БНТУ / ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛ / ГIСТОРЫЯ БЕЛАРУСI курс лекцый

ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ

ɡɚɤɨɧɱɵɥɚɫɹ

ɩɚɪɚɠɷɧɧɟɦ,

ɚɥɟ ɧɟ

ɛɵɥɨ

ɛɟɡɜɵɧɿɤɨɜɵɦ.

ɐɚɪɵɡɦ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ

ɛɵʆ ɩɚɣɫɰɿ

ɧɚ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ

ʆɫɬɭɩɤɿ

ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦ. Ɂ

У

1863 ɝɨɞɚ

Т

ɚɞɦɹɧɹʆɫɹ ɿɯ ɱɚɫɨɜɚɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɫɬɚɧ, ɫɹɥɹɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɤɭɩ, ɜɵɤɭɩɧɵɹ

ɩɥɚɰɹɠɵ ɡɧɿɠɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ 20%. ɋɹɥɹɧɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɚɞ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɟɣ, ɹɧɵ

ɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɿɫɹ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚɦɿ

ɫɜɚɿɯ

ɧɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ.

Ȼɟɡɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɹ

ɧɚɞɡɹɥɹɥɿɫɹ

3

Н

ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɧɚɦɿ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɧɚ ɫɹɦ’ɸ. Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɭ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɣ, ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ, Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɣ

ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹɯ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ

ɡɹɦɥɸ

ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɡɚ 20

ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɹɥɹɧ. Ȼɨɥɶɲ

ɡɚ ɩɚɥɨɜɭ

ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ ɡɧɨʆ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ

Б

ɫɟɪɜɿɬɭɬɚɦɿ,

ɭ

ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɰɚ

ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ, ɜɵɩɚɫɚɦɿ ɿ ɥɹɫɚɦɿ. Ɋɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɿʆɧɵɯ ɫɿɥ,

ɩɪɵɧɟɫɟɧɵɹ ɿɦɿ ɚɯɜɹɪɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɣɲɥɿ ɞɚɪɚɦ. Ⱥɥɟ ʆɫɬɭɩɤɿ ɰɚɪɵɡɦɚ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɿ,

ɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɡɦɹɝɱɚɥɿ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɭ – ɚɝɪɚɪɧɭɸ.

и

Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɰɚɪɵɡɦ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɹʆ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɿ, ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɹɱɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɤɭ “ɛɿɡɭɧɚ ɿ

ɩɟɪɧɿɤɚ”. ɍ 1864

ɝɨɞɡɟ

ɛɵʆ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵ Ƚɨɪɵ-Ƚɨɪɚɰɤɿ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵ

р

ɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬ, ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɞɚ ɥɸɬɚɝɚ 1917 ɝɨɞɚй. ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ

ɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ, ɫɤɚɪɚɰɿɥɚɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɯ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɵɯ,

о

ɭɜɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɩɚɥɿɰɷɣɫɤɿ ɿ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɭ ɲɤɨɥɚɯ. ɐɚɪɵɡɦ

т

ɛɚɹʆɫɹ ɚɫɜɟɬɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ

ɹɤ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɬɚɪɚ ɿ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ –

ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɱɚɣ

ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ

ɿ

и

ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ.

ɍ 1864 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɡɧɨʆ ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ “ɪɚɡɛɨɪ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ”. Ɇɚɺɧɬɤɿ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ,

з

ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɤɚɧɮɿɫɤɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɿɦɜɚɥɿɱɧɭɸ ɩɥɚɬɭ

о

ɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚɦ, ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚɦ ɿ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɚɦ.

п

7.2. Ɋɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦɚ ʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ ɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ

ɍ 60 – 70-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ʆ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ ɛɵɥɚ

Р

ʆɫɬɚɧɨʆɥɟɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɧɧɹ – “ɚɞɩɪɚɰɨɜɚɱɧɚɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ”, ɹɤɚɹ

ɡɥɭɱɚɥɚ ɪɵɫɵ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦ. əɟ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ

еɫɹɥɹɧɟ, ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɿ, ɚɪɚɧɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɡɹɦɥɸ ʆ

ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɫɚ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɨɦ. Ɂɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɟ

ɡɹɦɥɺɣ ɹɧɵ ɚɞɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɚɞ ɬɪɷɰɿ ɞɚ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɭɪɚɞɠɚɹ. ɉɪɵ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ

ɫɿɫɬɷɦɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɧɧɹ

ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɚɹ

ɡɹɦɥɹ

ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ

ɧɚɺɦɧɵɦɿ

ɷɮɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɿ. Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ

ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɺɧɚɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɞɡɟ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɚɥɚ

ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɟ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɧɧɟ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ, ɜɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɪɚɺɧɚɯ ɹɧɵ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɦɚɪɭɞɧɚ ɡ-ɡɚ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɲɱɵɧɧɚɝɚ ɡɟɦɥɟɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ.

ɇɹɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɧɧɿ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɿ ʆ 60 – 90-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ

XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ.

ɉɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚɦ

ɧɚɥɟɠɵɥɚ

50,5%

ɡɹɦɥɿ,

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟ

У

–

9,9%,

Т

ɰɷɪɤɜɚɦ ɿ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɵɪɚɦ – ɤɚɥɹ 0,7%, ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦ ɠɚ, ɹɤɿɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɭɸ

ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ – ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 38,9%, ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɞɪɷɧɧɵɯ. ɋɹɪɷɞɧɿ ɧɚɞɡɟɥ

ɛɵɥɵɯ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɿɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ

ɜɚɝɚʆɫɹ ɚɞ

3,9

ɞɚ 5,1

ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɧ

ɧɚ

ɚɞɧɭ

Н

ɦɭɠɱɵɧɫɤɭɸ ɞɭɲɭ, ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ – ɚɞ 5.5 ɞɚ 6 ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɧ, ɭ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ, ɤɚɥɿ

ɩɪɚɠɵɬɚɱɧɵ ɦɿɧɿɦɭɦ ɫɹɦ’ɿ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚʆ ɧɚɞɡɟɥ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ 8 ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɧ. ɇɚ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ

Б

ɠ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚ ɩɪɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 500 ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɧ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɚ ɛɭɣɧɵɹ

ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ ɹɲɱɷ ɛɨɥɶɲɵɦɿ ɥɚɬɵɮɭɧɞɵɹɦɿ. Ɍɚɤ, ɤɧɹɡɸ

ɉɚɬɨɰɤɚɦɭ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɥɚ ɤɚɥɹ 120 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɧ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɤɧɹɡɹɦ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚɦ –

150 ɬɵɫɹɱ, ȼɿɬɝɟɧɲɬɷɣɧɭ – ɤɚɥɹ 1 ɦɥɧ.

и

ȼɹɞɭɱɵɦ ɧɚɤɿɪɭɧɤɚɦ ɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ ʆ 60 – 70-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɛɵɥɨ

ɜɵɪɨɲɱɜɚɧɧɟ ɡɟɪɧɚɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ. Ɂ 5 ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ 1875 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɨ

р

йɠɵɬɚ, ɦɭɤɿ, ɤɪɭɩɵ, ɚ ʆ 1879 ɝɨɞɡɟ –

ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɚɪɬ ɤɚɥɹ 11 ɦɥɧ. ɩɭɞɨʆ

ʆɠɨ ɤɚɥɹ 22 ɦɥɧ. ɩɭɞɨʆ. ɍ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ, ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ʆ ɧɟʆɪɚɞɠɚɣɧɵɹ ɝɨɞɵ,

о

ɞɡɟɫɹɬɤɿ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɩɚɦɿɪɚɥɿ ɡ ɝɨɥɚɞɭ, ɚ 300 ɬɵɫɹɱ, ɪɚɬɭɸɱɵɫɹ ɚɞ ɝɚɥɨɞɧɚɣ

т

ɫɦɟɪɰɿ, ɤɨɠɧɵ ɝɨɞ ɧɚɤɿɪɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɨɛɤɿ ʆ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɵɹ ɪɚɺɧɵ

Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ.

и

ɍ 80-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɵ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵ ɤɪɵɡɿɫ, ɹɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɧɵ

ʆɜɨɡɚɦ ɭ ȿʆɪɨɩɭ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɣ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ ɬɚɧɧɚɝɚ ɡɟɪɧɹ ɡ ɁɒȺ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ, Ⱥɪɝɟɧɰɿɧɵ

з

ɿ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɚɥɿɿ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɹɝɨ ɰɷɧɵ ɧɚ ɡɟɪɧɟ ɡɧɿɡɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɵ.

о

ɇɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɜɹɥɿ ɡɟɪɧɚɜɭɸ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɭ, ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɜɚɟ

ɦɚɺɧɬɤɿ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɜɚɰɶ ɿɯ ɭ ɛɚɧɤɚɯ: ɞɚ 1899 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚ 50%

п

ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ. Ⱦɡɟɫɹɬɤɿ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ɞɚ ɝɚɥɟɱɵ,

ɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɛɚɬɪɚɤɚɦɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɚɤɿɪɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɨɛɤɿ. Ⱥɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ

ɦɿɝɪɚɰɵɹ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɭ ɋɿɛɿɪ ɿ ɧɚ Ⱦɚɥɺɤɿ ɍɫɯɨɞ. Ɍɚɤ, ɡ 1900 ɩɚ 1904 ɝɨɞɵ ʆ ɋɿɛɿɪ

Р

ɜɵɟɯɚɥɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 102 ɬɵɫɹɱɵ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɡ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

Ɇɧɨɝɿɹ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɿ ʆ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɚɪɵɟɧɬɚɰɵɸ ɫɜɚɿɯ

еɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ ɧɚ

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɠɵɜɺɥɚɝɚɞɨʆɥɿ, ɜɵɪɨɲɱɜɚɧɧɟ

ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɵɯ

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ.

ɝɨɞɡɟ. Ⱦɚ 1890 ɝɨɞɚ

ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɤɚɥɹ ɦɿɥɶɺɧɚ ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɧ

ɡɹɦɥɿ.

Б

Ʉɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ

ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ʆɫɺ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɟɣ ɩɪɚɹʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɿ ʆ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ

ɦɟɥɿ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɚɛɨ ɦɟɥɿ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɦɿɡɷɪɧɵ ɹɟ ɤɚɜɚɥɚɤ, ɧɟ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɠɵɰɰɹ, ɿ

о

ɬɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚɦ ɿ ɤɭɥɚɤɚɦ ɫɜɚɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɿɥɭ, ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ

140 ɬɵɫɹɱ.

т

ɇɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ

ɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɤɪɨɤɚɦ ɭ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦɚ ʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ

и

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ, ɹɤɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ʆ 1906 – 1914 ɝɝ.

Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɣ, Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɣ, ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹɯ ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɚɛɲɱɵɧ

ɭɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɧɟ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ. Ⱥɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɯɭɬɚɪɵ ɿɲɥɨ ɦɚɪɭɞɧɚ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ

ɤɚɥɹ 128 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɯɭɬɚɪɨʆ ɿ ɜɨɬɪɭɛɚʆ, ɲɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 12% ɚɞ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ

ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɞɜɚɪɨʆ. ɋɹɥɹɧɟ-ɛɟɞɧɹɤɿ, ɧɟ ɦɚɸɱɵ ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɿ

ɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɯɭɬɚɪɫɤɿɯ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ,

ɩɚɱɚɥɿ

ɩɪɚɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɜɚɸ

ɡɹɦɥɸ

ɡɚɦɨɠɧɵɦ

У

ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦ. Ɂ 1907 ɩɚ 1914 ɝɝ. ɭ 5 ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹɯ 40800 ɫɹɥɹɧ ɩɪɚɞɚɥɿ

Т

187800 ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɧ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɚɣ ɜɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɰɶ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɬɚɤ

ɡɜɚɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɚɤɨʆ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɡ 8% ɞɚ 12%.

ɍɡɦɚɰɧɿʆɫɹ

ɩɟɪɚɫɹɥɟɧɱɚɫɤɿ ɪɭɯ, ɡ 1907 ɩɚ 1914 ɝɝ. ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ

Н

ɜɵɟɯɚɥɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 335 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɛɹɞɧɹɤɨʆ. ɉɪɵɤɥɚɞɧɚ 10% ɡ

ɜɵɟɯɚʆɲɵɯ ɧɟ ɡɦɚɝɥɿ ɩɪɵɫɬɚɫɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɦɟɫɰɵ ɠɵɯɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɜɹɪɧɭɥɿɫɹ

Б

ɞɚɞɨɦɭ, ɚɥɟ ʆɠɨ ɫɬɪɚɰɿʆɲɵ ɡɹɦɥɸ. ɉɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɿ “ɚɞɯɨɞɧɿɰɬɜɚ”, ɧɚ ɡɚɪɨɛɤɿ

ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɤɚɥɹ 450 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ 300 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɭ ɤɚɧɰɵ XIX

ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ.

Ɋɷɮɨɪɦɚ

ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ

ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɚɛɲɱɵɧɵ, ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɸ

и

ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ ʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɫɰɿ, ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɫɥɨɣɤɭ

ɡɚɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ ɿ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɥɟɬɚɪɵɹɬɚ. Ⱥɥɟ ɹɧɚ ɧɟ ɡɦɚɝɥɚ

р

ɤɚɪɷɧɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɡɦɹɧɿɰɶ ɩɚʆɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵйɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɜɺɫɤɿ, ɹɤ ɿ

ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ, ɥɿɤɜɿɞɡɿɪɚɜɚɰɶ ɛɭɣɧɨɟ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɚɟ

ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ.

о

т

Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɯɭɬɤɿɦɿ ɬɷɦɩɚɦɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ, ɱɚɦɭ

ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ɩɚɜɟɥɿɱɷɧɧɟ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ ɬɚɧɧɚɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɣ ɫɿɥɵ. ɉɚɫɥɹ 1861 ɝɨɞɚ

и

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɭ ɬɪɷɰɸɸ ɫɬɚɞɵɸ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ –

ɮɚɛɪɵɱɧɚ-ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɭɸ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ, ɯɚɰɹ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɚɦɟɫɧɿɰɤɿɹ ɿ

з

ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɵɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɯ ɫɬɚɞɵɣ.

о

Ɋɚɦɟɫɧɿɰɤɿɹ ɦɚɣɫɬɷɪɧɿ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɚɥɿ ʆ ɯɚɪɱɨɜɚɣ ɿ ɬɷɤɫɬɵɥɶɧɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ. ȱɯ

ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ

ɡ 10

ɬɵɫɹɱ ɭ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

60-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ

п

XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɥɿ 35 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ, ɞɚ 84 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɦɚɣɫɬɷɪɚɧɶ ɡ

144 ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɰɭɸɱɵɯ ɭ ɿɯ ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ. əɧɵ ɞɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ

ɤɚɥɹ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ. Ʉɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ

Р

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɡ 127 ɭ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 60-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɞɚ 760 ɭ ɤɚɧɰɵ

XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ,

ɚ

ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ

ɩɪɚɰɭɸɱɵɯ ɭ

ɿɯ – ɛɨɥɶɲ ɱɵɦ

ɭ 8 ɪɚɡɨʆ.

еɆɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɵ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚʆ ɿ

ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɪɚɦɺɫɥɚʆ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɚɥɿ ʆ ɥɺɝɤɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ.

ɉɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɪɨɬ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɭɥɿɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɹɟ

ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ, ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɤɚɪɵɫɧɵɯ ɜɵɤɚɩɧɹʆ, ɡɚɜɹɪɲɵʆɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ 90-ɯ

ɝɚɞɨʆ, ɧɚ 10 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ, ɱɵɦ ɭ Ɋɚɫɿɿ. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɡɚɜɨɞɚʆ ɿ ɮɚɛɪɵɤ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɹ ɿ

ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɹ

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ, ɞɚ 1900

ɝɨɞɚ ɿɯ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ

ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ 800 ɡ ɥɿɤɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ 31 ɬɵɫɹɱɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɿ ɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɹɧɵ 47,8% ɭɫɺɣ

ɚɤɰɵɹɧɟɪɧɵɹ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɵ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ 1900 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ 10

У

ɚɤɰɵɹɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɿɣ, ɭ 1913 ɝɨɞɡɟ – 34. Ɋɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɚɧɤɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ,

Т

ɚɤɪɚɦɹ ɮɿɥɿɹɥɚʆ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɯ, ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɭɩɥɵɜɨɜɵɦɿ ʆɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɬɵɩɚ ʆ

ɪɷɝɿɺɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ Ɇɿɧɫɤɿ, ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ, Ȼɟɥɚɫɬɨɰɤɿ ɤɚɦɟɪɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɛɚɧɤɿ.

ɋɹɪɷɞɧɟɝɚɞɚɜɵɹ ɬɷɦɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɚɜɨɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɦɿ –

Н

8,2%, ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɚɝɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ʆɫɺɣ Ɋɚɫɿɿ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ 5%, ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ

ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ –

10%. ɋɤɥɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɫɵ

ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ

Б

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ – ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɹ ɿ ɩɪɚɥɟɬɚɪɵɹɬ. Ȼɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɹ

ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ

ɞɜɚɪɚɧ,

ɡɚɦɨɠɧɵɯ

ɦɹɲɱɚɧ-ɝɚɧɞɥɹɪɨʆ, ɤɭɩɰɨʆ, ɛɚɝɚɬɵɯ

и

ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɚɦ 1897 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ɩɹɰɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹɯ ɞɚ ɞɪɨɛɧɚɣ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɿ

ɚɞɧɨɫɿɥɿɫɹ 103 ɬɵɫɹɱɵ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ, ɞɚ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɣ – 47 ɬɵɫɹɱ, ɛɭɣɧɨɣ – 33 ɬɵɫɹɱɵ.

р

Ȼɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɹ ʆ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣйɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ: ɹʆɪɷɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ

60%, ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ 17%, ɪɭɫɤɿɹ 10%, ɩɚɥɹɤɿ 10%. Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ

о

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɥɚɛɚɣ, ɧɟɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɚɣ, ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚ ɿɧɟɪɬɧɚɣ, ɲɭɤɚɥɚ

т

ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɿ ɿ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɹɤ ɭ ɰɚɪɵɡɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ʆ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɦɨɰɧɚɣ ɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɿ, ɲɬɨ

ɧɚɤɥɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤ ɧɚ ɯɨɞ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɯ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɡɟɣ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

и

ɉɪɚɥɟɬɚɪɵɹɬ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵʆ ɧɟɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɦ, ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɚɥɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ

ɜɹɫɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. ɍɫɹɝɨ ɤ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ

з

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ, ɪɚɡɚɦ ɠɚ ɡ ɧɚɺɦɧɵɦɿ

178,8 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ʆ

о

ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɦɿ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɦɿ – 400 ɬɵɫɹɱ, ɞɚ 1913 ɝɨɞɚ ɿɯ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ

ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ 514 ɬɵɫɹɱ.

п

Ɂɧɚɱɧɵ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ, ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ,

ɩɚɫɤɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɫɩɟɰɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɚʆ, ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɝɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ

ɪɵɧɤɭ ɚɤɚɡɜɚɥɿ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɵɹ ɱɵɝɭɧɚɤ. ɍ 1862 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ

Р

ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɚ-ȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɱɵɝɭɧɤɚ, ɭ 1866 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵ

Ⱦɡɜɿɧɫɤɚ-ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ-ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɿ ɭɱɚɫɬɚɤ Ɋɵɠɫɤɚ-Ⱥɪɥɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɱɵɝɭɧɤɿ. Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɚɹ

еɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɚɫɰɶ ɱɵɝɭɧɚɤ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɫɤɥɚɥɚ

ɦɚɧɚɩɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹʆ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɵ ɬɚɤɿɹ

ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɿ: ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬ ɡɚɩɚɥɤɚɜɵɯ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɚɧɬɚʆ ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚ-Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɝɚ ɤɪɚɸ,

ɫɿɧɞɵɤɚɬ ɭɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɰɚɝɥɹɧɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚʆ, ɫɿɧɞɵɤɚɬ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɚɧɬɚʆ-ɩɿɜɚɜɚɪɚʆ

ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚ-Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɝɚ ɤɪɚɸ, ɫɚɸɡ ɥɟɫɚɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨʆɰɚʆ ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚ-Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɝɚ

ɤɪɚɸ. Ⱦɚ 53 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɭ 1913 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɧɚ ɛɭɣɧɵɯ

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚɯ.

ɍɫɹ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ ɭ

1913 ɝɨɞɡɟ

У

ɞɚɜɚɥɚ 20,4%

Т

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɛɵɬɤɭ ɚɛɨ ɧɚ 5,4% ɛɨɥɶɲ, ɱɵɦ ɭ 1900 ɝɨɞɡɟ. Ⱥɥɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ

ɭ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɚɞ Ɋɚɫɿɿ, ɬɭɬ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ɧɚ

ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ʆ 2 ɪɚɡɵ ɦɟɧɲ, ɚ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿ ɭɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɛɵʆ

ɧɚ 30% ɧɿɠɷɣɲɵ, ɱɵɦ ɭ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ ɩɚ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ.

Н

ɋɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ

ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ

ɛɵɥɨ ɰɹɠɤɿɦ, ɪɚɛɨɱɵ

ɞɡɟɧɶ ɰɹɝɧɭʆɫɹ

Б

12 – 13 ɝɚɞɡɿɧ, ɚ ʆ ɦɚɣɫɬɷɪɧɹɯ ɿ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɚɯ – ɞɚ 16 ɝɚɞɡɿɧ, ɧɟ

ɜɵɩɥɨɱɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɟɧɫɿɿ ɩɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɫɰɿ, ɚɞɫɭɬɧɿɱɚɥɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɛɟɫɩɪɚɰɨʆɹ,

ɩɪɚɮɫɚɸɡɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɛɚɪɨɧɟɧɵ, ɩɨʆɧɚɫɰɸ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɿɱɚɥɚ ɚɯɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɰɵ. ɒɵɪɨɤɚ

ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɠɚɧɨɱɚɹ ɿ ɞɡɿɰɹɱɚɹ ɩɪɚɰɚ ɩɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɧɿɡɤɚɣ ɭ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ

и

ɦɭɠɱɵɧɫɤɚɣ ɹɟ ɚɩɥɚɬɚɣ. ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɿ

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɚ ɦɭɠɱɵɧ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɜɵɲɚɥɚ 50 – 60 ɤɚɩɟɟɤ ɭ ɞɡɟɧɶ,

р

ɠɚɧɱɵɧ – 30, ɩɚɞɥɟɬɤɚʆ – 10 – 15. ɇɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞй, ɧɚ ɬɵɬɭɧɺɜɚɣ ɮɚɛɪɵɰɵ ʆ

Ƚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡ 1350 ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ 1025 ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɠɚɧɱɵɧɵ ɿ ɞɡɟɰɿ.

Ɇɿɡɷɪɧɵɹ ɡɚɪɨɛɤɿ

о

ɹɲɱɷ

ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɦɹɧɲɚɥɿɫɹ ɡ-ɡɚ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɲɬɪɚɮɚʆ: ɭ

т

1901 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɚɲɬɪɚɮɚɜɚɥɿ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɩɚɥɨɜɭ ʆɫɿɯ

ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

и

ɐɚɪɵɡɦ, ɛɚɸɱɵɫɹ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɸɱɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ, ɛɵʆ

ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɵ ɩɚɣɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɵɿ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɿ.

з

Ⱦɚ 11,5 ɝɚɞɡɿɧ ɛɵʆ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɵ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵ ɞɡɟɧɶ, ɭ 1903 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ ɡɚɤɨɧ

о

ɚɛ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɡɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɦ, ɚɯɜɹɪɚɦ ɧɹɲɱɚɫɧɵɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɚʆ ɧɚ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ, ɭ 1912 ɝ.

– ɡɚɤɨɧ ɚɛ ɫɬɪɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɚɞ ɯɜɚɪɨɛɵ ɿ ɛɟɫɩɪɚɰɨʆɹ, ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɜɵɲɚɧɚ

п

ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɚ. Ⱥɥɟ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɰɹɠɤɿɦ, ɛɹɫɩɪɚʆɟ ɿ

ɡɜɵɲɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɵɹ ɿɯ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ.

Р

7.3. Ⱥɛɜɚɫɬɪɷɧɧɟ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɟɣ. Ɋɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ 1905 ɿ 1917 ɝɝ.

еɐɹɠɤɿɹ ɭɦɨɜɵ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɿ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ,

ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɜɚɛɨɞ ɿ

ɍ 1861 – 1864 ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ “Ɂɹɦɥɹ ɿ

ɜɨɥɹ”, ɹɤɚɹ

У

ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ 1863 – 1864 ɝɝ, ɭ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ, ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ “ɱɵɪɜɨɧɵɯ”.

Т

ɉɚɫɥɹ ɚɪɵɲɬɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɿ ɧɹʆɞɚɥɚɣ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ ɩɚɞɧɹɰɶ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɟ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ʆ

Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɹɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɪɚɫɩɭɫɰɿɥɚɫɹ.

ɍ 1876 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɞɪɭɝɚɹ

ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɹ

ɩɚɞɩɨɥɶɧɚɹ

Н

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɰɤɚɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ “Ɂɹɦɥɹ ɿ ɜɨɥɹ”, ɹɤɚɹ ɦɟɥɚ ɫɜɚɟ ɤɪɭɠɤɿ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ,

Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɟ, Ȼɪɷɫɰɟ, Ƚɪɨɞɧɚ, ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ, ɉɿɧɫɤɭ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ.

Б

ɉɚɫɥɹ ɧɹʆɞɚɥɚɝɚ “ɯɚɞɠɷɧɧɹ ʆ ɧɚɪɨɞ” ɿ ɚɪɵɲɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɿɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɤɚʆ ɹɧɚ

ɪɚɫɩɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɡɜɟ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ – “ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɨɥɹ” ɿ “ɑɨɪɧɵ ɩɟɪɚɞɡɟɥ”. ɉɟɪɲɚɹ

ɥɿɱɵɥɚ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɬɷɪɨɪ ɿ ɡɚɯɨɩ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɡ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɿ

ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵɦɿ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹɦɿ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ʆ

ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ

ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚɫɹ

и

ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɩɚɝɚɧɞɚɣ. ɍ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ ɱɨɪɧɚɩɟɪɚɞɡɟɥɶɰɵ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ

ɩɚɞɩɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɪɭɤɚɪɧɸ, ɹɤɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ɞɜɭɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚɥɚ ɩɚɞɩɨɥɶɧɵɹ

р

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɚɣ ɿ ɥɿɫɬɨʆɤɚɦɿй. ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɝɭɪɬɤɿ

ɹɤ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɜɨɥɶɰɚʆ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɱɨɪɧɚɩɟɪɚɞɡɟɥɶɰɚʆ.

о

1 ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ 1881 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɜɵɛɭɯɭ ɛɨɦɛɵ, ɤɿɧɭɬɚɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɜɨɥɶɰɚɦ,

т

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦ ȱ. ə. Ƚɪɵɧɹɜɿɰɤɿɦ, ɛɵʆ ɡɚɛɿɬɵ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪ II. Ⱥɥɟ

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ ʆ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɹɝɨ ɫɦɟɪɰɸ,

ɧɚ ɲɬɨ

ɫɩɚɞɡɹɜɚɥɿɫɹ

и

ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹɧɟɪɵ, ɧɟ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ. ɉɚɥɿɰɵɹ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɜɵɹɜɿɥɚ ɿ ɚɪɵɲɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɿɯ

ɧɚɪɨɞɚɜɨɥɶɰɚʆ.

з

ɍ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ 80-ɯ – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 90-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɧɚ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵɦ

о

ɲɥɹɯɚɦ

ɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɿ

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɤɚɦ ɩɪɵɣɲɥɿ ɥɿɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɹ, ɹɤɿɹ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ

ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɵɯ ɪɷɮɨɪɦ ɩɟɪɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟ ɡɦɹɧɹɸɱɵ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɚɝɚ

п

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ.

ɍ 1884 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɵ ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ Ɇɚɪɱɚɧɤɚ, Ɋɚɬɧɟɪ,

Р

ɋɬɚɬɤɟɜɿɱ, Ʉɪɭɩɫɤɿ ɡɞɡɟɣɫɧɿɥɿ ɫɩɪɨɛɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɰɷɧɬɪɚ

– Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɫɚɰɵɹɥ-ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɝɪɭɩɵ “Ƚɨɦɚɧ”. ȼɵɣɲɥɿ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ

ɧɭɦɚɪɨʆ ɚɞɧɚɣɦɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɚ, ɚɥɟ ɩɚɥɿɰɵɹ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɦɿɥɚ ɝɷɬɭɸ

еɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ.

59. Ɂɚɛɚɫɬɨʆɤɿ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɵɦɿ,

ɚɥɟ

ɜɵɥɭɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

У

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɿ. Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɞɚ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ.

Т

ɍ 80 – 90-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ, ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ, Ƚɨɦɟɥɿ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ

ɰɷɧɬɪɚɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɿ ɦɚɪɤɫɿɫɰɤɿɹ ɝɭɪɬɤɿ.

Ɂɧɚɱɧɵ

ʆɤɥɚɞ ʆ

Н

ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜɚɧɧɟ ɦɚɪɤɫɿɡɦɭ ʆ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɚɯ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ʆɧɟɫɥɚ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɵɹ “ɉɪɚɥɟɬɚɪɵɹɬ”, ɝɪɭɩɵ ɹɤɨɣ

ɛɵɥɿ

ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ

ʆ ɉɿɧɫɤɭ,

Б

и

1901 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ ɏɚɪɤɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɷɲɬɤɚʆ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɿɰɤɿɯ ɝɭɪɬɤɨʆ ɿ ɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɚɦ

ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɚ

ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɹ

ɩɚɪɬɵɹ

ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɚʆ

–

р

ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹɧɟɪɚʆ (ɷɫɷɪɚʆ). ɉɷʆɧɵ ʆɤɥɚɞ ɭйɹɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ʆɧɟɫɥɚ Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɵɹ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ Ɋɚɫɿɿ, ɹɤɚɹ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɭ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ.

о

1 – 3 ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ 1898

ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɚ ɩɪɚɣɲɨʆ 1-ɵ ɡ’ɟɡɞ

т

Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɫɚɰɵɹɥ-ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɣ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ (ɊɋȾɊɉ). əɧɚ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ɧɚ

ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹɯ ɦɚɪɤɫɿɡɦɚ ɿ ɿɧɬɷɪɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɦɚ. Ȼɵʆ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ Ɇɚɧɿɮɟɫɬ, ɜɵɛɪɚɧɵ

и

ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬ. Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɚɹ “Ɋɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ” ɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ

ɊɋȾɊɉ. Ȼɭɧɞ ɭɜɚɣɲɨʆ ɭ ɊɋȾɊɉ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɚʆɬɚɧɨɦɧɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ.

з

Ⱥɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɹ ɫɚɰɵɹɥ-ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ

о

ʆ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬɵ ɊɋȾɊɉ. ɍ 1903 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ Ʌɨɧɞɚɧɟ ɩɪɚɣɲɨʆ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɡ’ɟɡɞ ɊɋȾɊɉ, ɧɚ

ɹɤɿɦ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ɪɚɫɤɨɥ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɵɤɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɍ. ȱ. Ʌɟɧɿɧɵɦ

п

ɿ ɧɚ

ɪɷɮɚɪɦɚɬɚɪɫɤɚɟ ɤɪɵɥɨ ɧɚ

ɱɚɥɟ

ɡ Ɇɚɪɬɚɜɵɦ ɿ Ɍɪɨɰɤɿɦ

(ɛɚɥɶɲɚɜɿɤɿ)

(ɦɟɧɶɲɚɜɿɤɿ).

ɍ 1904 – 1905 ɝɝ. ɰɚɪɫɤɚɹ Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɜɹɥɚ ɜɚɣɧɭ ɡ əɩɨɧɿɹɣ ɡɚ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɧɚ

Р

Ⱦɚɥɺɤɿɦ ɍɫɯɨɞɡɟ. Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ ɹɲɱɷ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɩɚɝɨɪɲɵɥɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɿ

ɚɛɜɚɫɬɪɵɥɚ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɟ. ɍ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿ 1905 ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɚɫɥɹ ɪɚɫɬɪɷɥɭ

еɰɚɪɫɤɿɦɿ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɿ ɦɚɫɚɜɚɣ ɦɿɪɧɚɣ ɞɷɦɚɧɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɭ ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɭ,

ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚ-ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ 1905 – 1907 ɝɝ. əɧɚ

ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ

ɩɚɞ

ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɦɿ

“Ɂɹɦɥɸ ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦ!”,

“Ⱦɚɥɨʆ

ɫɚɦɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɟ!”,

ɉɚɱɚɥɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɰɰɚ ɋɚɜɟɬɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɬɚʆ, ɚɥɟ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɞ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ

ɛɭɧɞɚʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɷɫɷɪɚʆ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɛɟɫɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɵɹ ɤɚɚɪɞɵɧɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬɵ.

17 ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ 1905 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɚɞ ɰɿɫɤɚɦ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹʆ

ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɣ II ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚʆ Ɇɚɧɿɮɟɫɬ ɚɛ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɿ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɵɯ

ɫɜɚɛɨɞ ɿ ɚɛ ɫɤɥɿɤɚɧɧɿ Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɞɭɦɵ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɚʆɩɥɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ

У

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɵɣ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɚʆ (ɤɚɞɷɬɚʆ), ɹɤɿɹ

Т

ɦɟɥɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɭ Ⱦɭɦɟ, ɋɚɸɡɚ 17 ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ.

Ɏɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ ɤɚɞɷɬɚʆ ɛɵɥɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɚ-ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɵɹ

Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

Н

ɉɚɫɥɹ ɚɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ Ɇɚɧɿɮɟɫɬɚ ɿ ɡɚɜɹɪɲɷɧɧɹ ʆɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣ ɡɚɛɚɫɬɨʆɤɿ

ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɿ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ʆɥɚɞ ɧɟ ɫɩɵɧɿɥɿɫɹ. ȼɨɣɫɤɿ ɪɚɫɬɪɚɥɹɥɿ ɦɿɪɧɵɹ ɞɷɦɚɧɫɬɪɚɰɵɿ ʆ

Б

Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ, ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ, Ƚɨɦɟɥɿ.Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɚɫɹ.

ɍ ɫɧɟɠɧɿ 1905 – ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿ 1906 ɝɝ. ʆ Ɇɚɫɤɜɟ ɿ ʆ ɲɷɪɚɝɭ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ

Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɯɜɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɿ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ, ɹɤɿɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɿ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɯ ɧɟ

ɧɚɛɵɥɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɣ

ɜɚɫɬɪɵɧɿ ɡ-ɡɚ

ɪɨɡɧɚɝɚɥɨɫɫɹ

и

ɩɚɦɿɠ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɪɬɵɹɦɿ ɿ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɪ, ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚɬɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɦɿ. Ɍɚɤ,

2 ɫɧɟɠɧɹ 1905 ɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɫɰɶ ɡɚ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɫɬɚɱɤɚɯ,

р

ɚ 11 ɫɧɟɠɧɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɝɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɹ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿйɜɵɛɚɪɱɵɹ ɩɪɚɜɵ.

ɉɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ

ʆɡɦɚɰɧɹʆɫɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿ ɪɭɯ, ɚɥɟ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ, ɚɫɨɛɧɚ ɚɞ

о

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹʆ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ. ɍ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ – ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɭ 1905 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

т

ɚɞɛɵɥɿɫɹ 74 ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɿ, ɭ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɡɟ – ɭɠɨ 174, ɭ ɫɧɟɠɧɿ – 268.

Ɇɟɥɿ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɿ ɯɜɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɫɚɥɞɚɬ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɭɫɟ ɹɧɵ ɩɚɚɫɨɛɤɭ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ

ɫɚɦɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɟɦ.

и

ɍ 1906 – 1907 ɝɝ. ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɰɿɫɤɚɦ ɪɷɚɤɰɵɿ, ɚɥɟ ɡ

з

ɞɚɸɱɵ ɫɚɦɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɸ ɜɹɪɧɭɰɰɚ ɞɚ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɹ, ɹɤɨɟ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɥɟɧɧɟɦ,

ɧɟ

о

ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ 1905 ɝɨɞɚ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɚɣɲɥɿ ɜɵɛɚɪɵ ʆ I ɿ II Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ Ⱦɭɦɵ,

ɹɤɿɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɪɚɫɩɭɲɱɚɧɵ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɚɦ ɡ-ɡɚ ɪɚɞɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ

п

ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɿ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɬɚʆ ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ ɩɚ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɦɭ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɸ. 3 ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ

1907 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵʆ ɡɦɟɧɟɧɵ ɜɵɛɚɪɱɵ ɡɚɤɨɧ, ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɶ ɦɟɫɰɚʆ ɭ III Ⱦɭɦɟ

ɡɦɚɝɥɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ ɤɚɞɷɬɵ, ɚɤɰɹɛɪɵɫɬɵ ʆ ɫɚɸɡɟ ɡ ɩɪɚɜɵɦɿ ɩɚɪɬɵɹɦɿ. Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ

Р

1

ɝɨɥɚɫ

ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚ

ɪɚʆɧɹʆɫɹ

3.5 ɝɚɥɚɫɚɦ

ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɿ,

ɧɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ

15 ɝɚɥɚɫɚɦ ɫɹɥɹɧ, 45 ɝɚɥɚɫɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ.

еɊɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ ɩɚɰɹɪɩɟɥɚ ɩɚɪɚɠɷɧɧɟ. əɟ

ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɤɿ

ɧɟ

ɞɚɛɿɥɿɫɹ

ʆɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ, ɡɧɿɲɱɷɧɧɹ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɚɝɚ

ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɫɚɦɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɚ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɩɷʆɧɵɹ ɤɪɨɤɿ ɩɚ

ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ʆ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚ-ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɭɸ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɸ,

ɩɪɚɜɟɫɰɿ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɭɸ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɭ, ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɥɟɩɲɵɰɶ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ,

ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿɰɶ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɮɫɚɸɡɚʆ, ɞɚɰɶ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɯɚɰɹ ɿ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɵɹ,

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɵ. ɇɹɜɵɪɚɲɚɧɚɫɰɶ

ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɯ

ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦ ɚɛɭɦɨɜɿɥɚ ɧɨɜɵ

и

ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿɦɿ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɦɿ, ɚ ɡɚɬɵɦ ɿ “ɤɿɪɵɥɿɰɚ” – ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɿ ɚɥɮɚɜɿɬ. ɍ 1870 ɝɨɞɡɟ

ȱ. ȱ. ɇɚɫɨɜɿɱ ɜɵɞɚʆ “ɋɥɨʆɧɿɤ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɵ”, ɚ ʆ 1885 ɝ. ə. Ʉɚɪɫɤɿ – “Ⱥɝɥɹɞ

р

ɝɭɤɚʆ ɿ ɮɨɪɦ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɵ”. ɍɡɧɿɤɚɸɰɶйɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɨɩɟɪɚ ɿ ɬɷɚɬɪ. ɍ

1884 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɩɟɪɲɚɹ ɧɟɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ

о

ɥɿɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɰɿ – “Ɇɢɧɫɤɢɣ ɥɢɫɬɨɤ”.

т

ɉɚɞ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɵ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿɰɶ

ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɞɪɭɤɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɵ, ɯɚɰɹ ɚɮɿɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɪɭɫɤɚɹ. ɍ

и

ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ 1906 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɦɨʆɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ “ɇɚɲɚ ɞɨɥɹ”, ɚ

ɩɚɫɥɹ ɹɟ ɡɚɤɪɵɰɰɹ – “ɇɚɲɚ ɧɿɜɚ”. ɇɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ ɜɵɞɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɵ:

з

ɞɡɿɰɹɱɵ “Ʌɭɱɵɧɤɚ”, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵ “ɋɚɯɚ”, ɫɚɬɵɪɵɱɧɵ “Ʉɪɚɩɿɜɚ”.

о

ȼɵɣɲɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɦɨʆɧɵɹ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤɿ ɞɥɹ ɲɤɨɥ, ɚʆɬɚɪɚɦɿ

ɹɤɿɯ ɛɵɥɿ ɗ. ɉɚɲɤɟɜɿɱ (ɐɺɬɤɚ) ɿ əɧɤɚ Ʉɭɩɚɥɚ.

п

ɋɤɥɚɞɜɚɧɧɟ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɿ, ɝɚɥɟɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ

ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɯ, ɭɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɟ ɿɯ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ

ɚɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɱɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ. ɍ 1902 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɵ –

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ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ ʆ ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɭ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɲɭɸ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɩɚɪɬɵɸ, ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆɲɭɸ

ɧɚɡɜɭ “Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɚ” (ȻɊȽ). əɧɚ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɚ ɦɷɬɚɣ

еɞɚɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɟ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ, ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɚɣ,