚɜɿɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ 8 ɬɵɫ. ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ,

ɝɷɬɚ

ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɤɚɥɹ ɱɜɷɪɰɿ ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ, ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɧɿɠɷɣɲɵɦ ɡɛɨɪ ɡɟɪɧɹ, ɭ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɵ – ɛɭɥɶɛɵ.

У

ɍ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ 1946 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ ɱɚɰɜɺɪɬɵ ɩɹɰɿɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɩɥɚɧ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɚɜɿʆ

ɦɷɬɚɣ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɿ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɰɶ ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ.

ȼɵɞɡɟɥɟɧɵɹ ɚɛ’ɺɦɵ

ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɚʆɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɪɚʆɧɹɥɿɫɹ

ɬɪɨɦ ɩɟɪɚɞɜɚɟɧɧɵɦ

ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɚɦ.

Н

ɍ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɰɶ ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɵ

ɭɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɚɛɭɞɨɜɭ. Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɭɜɚɝɿ ɫɬɚɥɚТɧɚɞɚɜɚɰɰɚ

Б

ɰɹɠɤɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɸ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɥɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɝɚɥɿɧ:

ɚʆɬɚɦɚɛɿɥɟɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ,

ɬɪɚɤɬɚɪɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɭ

ɝɿɞɪɚɬɭɪɛɿɧ ɿ ɿɧɲ.

Ⱦɡɹɤɭɸɱɵ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɚɦɭ ɝɟɪɚɿɡɦɭ, ɡɚ ɝɚɞɵ ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɵ

ɬɪɚɤɬɚɪɧɵ ɿ ɚʆɬɚɦɚɛɿɥɶɧɵ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ, ɦɨɬɚɜɟɥɚɡɚɜɨɞ, ɬɨɧɤɚɫɭɤɨɧɧɵ ɤɚɦɛɿɧɚɬ,

и

ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɿ ɞɵɜɚɧɨɜɵ ɤɚɦɛɿɧɚɬ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɛɭɣɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ʆ

1950 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɚɛ’ɺɦ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ʆ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɵɫɿʆ ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɵ

р

ɧɚ 15%. ɇɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɭɸ ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɭ ɩɟɪɚɞйɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɸ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɹɲɱɷ

ɛɨɥɶɲɵɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɵ, ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɚɛ’ɺɦ ɜɚɥɚɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ

о

80%. Ʉɚɩɿɬɚɥɚʆɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɩɥɚɧɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɭ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɹɣ

т

ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɚɣ ɭ 1,5 ɪɚɡɵ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɡɚ 1951 – 1955 ɝɝ. ɜɚɥɚɜɵ ɚɛ’ɺɦ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ

ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵʆɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɱɵɦ

ɭ 2

ɪɚɡɵ. Ȼɵɥɿ ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɵ

и

150 ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 200 ɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ. ɋɹɪɨɞ ɿɯ

з

Ɇɿɧɫɤɿ ɩɚɞɲɵɩɧɿɤɚɜɵ ɿ ɝɚɞɡɿɧɧɿɤɚɜɵ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ, ɪɚɞɵɺɡɚɜɨɞ, ɡɚɜɨɞ ɚɰɹɩɥɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ

ɚɛɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹ,

ɤɚɦɜɨɥɶɧɵ ɤɚɦɛɿɧɚɬ,

Ⱥɪɲɚɧɫɤɿ

ɡɚɜɨɞ

ɲɜɟɣɧɵɯ

ɦɚɲɵɧ,

о

ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɹ ɲɨʆɤɚɩɪɚɞɡɿɥɶɧɚɹ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɚ ɿ ɿɧɲ.

Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ. ɍ ɜɺɫɤɚɯ

п

ɡɚɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɠɚɧɱɵɧɵ, ɫɬɚɪɵɹ ɿ ɞɡɟɰɿ. ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ

ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɣ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɚɣ, ɠɵɜɺɥɚɣ, ɭ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚɯ ɜɨɫɬɪɚ ɧɟ ɯɚɩɚɥɚ ɰɹɝɥɚɜɚɣ

ɫɿɥɵ. ɍ ɩɟɪɲɭɸ ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɭɸ ɜɹɫɧɭ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɧɿɤɿ ʆɪɭɱɧɭɸ ʆɫɤɚɩɚɥɿ 150 ɬɵɫɹɱ

Р

ɭɪɚɞɠɚɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ

ɧɿɡɤɿɦɿ:

ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚʆ ɡɹɦɥɿ. Ɂ-ɡɚ ɧɟɞɚɯɨɩɚ ʆɝɧɚɟɧɧɹʆ

5

– 7 ɰɷɧɬɧɟɪɚʆ ɡ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚ ɡɛɨɠɠɚ ɿ 50 – 70 ɰɷɧɬɧɟɪɚʆ ɛɭɥɶɛɵ. ɋɭɪ’ɺɡɧɚɣ

еɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɚɣ ɜɺɫɰɵ ʆ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɲɷɮɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɯ

ɍ 1949 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɚɫɚɜɚɹ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɹ ʆ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

əɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɬɚɤɿɦɿ ɠ ɮɚɪɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɦɿ ɬɷɦɩɚɦɿ, ɹɤ ɿ ʆ 1930-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ʆ

ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɚɥɟ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɚɡ ɆɌɋ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ

ɚɤɚɡɜɚɥɚ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɚɣ. Ⱦɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ 1950 ɝɨɞɚ ɬɭɬ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɵ 6054 ɤɚɥɝɚɫɵ,

У

ɹɤɿɹ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ 84% ɭɫɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ. ɍ 1951 ɝɨɞɡɟ, ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɣ

ɋɚɜɟɬɚ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɋɋɋɊ “Ⱥɛ ɜɵɫɹɥɟɧɧɿ ɤɭɥɚɤɨʆ ɡ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɋɋɊ”, ɡ

Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɨɜɚ ɞɷɩɚɪɬɚɜɚɧɵ ɤɚɥɹ 70 ɬɵɫ. ɛɵɥɵɯ

ɚɫɚɞɧɿɤɚʆ,

ɩɚɥɿɰɷɣɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɡɚɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ. Ⱥɥɟ ɚɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɧɿɤɚʆ ɭ

Н

ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɧɿɡɤɚɣ. ɍ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɣ ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɰɵ ɚɛ’ɺɦɵ ɩɚɫɹʆɧɵɯ

ɩɥɨɲɱɚʆ, ɭɪɚɞɠɚɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɪɚɫɥɿ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɦɚɪɭɞɧɚ, ɿ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɚ 1955 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦТɩɚɤɚɡɱɵɤɚɦ

Б

ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ. Ƚɚɥɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɥɚɛɚɹ

ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɩɪɚɰɵ, ɧɟɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚɟ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ,

ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɫɪɨɞɤɿ ɧɚɤɿɪɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ.

ɍ ɩɟɪɲɚɟ ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɚɟ ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɟ ɯɭɬɤɿɦɿ ɬɷɦɩɚɦɿ ɿɲɥɨ ɠɵɥɥɺɜɚɟ

и

ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ. ɍɠɨ ʆ 1946 – 1950 ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɚ ɠɵɥɥɺ ɞɥɹ 2 ɦɥɧ.

ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɵ ɤɪɨɤ, ɤɚɥɿ ʆɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɷɧɧɹʆ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

р

Ⱥɥɟ ɠɵɥɥɺɜɚɹ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɨɫɬɪɚɣй.

Ⱥɞɫɬɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɚɞ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚ-ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɚ, ɦɚɪɭɞɧɚɟ

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ

о

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ, ɦɧɨɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦ ɭ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ

т

ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɯ ɪɷɮɨɪɦ. əɧɵ ɩɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɡ

1953 ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ȱ.ȼ. ɋɬɚɥɿɧɚ. ɍ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ 1953 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪɨɦ

и

ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ Ɇ.ɋ. ɏɪɭɲɱɨʆ. ɍ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɛɵʆ ɚɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɵ ɤɭɪɫ ɧɚ

з

ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɡɚɰɵɸ. ɍɠɨ ʆ 1953 – 1956 ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɲɵɪɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɫɚɸɡɧɵɯ

ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤ.

Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɪɚɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɿ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ, ɪɚɲɷɧɧɿ

о

ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹʆ, ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɯ ɡ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɵʆɧɵɦ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚɦ, ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɣ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ

ʆ ɩɥɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɿ, ɭ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɸ.

850 ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɫɚɸɡɧɚɝɚ

п

ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ȻɋɋɊ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ, ɜɵɩɭɲɱɚɧɚɣ ɡɚɜɨɞɚɦɿ ɿ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɚɦɿ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɧɫɤɚɝɚ

ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɭɡɪɚɫɥɚ ɧɚ ɚɞɧɭ ɱɚɰɜɺɪɬɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɿ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ 82% ʆ

Р

1956 ɝɨɞɡɟ. ɇɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɜɵɫɿɥɚɫɹ ɪɨɥɹ ɋɚɜɟɬɚʆ, ɚɤɬɵɜɿɡɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ

ɩɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɣ, ɹɧɵ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɡɚ

ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɸ

еɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɿ ʆɫɬɚɧɨʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɿɯ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ. ɍ ɥɸɬɵɦ

1956 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɏɏ ɡ’ɟɡɞɡɟ Ʉɉɋɋ ɛɵʆ ɚɫɭɞɠɚɧɵ ɤɭɥɶɬ ɚɫɨɛɵ ȱ. ɋɬɚɥɿɧɚ.

ɉɚɜɨɞɥɟ ʆɫɩɚɦɿɧɚʆ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɿɤɚʆ, ɭ ɱɚɫ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɚ ʆ ɡɚɥɟ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɿ

ɩɪɵɬɨɦɧɚɫɰɶ, ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɟɱɚɤɚɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ, ɿ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɟ ʆɪɚɠɚɧɧɟ

ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞ ɩɚɱɭɬɚɝɚ. ɉɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɪɷɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɵɹ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɭ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɹ ɝɚɞɵ.

ɍɫɹɝɨ ʆ ɋɋɋɊ ɭ

1956 – 1961 ɝɝ ɛɵɥɨ

ɪɷɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɥɹ

700 ɬɵɫ.

ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɚɪɵɟɧɬɚɰɵɸ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɬɚɜɚɪɚʆ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɝɚ

ɫɩɚɠɵɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ 1950 – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 1960-ɯ ɝɝ. ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚɣ

ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɸ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɩɟɪɚɞɠɚɥɶɧɚɟ

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɥɚɺɦɤɿɯ ɝɚɥɿɧ – ɩɪɵɛɨɪɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɿɤɿ. Ȼɵɥɿ

ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɵ Ɇɿɧɫɤɿ ɿ Ȼɚɪɚɧɚɜɿɰɤɿ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ

ɚʆɬɚɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɯ

ɥɿɧɿɣ, ɡɚɜɨɞ

У

ɜɵɥɿɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɵɧ, ɉɨɥɚɰɤɿ ɧɚɮɬɚɩɟɪɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɱɵ ɡɚɜɨɞ, Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɿ ɡɚɜɨɞ

ɜɵɦɹɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɵɛɨɪɚʆ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɚʆɬɚɡɚɜɨɞ ɭ ɀɨɞɡɿɧɚ ɿ ɿɧɲТ. Ⱥɞɧɚʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɿ

ɦɚɞɷɪɧɿɡɿɪɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɵɹ ɮɨɧɞɵ, ɫɬɚɪɚɹ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɚ ɡɚɦɹɧɹɥɚɫɹ

ɧɨɜɚɣ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ʆ 1960 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɚɛ’ɺɦ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ

Н

ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵʆɫɹ ʆ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ 1940 ɝɨɞɚɦ ɭ 4,2 ɪɚɡɵ. Ⱥɥɟ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ʆɫɺ

ɜɵɪɚɡɧɟɣ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɹʆɥɹɰɰɚ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɥɿɜɚɫɰɶ

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɬɵɦ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɦ

Б

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɦɿ ɦɟɬɚɞɚɦɿ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɿ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ 1957 ɝɨɞɡɟ

ɛɵɥɚ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɧɹʆɞɚɥɚɹ ɫɩɪɨɛɚ ɡɚɦɹɧɿɰɶ ɝɚɥɿɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɸ ɩɪɚɡ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɷɪɫɬɜɵ ɧɚ йɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɭɸ. Ɇɷɬɚɣ ɹɟ ɛɵɥɨ

ɩɪɵɛɥɿɡɿɰɶ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡɚɦɟɫɬ 9

и

ɦɿɧɿɫɬɷɪɫɬɜɚʆ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ – ɋɚɜɟɬ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ȻɋɋɊ, ɹɤɿ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɨʆɜɚʆɫɹ ɋɚɜɟɬɭ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɚʆ

ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ. ɇɚ

р

ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚɛɥɿɡɿɰɶ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɥɨɫɹ, ɡɚɬɨɟ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ

ɪɚɡɪɵʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ ɫɭɜɹɡɟɣ ɿ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ.

о

1950 – 1960-ɹ ɝɝ. ɫɬɚɥɿ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ

т

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. Ƚɷɬɚ ʆ ɧɟɣɤɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɜɚɥɸɧɬɚɪɵɫɰɤɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ

ɏɪɭɲɱɨɜɚ, ɹɤɿ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ

ɜɵɥɭɱɵʆ ɥɨɡɭɧɝ, ɩɟɪɚɮɪɚɡɿɪɚɜɚʆɲɵ ɫɥɨɜɵ Ʌɟɧɿɧɚ:

и

“Ʉɚɦɭɧɿɡɦ ɺɫɰɶ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɹ ʆɥɚɞɚ ɩɥɸɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɵɮɿɤɚɰɵɹ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɩɥɸɫ ɯɿɦɿɡɚɰɵɹ

з

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ”. ɍ 1958 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɵ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɿ

ɝɚɡɚɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɋɋɋɊ ɞɚ 1965 ɝɨɞɚ. Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɿɦɿ ʆ 1958 – 1964 ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɚ

о

ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɚ ɩɟɪɲɚɹ ɱɚɪɝɚ ɋɚɥɿɝɨɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɥɿɣɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɦɛɿɧɚɬɚ, ɭ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

1960-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɚɡɨɬɧɚ-ɬɭɤɚɜɚɝɚ

ɡɚɜɨɞɚ,

п

Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ, ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ – Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɦɛɿɧɚɬɚ

еɫɿɧɬɷɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɜɚɥɚɤɧɚ, ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɦɛɿɧɚɬɚ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɚɲɵɪɵɥɚ

Р

ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɚɥɟ ɭ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɧɿɥɚ ɷɤɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɭɸ

ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɸ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɚɯ. Ɂɦɟɧɵ ʆ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɚɯ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɿ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ, ɲɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɫɬ

ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɿ ɧɚ 1959 – 1965 ɝɝ. ɛɵʆ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ ɧɨɜɵ ɫɹɦɿɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɩɥɚɧ. ɍ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɺɧ