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DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
ɍɠɨ ʆ 988 ɝ. ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪ ɋɜɹɬɚɫɥɚɜɿɱ ɚɞɞɚʆ Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɫɜɚɣɦɭ ɫɵɧɭ ɋɜɹɬɚɩɨɥɤɭ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɛɚɰɶɤɿ (1015 ɝ.) ɋɜɹɬɚɩɨɥɤ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɧɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɟ ɤɧɹɠɚɧɧɟ ʆ Ʉɿɟʆ, ɡɚɫɬɚʆɲɵɫɹ ɬɭɪɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ.
Ʉɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɚɣ Ɋɭɫɿ ɫɬɚʆ əɪɚɫɥɚʆ Ɇɭɞɪɵ, ɺɧ ɚɞɞɚʆ Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɭ |
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ɜɚɥɨɞɚɧɧɟ ɫɜɚɣɦɭ ɫɵɧɭ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɭ, ɹɤɿ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɛɚɰɶɤɿ ɚɩɵɧɭʆɫɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɚ |
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ɬɪɨɧɟ ʆ Ʉɿɟɜɟ. |
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ɉɚɡɧɟɣ ɭ Ɍɭɪɚɜɟ ɤɧɹɠɵɥɿ ɹɝɨ ɫɵɧɵ: əɪɚɩɨɥɤ ɿ ɋɜɹɬɚɩɨɥɤ. Ⱥɬɪɵɦɚʆɲɵ |
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ʆ 1093 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿ ɬɪɨɧ, ɋɜɹɬɚɩɨɥɤ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɿɱ ɩɚɤɿɧɭʆ Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɡɚ ɫɚɛɨɣ. |
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ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪ Ɇɚɧɚɦɚɯ, ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɹɱɵɫɹ ʆ Ʉɿɟɜɟ ɡ 1113 ɞɚ 1125 ɝɝ., ɬɪɵɦɚʆ |
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Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɭ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞ ɫɹɛɟ ɿ ɜɺʆ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɭ ɡ Ɇɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ Ƚɥɟɛɚɦ. Ʉɧɹɡɶ |
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Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚʆ, ɫɵɧ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ Ɇɚɧɚɦɚɯɚ, ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚʆ ɭ Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɠɚɧɧɟ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ |
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ɦɚɥɨɞɲɚɝɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ȼɹɱɚɫɥɚɜɚ. ȼɹɱɚɫɥɚʆ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚɜɿɱ ɩɪɵɦɚʆ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɟ |
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ɧɚ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɭ 1127 ɝɨɞɡɟ. Ȭɧ ɞɜɨɣɱɵ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɤɧɹɠɵɰɶ ɡ Ɍɭɪɚɜɚ ʆ |
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ɉɟɪɚɹɫɥɚʆɥɶ ɿ Ʉɿɟʆ, ɚɥɟ ʆ 1142 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɜɹɪɧɭʆɫɹ ʆ Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɜɹɪɬɚɰɶ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ |
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ɡɹɦɥɿ ɪɚɡɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɤɚɦɿ |
ʆɞɡɟɥɵ Ɋɚɝɚɱɨʆ, Ʉɥɟɰɤ, ɑɚɪɬɚɪɵɣɫɤ, |
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Ⱦɪɚɝɿɱɵɧ ɧɚɞ Ȼɭɝɚɦ ɿ Ȼɹɪɷɫɰɟ. ɍ 1146 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚɜɚ |
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ɡɚɯɚɩɿɥɿ Ɍɭɪɚʆ. ȿɩɿɫɤɚɩ ɿ ɩɚɫɚɞɧɿɤ ɡ ɛɥɿɠɷɣɲɚɝɚ ɚɤɪɭɠɷɧɧɹ ȼɹɱɚɫɥɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɿ |
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йɩɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ Ɍɭɪɚʆ, ɹɤɿ ɡɧɨʆ ɚɩɵɧɭʆɫɹ ʆ |
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ʆɡɹɬɵ ʆ ɩɚɥɨɧ. ȼɹɱɚɫɥɚʆ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɵ ɛɵʆ |
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ɫɮɟɪɵ ʆɩɥɵɜɭ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ. Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ Ʉɿɟɜɚɦ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɡɹɦɥɹ ɧɟɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɚ |
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ɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ. ɘɪɵɣ Ⱦɚʆɝɚɪɭɤɿ, |
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ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɭɡɞɚɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɿ |
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ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɹɱɵɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧɟ ʆ Ʉɿɟɜɟ, ɭ 1155 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɚʆ Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɫɵɧɭ Ȼɚɪɵɫɭ, ɚ |
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Ɇɚɡɵɪ – ɫɟɜɟɪɫɤɚɦɭ ɤɧɹɡɸ ɋɜɹɬɚɫɥɚɜɭ Ɉɥɶɝɚɜɿɱɭ. |
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Ȼɚɪɵɫ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɝɧɚɧɵ ɡ Ɍɭɪɚɜɚ ʆɧɭɤɚɦ ɬɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ |
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ɤɧɹɡɹ ɋɜɹɬɚɩɨɥɤɚ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɿɱɚ ɘɪɵɟɦ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɜɹɪɧɭʆ ɝɨɪɚɞ ɫɜɚɺɣ |
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ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɿ. ɍ 1158 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɲɷɫɰɶ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ |
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ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɚɦ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɞɪɭɠɵɧɵ ɡ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ, ɡɪɚɛɿɥɿ ɩɚɯɨɞ ɧɚ Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɡ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɦ |
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ɚɞɧɹɰɶ ɹɝɨ ʆ ɘɪɵɹ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚ. Ⱦɡɟɫɹɰɶ ɬɵɞɧɹʆ ɰɹɝɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɧɹʆɞɚɥɚɹ ɚɫɚɞɚ |
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ɝɨɪɚɞɚ. ɘɪɵɣ, ɜɿɞɚɰɶ, ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚʆɫɹ ɦɨɰɧɚɣ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɚɣ ɝɚɪɚɞɠɚɧ, ɚ ɝɨɪɚɞ ɦɟʆ |
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ɞɨɛɪɵɹ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɿ.
еɘɪɵɣ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱ ɭ 1160 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɫɩɹɯɨɜɚ ɜɵɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɚɛɥɨɝɭ Ɍɭɪɚɜɚ Рɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɿɦɿ ɤɧɹɡɹɦɿ. ȱɯ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ, ɩɪɚɫɬɚɹʆɲɵ ɤɚɥɹ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ ɬɪɵ ɬɵɞɧɿ, ɜɹɪɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɧɿ ɡ ɱɵɦ ɧɚɡɚɞ. ɉɟɪɚɟɦɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɘɪɵɹ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧɟ ʆ Ɍɭɪɚɜɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɹɝɨ ɫɵɧɵ. 3 ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɚʆ ɜɹɞɨɦɵ ɤɧɹɡɿ ɬɭɪɚʆɫɤɿɹ: ȱɜɚɧ (1170 ɝ.), ɋɜɹɬɚɩɨɥɤ (1162, 1190 ɝɝ.),
Ƚɥɟɛ (1196 ɝ.), ɩɿɧɫɤɿɹ — əɪɚɫɥɚʆ (1183 ɝ.), əɪɚɩɨɥɤ (1190 ɝ.).
Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɭ 50-ɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ XII ɫɬ. ɜɵɣɲɚʆ ɡ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ Ʉɿɟɜɭ ɿ ʆ ɿɦ ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɹ ɤɧɹɠɚɰɤɚɹ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɹ. Ƚɚɪɚɞɵ Ɇɚɡɵɪ ɿ Ȼɪɚɝɿɧ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɡɚ Ʉɿɟɜɚɦ. ɉɚɡɧɟɣ ɬɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɡɹɦɥɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɵɹ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɵ – Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɟ, ɉɿɧɫɤɚɟ, Ʉɥɟɰɤɚɟ, ɋɥɭɰɤɚɟ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ. Ⱦɪɨɛɧɵɹ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɵ ɬɪɚɩɿɥɿ ʆ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɞ ɝɚɥɿɰɤɚ-ɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ.
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DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɡɹɦɥɹ-ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ X ɫɬ. əɧɚ
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ɞɨʆɝɿ ɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ |
ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ, |
ɚɞɧɚɤ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ |
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ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɰɷɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚɦ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚ Ɇɭɞɪɚɝɚ (1054 ɝ.) |
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ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɥɹ 40 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚ, ɡɚɬɵɦ 60 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ |
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ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɿ Ʉɿɟɜɚ. Ɂ ɤɚɧɰɚ 50-ɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ XII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɹɧɨ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ |
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ɜɵɥɭɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɿ ʆ ɿɦ ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɚɹ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɹ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ. ɍ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ |
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ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɭɠɵɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɬɷɪɦɿɧ «Ɍɭɪɚɜɚ-ɉɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɡɹɦɥɹ». ɉɿɧɫɤ ɭ XII – |
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XIII ɫɬɫɬ. ɦɟʆ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɟ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɺɣ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɣ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɿ. |
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Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɉɿɧɫɤ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɚɯ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ Ɍɭɪɚɜɚ. |
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ɉɪɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɥɚɞ ɭ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɟ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ɡɜɟɫɬɚɤ |
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ɦɚɥɚ ɿ ɹɧɵ ɧɚɞɬɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɹ. ȼɟɥɶɦɿ ɜɟɪɚɝɨɞɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ʆ Ɍɭɪɚɜɟ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ |
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ɜɟɱɚ. ɉɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɹ «ɀɵɰɿɹ Ʉɿɪɵɥɵ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ», ɺɧ ɫɬɚʆ ɟɩɿɫɤɚɩɚɦ |
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ɩɚ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɟ ɤɧɹɡɹ «ɿ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɬɚɝɨ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ». 3 ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɟ, ɲɬɨ ɝɚɪɚɞɠɚɧɟ ʆ |
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Ɍɭɪɚɜɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɝɨɥɚɫɭ, ɤɚɥɿ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɟ ɟɩɿɫɤɚɩɚ. |
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Ɏɚɤɬ ɰɿɤɚɜɵ ɹɲɱɷ |
ɿ ɬɚɦɭ. |
ɲɬɨ ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɟɩɿɫɤɚɩ |
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚʆɫɹ |
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ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿɦ |
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ɦɿɬɪɚɩɚɥɿɬɚɦ. |
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ɍ Ɍɭɪɚɜɟ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɚɫɚɞɚ ɬɵɫɹɰɤɚɝɚ. |
Ɍɵɫɹɰɤɿ |
ʆɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɜɚʆ |
ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ |
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ɩɨɥɤ (ɚɩɚɥɱɷɧɧɟ). Ɂɧɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɝɨɪɚɞɡɟйɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɿ ɩɚɫɚɞɧɿɤɚ, |
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ɚɤɪɚɦɹ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɚ |
ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ, |
ɡ'ɹɜɚ ɧɟɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ. Ⱥɛ |
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ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɫɚɞɧɿɤɚ ʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɡɜɟɫɬɚɤ ɧɹɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɟ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɚɛ |
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ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɹɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ ʆ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɟ. |
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ɍ ɰɟɫɧɚɣ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ Ɍɭɪɚɜɚɦ ɿ Ʉɿɟɜɚɦ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɵ ɝɨɪɚɞ Ȼɹɪɷɫɰɟ. 3 |
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ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ |
ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɹ |
Ȼɹɪɷɫɰɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹɝɚ |
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ɉɚɛɭɠɠɚ. Ɍɭɬ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ Ʉɨɛɪɵɧ, Ʉɚɦɹɧɟɰ, Ⱦɪɚɝɿɱɵɧ, Ȼɟɥɶɫɤ, Ɇɟɥɶɧɿɤ. |
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Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ, ɚɛ'ɹɞɧɚɧɚɹ ɜɚɤɨɥ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ Ȼɹɪɷɫɰɹ, ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ |
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ɞɚɜɨɥɿ ɚɞɡɿɧɭɸ ʆ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɶ. ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ |
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XII – XIII ɫɬɫɬ. ɹɧɚ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ-ȼɚɥɵɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ. |
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Ȼɹɪɷɫɰɟ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɸ. Ɏɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ʆɥɚɞɚ ʆ ɝɨɪɚɞɡɟ |
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ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɦɭ ɜɟɱɭ, ɡ ɫɿɥɚɣ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɵ ɥɿɱɵɰɰɚ ɹɤ |
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ɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɿɹ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ɤɧɹɡɿ. Ⱥɛ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɵɯ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹɯ «ɛɟɪɚɫɰɹɧ» |
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ɧɟɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɚ ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɥɹɟ ȱɩɚɰɶɟʆɫɤɿ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫ. Ȼɹɪɷɫɰɟ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɪɨɥɸ |
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ɮɚɪɩɨɫɬɚ ʆ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɟ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɵɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɭɫɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ. Ʉɚɥɿ ʆ 1229 ɝɨɞɡɟ |
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еɩɚɞ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ ɡ'ɹɜɿʆɫɹ ɚɬɪɚɞ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ, «ɛɟɪɚɫɰɹɧɟ» ɫɭɦɟɫɧɚ ɡ ɩɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ |
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ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚɦ ɪɚɡɛɿɥɿ ɹɝɨ. ɍ 1282 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɞɪɭɠɵɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ȼɚɥɹɫɥɚɜɚ |
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ɡɚɧɹɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ Ȼɹɪɷɫɰɹ 10 ɫɺɥ. ɀɵɯɚɪɵ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɜɚɹɜɨɞɚɦ ɐɿɬɚɦ ɞɚɥɿ |
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ɚɞɩɨɪ ɩɪɵɲɷɥɶɰɚɦ ɿ ɲɦɚɬ ɜɨɿɧɚʆ ɭɡɹɥɿ ʆ ɩɚɥɨɧ.
ɍ 1287 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɘɪɵɣ Ʌɶɜɨɜɿɱ ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɬɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɚɦɨʆ ɡ ɛɚɹɪɚɦɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɚɛɹɰɚɧɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ ɺɧ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɡɚɩɪɨɲɚɧɵ ʆ
42
DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
Ȼɹɪɷɫɰɟ. ɘɪɵɣ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɤɧɹɠɵɰɶ ɭ ɝɨɪɚɞɡɟ, ɚɥɟ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɵ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɷɬɷɧɡɿɣ Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚɜɚ ȼɚɫɿɥɶɤɚɜɿɱɚ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɤɧɹɠɚɧɧɟ.
3.2. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɩɟɪɲɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ-ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚʆ
Ƚɚɥɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɝɚɥɿɧɚɦɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɭ ɏ – Уɏɒ ɫɬɫɬ. ɛɵɥɿ ɡɟɦɥɹɪɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɠɵɜɺɥɚɝɚɞɨʆɥɹ. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɵɥɚɞɚɦɿ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɤɿТɝɥɟɛɵ ʆ
ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɫɚɯɚ ɿ ɪɚɥɚ, ɚ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɵɦɿ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɦɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɦɿ – ɩɲɚɧɿɰɚ, ɩɪɨɫɚ, ɹɱɦɟɧɶ, ɠɵɬɚ, ɛɚɛɵ, ɪɷɩɚ ɿ ɝ.ɞ. Ɋɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɡɟɦɥɹɪɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɿɲɥɨ ɚɞ ɩɚɞɫɟɱɧɚ – ɚɝɧɹɜɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɜɨɪɵʆɧɚɝɚ.Н
Ɂɦɟɧɵ ʆ ɡɟɦɥɹɪɨɛɫɬɜɟ ɩɪɵɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɞɚ ɡɦɟɧ ɭ ɠɵɰɰɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ. ȼɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɩɚɬɪɵɹɪɯɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɟɦ’ɿ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɹɰɰɚБɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɹ. ɐɹɩɟɪ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɡɹɦɥɸ ɿ ɡɛɿɪɚɰɶ ɭɪɚɞɠɚɣ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɿɥɚɦɿ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɜɹɥɿɤɚɣ
ɫɹɦ’ɿ. ɋɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɹ ɫɟɦ’ɿ ɫɹɥɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɟɜɹɥɿɤɿɦɿ ɫɺɥɚɦɿ (ɜɟɫɹɦɿ). ɐɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿɯ ɜɟɫɹʆ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɟ ɫɹɥɨ – ɩɚɝɨɫɬ. ɀɵɥɥɺɦ ɫɥɭɠɵɥɿ ɡɪɭɛɵ ɰɿ ɩɚʆɡɹɦɥɹɧɤɿ ɡ
ɝɥɿɧɚɛɿɬɧɵɦɿ ɩɟɱɚɦɿ, ɹɤɿɹ |
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ɜɵɬɚɩɥɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚ-ɱɨɪɧɚɦɭ. Ɂɟɦɥɹɪɨɛɱɚɟ |
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ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɚ ʆ ɚɛɲɱɵɧɵ, ɹɤɿɹ |
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ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ “ɜɟɪɜ”, “ɝɪɚɦɚɞɚ”. ɋɟɥɶɫɤɿɹ йɚɛɲɱɵɧɵ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ ɜɨɪɧɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ ɿ |
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ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɡ ɭɫɿɯ ɫɟɦ’ɹʆ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿɯ ɜɺɫɚɤ. ɍ ɿɯ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ |
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ɚɛɲɱɵɧɧɚɟ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɧɧɟ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ ɡ ɿɧɞɵɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ. |
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ɇɚ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɩɨɥɸɫɟ ɪɚɧɧɟɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɿ |
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ɮɟɚɞɚɥɵ-ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɿ. ɍɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚɦ ɭɫɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɥɿɱɵʆɫɹ ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ. Ɂɚ |
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ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɿɦɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɥɚɰɿɰɶ ɤɧɹɡɸ ɞɚɧɿɧɭ |
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ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɚɦɿ (ɡɛɨɠɠɚɦ, ɦɺɞɚɦ, ɮɭɬɪɚɦ ɿ ɿɧɲ.). Ɂɛɨɪ ɞɚɧɿɧɵ ɧɚɡɵɜɚʆɫɹ |
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ɭɡɧɿɤɚɸɰɶ |
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ |
ɜɿɞɵ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ |
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ɩɚɥɸɞɞɡɟɦ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ |
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ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ: ɤɧɹɠɚɰɤɚɟ, ɛɚɹɪɫɤɚɟ ɿ ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɚɟ. Ɏɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ |
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ɛɵɥɨ ɜɨɬɱɵɧɧɵɦ ɿ |
ɩɚɦɟɫɧɵɦ. Ɂɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɹ |
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ɚɛɲɱɵɧɚ ɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ. |
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Ɂ ɰɹɝɚɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɧɚ ɡɹɦɥɸ ɩɚɲɵɪɚɥɚɫɹ. ɍɜɟɫɶ |
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ɜɵɜɭɱɚɟɦɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɵ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ɦɚɤɫɿɦɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɷɧɬɪɚɰɵɿ ʆ ɫɜɚɿɯ |
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ɪɭɤɚɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɮɨɧɞɭ. ɉɚ ɦɟɪɵ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ ɞɨɥɹ |
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ɚɛɲɱɵɧɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɚ ɡɦɹɧɲɚɥɚɫɹ. |
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еɁɚɤɚɛɚɥɟɧɧɸ |
ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɝɚ |
ɫɹɥɹɧɫɬɜɚ |
ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ |
ɤɧɹɠɚɰɤɿɹ ɞɚɧɿɧɵ, |
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ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɧɟʆɪɚɞɠɚɣɧɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɡɛɹɞɧɟɥɵɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ ɬɪɚɩɥɹɥɿ ʆ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ. Ⱥɛɲɱɵɧɧɵɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɿɫɹ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɸ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɚ, ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɚɛɨ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ.
ɉɿɫɶɦɨɜɵɹ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ XI – XII ɫɬɫɬ. ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɰɶ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɤɚɬɷɝɨɪɵɿ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɿɱɵ, ɯɚɥɨɩɵ, ɿɡɝɨɿ, ɱɷɥɹɞɡɶ ɿ ɿɧɲ.
43
DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
Ɂɚɥɟɠɧɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɚɟ ɩɪɵɧɿɠɚɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɥɟɫɜɿɰɵ.
Ɋɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɚɞɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ. Ɇɟɫɰɚɦɿ ɤɚɧɰɷɧɬɪɚɰɵɿ ɝɷɬɵɯ
ɜɿɞɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ. əɧɵ |
ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ |
ɧɚ |
ɛɟɪɚɝɚɯ ɪɷɤ, ɧɚ |
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ɫɤɪɵɠɚɜɚɧɧɿ |
ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɵɯ |
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ɲɥɹɯɨʆ ɿ ɝ. ɞ. ɑɚɫɰɟɣ ɡɚ |
ʆɫɺ |
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ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɿ ɹɧɵ ɡ |
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ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɦɤɚ, ɹɤɿ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹʆɫɹ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɝɚ |
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ɠɵɰɰɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɚ ɩɚ ɜɨɥɿ |
ɤɧɹɡɺʆ – ɝɷɬɚ Ƚɪɨɞɧɚ, Ɂɚɫɥɚʆɟ, |
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Ɇɿɧɫɤ ɿ ɿɧɲ. |
əɧɵ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɜɚɟɧɧɚ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɦɿ, |
ɚɛɨ ɩɚɝɪɚɧɿɱɧɵɦɿ |
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ɤɪɷɩɚɫɰɹɦɿ. |
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Ƚɨɪɚɞ ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆɫɹ ɡ “ɞɡɹɞɡɿɧɰɚ” – ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ |
ɫɰɟɧɚɦɿ ɿ ɜɚɥɚɦɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚ |
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ɝɨɪɚɞɚ ɿ “ɩɚɫɚɞɚ” – ɩɚɫɟɥɿɲɱɚ ɪɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ ɿ ɝɚɧɞɥɹɪɨʆ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɦ |
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ɦɟɫɰɚɦ ɛɵʆ ɪɵɧɚɤ – “ɬɨɪɝ”. |
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ɉɟɪɲɵɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɵɦ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ ɩɚ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɥɿɱɵɰɰɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ. |
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ɍ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɿɬɵɦ |
ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɟ |
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“Ⱥɩɨɜɟɫɰɶ ɦɿɧɭɥɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ” ɺɧ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɩɚɞ |
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862 ɝɨɞɚɦ. |
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ɍ ɏȱ – |
ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɫɬ. |
ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɹ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɦɟɥɚ |
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ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ, ɫɩɚɥɭɱɚɥɚ ɡɚɧɹɬɚɤйɪɚɦɹɫɬɜɨɦ, ɝɚɧɞɥɟɦ, ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚɦɿ. |
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Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɵ ɪɨɫɤɜɿɬ ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜɚ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ʆ ɏȱȱ – ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɫɬ. |
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ȼɹɞɭɱɚɹ |
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ɪɨɥɹ ʆ ɿɦ |
ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɤɚɜɚɥɶɫɬɜɭ, ɛɨ ɹɧɨ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚɥɚ ʆɫɿɦɿ |
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ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɵɥɚɞɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɚɫɬɚɬɧɿɹ ɜɿɞɵ ɪɚɦɺɫɬɜɚʆ. ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ |
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ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɵɦɿ ɪɚɦɺɫɬɜɚɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɝɚɧɱɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɤɚ ɞɪɚʆɧɿɧɵ, ɹɤɿɹ |
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ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚɥɿ |
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ɩɨɩɵɬ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. Ⱦɚ |
ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɤɿ ɞɪɷɜɚ ɛɥɿɡɤɿɦɿ |
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ɲɬɨɞɡɺɧɧɵ |
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ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɪɚɛɵ ɡ ɤɨɫɰɿ. ȼɹɥɿɤɚɹ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɚ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɰɵ ɫɤɭɪɵ, ɡ ɹɤɨɣ ɲɵɥɿ ɚɛɭɬɚɤ ɿ ɿɧɲз. Ⱦɚɜɨɥɿ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɵɦ ɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɿ ɸɜɟɥɿɪɧɚɟ ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜɨо. ɘɜɟɥɿɪɵ ɜɵɪɚɛɥɹɥɿ ɲɵɪɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɵɹ ʆ ɬɵɹ ɱɚɫɵ
ʆɩɪɵɝɨɠɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɤɚɥɹɪɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɚʆ (ɫɤɪɨɧɟɜɵɹ ɤɨɥɶɰɵ, ɛɪɚɧɡɚɥɟɬɵ, ɩɹɪɫɰɺɧɤɿ ɿ ɝп.ɞ.).
ɉɚɦɿɠ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɦɿ ɜɺʆɫɹ ɞɚɜɨɥɿ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɵ ɝɚɧɞɚɥɶ. Ʉɭɩɰɵ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ еɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɵɹ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɡ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɦɿ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɡ ɞɚɥɺɤɿɦɿ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ. ȼɹɞɨɦɵɹ Рɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɡ ȼɿɡɚɧɬɵɹɣ, Ȼɥɿɡɤɿɦ ɍɫɯɨɞɚɦ, ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹɣ Ⱥɡɿɹɣ, ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɿɦɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɦɿ, ɚɛ ɱɵɦ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɫɤɚɪɛɵ, ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɦɚɧɟɬɵ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɚɪɯɟɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɹ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɤɿ (ɩɚɰɟɪɤɿ, ɩɹɪɫɰɺɧɤɿ, ɪɷɲɬɤɿ ɲɤɥɹɧɨɝɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɿ ɿɧɲ). ɉɪɚɡ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɜɨɞɧɵ ɲɥɹɯ “ɡ ɜɚɪɚɝ ɭ ɝɪɷɤɿ”. Ɂ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɵ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɞɚɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɿ ɜɿɧɨ, ɫɩɟɰɵɿ, ɮɚɪɛɵ, ɲɤɥɹɧɵ ɩɨɫɭɞ, ɞɚɪɚɝɿɹ ɬɤɚɧɿɧɵ, ɭɩɪɵɝɨɠɚɧɧɿ. Ɂ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ
ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɜɵɜɨɡɿɥɿ ɮɭɬɪɚ, ɜɨɫɤ, ɦɺɞ ɿ ɿɧɲ.
Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɞɚɞɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ, ɚɩɪɚɱɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ, ɪɚɦɺɫɬɜɚʆ ɿ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ, ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ (ɹɤ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɟ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ) ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚɫɹ
44
DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚɦɿ. ɋɚɦɵɦɿ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɵɦɿ ɡ ɿɯ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɪɵɛɚɥɨʆɫɬɜɚ. əɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ, ɩɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɿ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ, ɪɚɡɦɹɲɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɥɹɫɨʆ ɿ ɩɚ ɛɟɪɟɝɚɯ ɪɷɤ, ɞɡɟ ɜɚɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɲɦɚɬ ɡɜɹɪɨʆ ɿ ɪɵɛɵ. ɉɪɵ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɤɚɯ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɚɝɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɹɰɶ ɲɦɚɬ ɤɚɫɰɟɣ ɪɵɛ ɿ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɠɵɜɺɥ, ɹɤ ɥɨɫɶ, ɚɥɟɧɶ, ɞɡɿɤ, ɡɭɛɪ ɿ ɿɧɲ.
ɇɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚɫɹ |
ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɛɨɪɚɦ ɝɪɵɛɨʆ, |
ɹɝɚɞ ɿ |
ɿɧɲ. ɒɤɚɪɥɭɩɿɧɵ |
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ɥɹɫɧɵɯ ɚɪɷɯɚʆ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɸɰɰɚ ʆ ɚɪɯɟɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɧɿɤɚɯ. |
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Ɂɧɚɱɧɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚʆ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ɛɨɪɬɧɿɰɬɜɚ. əɧɨ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɟ |
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ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɦɺɞ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɧɵ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬ – ɜɨɫɤ. |
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ɋɚɦɵɦɿ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɵɦɿ |
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ɯɚɬɧɿɦɿ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɚɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɿ |
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ɬɤɚɰɬɜɚ, ɛɟɡ ɹɤɿɯ ɧɚɨɝɭɥ ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ʆɹɜɿɰɶ ɠɵɰɰɺ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɜɟɱɧɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ. |
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ɉɚʆɫɸɞɧɚ ɩɪɚɥɿ ɥɺɧ ɿ ɲɷɪɫɰɶ, ɡ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɵɯ ɧɿɬɚɤ ɜɵɪɚɛɥɹɥɿ ɬɤɚɧɿɧɵ. |
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Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɪɚɧɧɟɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ |
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ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ |
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ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ |
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(ɏ – ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɫɬ.) ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɚɜɚʆɫɹ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟɦ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɚɣ |
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ɭɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɡ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɚɞɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜɚ ɚɞ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ |
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ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ, ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺɦ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ, ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚʆ ɿ ɪɨɫɬɚɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ. |
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3.3. Ɏɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɶ. Ȼɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɡ ɤɪɵɠɚɰɤɚɣ ɚɝɪɷɫɿɹɣ ɿ |
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ɧɚɛɟɝɚɦɿ ɬɚɬɚɪɚ-ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚʆ |
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ɉɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɍɫɹɫɥɚɜɚ ɑɚɪɚɞɡɟɹ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɟ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ |
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ɲɷɪɚɝ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚʆ. ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɏȱ – ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ɏȱȱ ɫɬɫɬ. ɭɡɧɿɤɥɿ |
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Ɇɟɧɫɤɚɟ, ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɟ, Ⱦɪɭɰɤɚɟ, Ʌɚɝɨɣɫɤɚɟ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɵ. ɍ ɲɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɿɯ |
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ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɭ. |
Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, |
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ɤɧɹɠɵɥɿ ɫɵɧɵ ɍɫɹɫɥɚɜɚ, ɹɤɿɹ ɜɹɥɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɚɛɨɣ |
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ɧɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱȱ ɫɬ. ɭ |
ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɣ |
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ɡɚɤɚɧɚɦɟɪɧɵɦ |
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ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɿ. Ɏɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɶ ɛɵɥɚ, ɞɚɪɷɱɵ, |
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ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚɦ, ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚɦ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɿʆɧɵɦ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ |
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ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ. Ɍɚɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɜɚ ʆɫɺɣ |
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ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɵ |
ɡ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵɦɿ |
ɫɟɧɶɺɪɚɦɿ ɧɚ |
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Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ. ɋɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɵɹ |
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ɱɚɥɟ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ ȱɬɚɥɿɿ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ, ɇɹɦɟɱɱɵɧɟ ɿ ɿɧɲ.
еɉɨɥɚɰɤ ɩɚ-ɪɚɧɟɣɲɚɦɭ ɥɿɱɵʆɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɿ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɚ- Рɪɚɦɟɫɧɵɦ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ. ɉɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɥɸ ɥɿɞɷɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɩɚɱɚɥɨ ɜɵɥɭɱɚɰɰɚ Ɇɟɧɫɤɚɟ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɟɧɫɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ Ƚɥɟɛ, ɩɚɫɬɚɜɿʆɲɵ ɦɷɬɭ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɹ ɦɟɠɚʆ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ, ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟ ʆ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚɹɧɧɟ ɡ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚɦ
Ɇɚɧɚɦɚɯɚɦ.
ɉɚɞɱɚɫ ɩɚɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɵ ɡɟɦɥɿ ʆ 1119 ɝɨɞɡɟ Ɇɚɧɚɦɚɯ ɡɚɯɚɩɿʆ Ɇɟɧɫɤ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɝɨɪɚɞ ɛɵʆ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɧɵ ɞɚ Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɚɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ ɏȱȱ – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɫɬ. Ƚɥɟɛ ɍɫɹɫɥɚɜɿɱ, ɬɪɚɩɿʆɲɵ ʆ ɩɚɥɨɧ, ɛɵʆ ɜɵɜɟɡɟɧɵ ʆ Ʉɿɟʆ, ɞɡɟ ɿ ɩɚɦɺɪ.
45
DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
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Ʌɟɬɚɩɿɫɵ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɠɵɜɚɥɿ ʆ |
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ɏȱȱ – ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɫɬ. ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ. Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɡɹɦɥɹ, ɹɤɚɹ ɧɚɛɵɥɚ |
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ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɱɚɫ ɤɧɹɠɚɧɧɹ ɘɪɵɹ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚ, ɩɚɞɡɹɥɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɟ, |
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ɉɿɧɫɤɚɟ, Ʉɥɟɰɤɚɟ, ɋɥɭɰɤɚɟ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɿɰɤɚɟ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɵ. ɉɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɹɧɵ ɬɪɚɩɿɥɿ ɩɚɞ |
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ɭɩɥɵʆ Ʉɿɟɜɚ ɿ Ƚɚɥɿɰɤɚ-ȼɚɥɵɧɫɤɚɣ Ɋɭɫɿ. |
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ɍɫɯɨɞɧɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɧɚɲɚɣ Ȼɚɰɶɤɚʆɲɱɵɧɵ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɫɹ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ |
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ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ – ɝɷɬɚ Ɉɪɲɚ, Ʉɨɩɵɫɶ, Ʉɪɵɱɚʆ, Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚʆ ɿ ɿɧɲ. Ɍɪɚɩɥɹɥɿ |
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ɹɧɵ ɿ ʆ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɞ Ɇɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɡɧɨʆ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ |
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ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɭ. ɍ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɱɚɪɧɿɝɚʆɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɛɵɥɿ Ƚɨɦɟɥɶ, ɑɚɱɷɪɫɤ ɿ |
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Ɋɷɱɵɰɚ. Ɇɚɡɵɪɫɤɚɹ ɿ Ȼɪɚɝɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɥɿ Ʉɿɟɜɭ. |
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ɍ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ ɰɹɱɷɧɧɿ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɝɚ Ȼɭɝɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ Ȼɟɪɚɫɰɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɡɹɦɥɹ. |
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əɟ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɦɿ ʆ ɏȱ – ɏȱȱ ɫɬɫɬ. ɛɵɥɿ Ȼɹɪɷɫɰɟ, Ʉɨɛɪɵɧ, Ʉɚɦɹɧɟɰ ɿ ɿɧɲ. |
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ɋɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɹɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɫɮɟɪɵ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɜɚɥɵɧɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ, ɩɷʆɧɵ ɱɚɫ |
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(ɤɚɧɟɰ ɏȱ – ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɚ ɏȱȱ ɫɬɫɬ.) – ɩɚɞ ɭɥɚɞɚɣ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥ ʆ ɜɟɪɯɧɿɦ |
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ɿ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ |
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ɉɚɧɹɦɨɧɧɿ |
ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱȱ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ʆɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɟ |
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ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɫɜɚɺ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ ɇɚɜɚɝɚɪɨɞɚɤ, ɋɥɨɧɿɦ, |
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ȼɚʆɤɚɜɵɫɤ, ɩɪɚɡ ɹɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɥɹɝɚɥɿ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɵɹ ɲɥɹɯɿ ʆ ɉɪɵɛɚɥɬɵɤɭ. |
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ɇɚɜɚɝɚɪɨɞɫɤɚɟ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ, ɹɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɣɧɚɟй, ʆɡɧɿɤɥɚ, ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ, ɩɚɡɧɟɣ. |
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ɇɚɜɚɝɚɪɨɞɫɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɍɫɹɫɥɚʆ ɭɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ɩɪɵɝɚɞɜɚɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ |
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1235 ɝɨɞɡɟ. |
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Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɩɟɪɲɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ, ɹɤɚɹ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɚ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɭ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɿɦ ɿ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚɯ, ɩɚɰɹɪɩɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ɏȱȱ – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɫɬ. |
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ɞɪɚɛɥɟɧɧɟ ɿ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɪɨɞɭ ɫɬɚɪɬɚɜɚɣ ɩɥɹɰɨʆɤɚɣ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɧɫɚɥɿɞɚɰɵɿ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɿ |
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ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɝɟɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵɯ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɜɵɫɨɤɿɦ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɿ – ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ |
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ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ. |
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Ɂɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ʆ ɏ – ɏȱ ɫɬɫɬ. ɩɚɞɦɭɪɤɿ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɡɟɦɥɿ |
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ɫɬɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɚɣ ɬɚɝɨ, ɲɬɨ ʆ ɏȱȱ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɹɧɚ ɩɚɫɩɹɯɨɜɚ ɚɞɫɬɨɣɜɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɟ |
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ɦɟɠɵ. ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɧɚɲɵ ɩɪɨɞɤɿ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɭ |
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ʆɫɯɨɞɧɟɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɯ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚʆ, ɭɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɭ ɰɹɠɤɭɸ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɭ ɡ ɤɪɵɠɚɤɚɦɿ. |
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Ʉɪɵɠɨɜɵ ɩɚɯɨɞ |
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ɝɟɪɦɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɪɵɰɚɪɚʆ ɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ |
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ɫɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ ʆ ɉɪɵɛɚɥɬɵɤɭ, ɞɡɟ ʆ 1201 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɚ |
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Ɋɵɝɚ. Ɋɵɰɚɪɵ-ɦɟɱɚɧɨɫɰɵ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɡɧɿɲɱɵɥɿ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɵ ɥɿɜɚʆ, ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɿ |
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еɠɚɦɨɣɬɚɦ ɿ |
ɥɚɬɝɚɥɚɦ. |
Ⱦɥɹ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɣ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɿ ɪɵɰɚɪɵ ɛɭɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɧɟɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ |
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ɦɭɪɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɤɪɷɩɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɩɪɚɫɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆɜɟɪɯ ɩɚ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ⱦɡɜɿɧɟ, ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɸɱɵ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ.
Ɂɞɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ɬɚɤ, ɲɬɨ ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧɟ ɩɟɪɲɵɦɿ ɡ ɭɫɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɫɭɬɵɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɡ ɤɪɵɠɚɤɚɦɿ. Ⱥɬɪɚɞɵ ɡ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɞɚɩɚɦɚɝɚɥɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɭ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɯ Ʌɚɬɜɿɿ ɿ ɗɫɬɨɧɿɿ ɚɞɛɿɜɚɰɶ ɧɚɩɚɞɵ ɪɵɰɚɪɚʆ-ɬɷʆɬɨɧɚʆ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɪɭɠɵɧɵ
46
DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ ɥɟɬɚɦ 1203 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɫɚɞɡɿɥɿ ɞɡɜɟ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɹ ɤɪɷɩɚɫɰɿ Ƚɨɥɶɦ ɿ ɍɤɫɤɭɥɶ, ɚɥɟ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɭ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ.
ɍ 1205 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɪɵɰɚɪɵ ɫɚɛɪɚɥɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɫɿɥɵ ɿ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞ, ɩɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɹɧɵ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɚɥɿ ɿ ɡɧɿɲɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɩɚɠɚɪɚɯ ɭɫɺ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɲɥɹɯɭ. Ʉɚɛ
ɫɩɵɧɿɰɶ ɩɪɚɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɤɪɵɠɚɤɨʆ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɟ ɡɟɦɥɿ, ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪ ɭ |
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1206 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɡɧɨʆ ɚɫɚɞɡɿʆ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿ ɡɚɦɚɤ Ƚɨɥɶɦ, ɹɤɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ ʆ ɧɿɠɧɿɦ |
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ɰɹɱɷɧɧɿ ɪ. Ⱦɚʆɝɚɜɵ. ɍɡɹɰɶ ɤɪɷɩɚɫɰɶ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɹ ɞɪɭɠɵɧɵ ɧɟ ɡɦɚɝɥɿ. |
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Ɍɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɭ 1208 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɹ ɪɵɰɚɪɵ ɚɫɚɞɡɿɥɿ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿ ɮɚɪɩɨɫɬ ʆ |
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ɧɿɡɨʆɹɯ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ⱦɡɜɿɧɵ – ɝɨɪɚɞ Ʉɭɤɟɧɨɣɫ. Ⱥɛɚɪɨɧɰɵ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ ȼɹɱɤɚɣ ɦɭɠɧɚ ɚɞɛɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɚɞ ɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɤɚʆ. Ⱥɥɟ Нɫɿɥɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɹɪɨʆɧɵɹ.
ȼɹɱɤɚ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɵ ɛɵʆ ɫɩɚɥɿɰɶ ɝɨɪɚɞ ɿ ɡ ɞɪɭɠɵɧɚɣ ɭ 200 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɩɚɤɿɧɭʆ ɫɜɚɟ ɡɟɦɥɿ. ɉɪɚɡ ɝɨɞ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɥɺɫ ɧɚɩɚɬɤɚʆ ɝɨɪɚɞ ɄɭɤɷɣɧɚɫБ.
ɍ 1210 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɪɵɠɫɤɿɦ ɟɩɿɫɤɚɩɚɦ Ⱥɥɶɛɟɪɬɚɦ ɿ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ
ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚɦ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵ ɦɿɪɧɵ ɞɚɝɚɜɨɪ. ɉɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɝɨ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚʆ ɫɜɚɺ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɟ ɞɚɧɿɧɵ ɡ ɥɿɜɚʆ. ɉɪɚɡ ɞɜɚ ɝɚɞɵ ɚɞɛɵɥɿɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɹ
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ɩɟɪɚɝɚɜɨɪɵ. ɇɚ ɿɯ ɤɪɵɠɚɤɿ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɚɞɦɨɜɿɰɰɚ ɚɞ ɇɿɠɧɹɝɚ |
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ɉɚɞɡɜɿɧɧɹ, ɲɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɥɹ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ |
ɰɹɠɤɚɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɚɣ. Ⱦɚɦɨɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɹɲɱɷ ɚɛ ɬɵɦ, |
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ɲɬɨ ɤɭɩɰɚɦ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɵ ɲɥɹɯйɩɚ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ Ⱦɡɜɿɧɟ. Ⱥɥɟ ɪɵɰɚɪɵ |
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ɩɚɪɭɲɵɥɿ ɩɚɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɟ ɿ ʆɜɚɪɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɷɫɬɚʆ. |
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ɍ 1216 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧɟ ɫɭɦɟɫɧɚ ɡ ɷɫɬɚɦɿ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦɿ ɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ |
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ɫɭɦɟɫɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɤɪɵɠɚɤɨʆ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɭ ɞɡɟɧɶ ɚɞɩɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ |
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ɤɧɹɡɶ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪ ɪɚɩɬɨʆɧɚ ɩɚɦɺɪ ɿ ɩɚɯɨɞ ɧɟ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ. |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤ, ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɡ ɭɫɯɨɞɧɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɭɫɬɭɩɿʆɲɵ ʆ |
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ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚɹɧɧɟ ɡ ɤɪɵɠɚɤɚɦɿ, ɫɚɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɿɦ ɜɭɫɰɟ Ⱦɡɜɿɧɵ ɿ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ, ɚɞɧɚɤ ɦɟɠɵзɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɚɛɚɪɚɧɿʆ. Ɂ ɰɹɝɚɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧɚɦɿ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɉɫɤɨɜɚɦоɿ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɚɦ ɛɵʆ ɭɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɵ ɚɧɬɵɤɪɵɠɚɰɤɿ ɮɪɨɧɬ, ɿ
əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚɦ (ɇɟʆɫɤɿɦ) ɧɚ ɪɚɤɟ ɇɹɜɟ ʆ 1240 ɝɨɞɡɟ, ɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɫɥɚɜɿʆɫɹ ɫɜɚɺɣ еɚɞɜɚɝɚɣ əɤɚʆ ɉɚɥɚɱɚɧɿɧ. Ⱥ ʆ ɛɿɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɥɺɞɡɟ ɑɭɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɨɡɟɪɚ ʆ 1242 ɝɨɞɡɟ РȺɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪ ɭɲɱɷɧɬ ɪɚɡɛɿʆ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɤɪɵɠɚɤɨʆ. ɍɫɟ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɡɞɚɪɷɧɧɿ ɩɪɵɩɵɧɿɥɿ
ɪɵɰɚɪɵ ɧɟ ɡɦɚɝɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɧɟɫɰɿ ɫɜɚɸ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɸ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ. ȼɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɝɷɬɵɯпɩɚɞɡɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɿɬɜɚ ɧɚʆɝɚɪɨɞɰɚʆ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚɦ
ɪɭɯ ɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɤɚʆ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɤɚɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɤɚʆ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚɬɚɬɚɪɵ. ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ʆ ɫɬɷɩɚɯ ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ Ⱥɡɿɿ ɫɤɥɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɨɰɧɚɹ ɦɚɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɥɚɫɚ ɡɚɜɚɹɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚʆ, ɹɤɚɹ ɡɚɤɪɚɧɭɥɚ ʆɫɸ Ⱥɡɿɸ ɿ ɦɧɨɝɿɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ.
ɍɧɭɤ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɥɶɧɿɤɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɑɵɧɝɿɫɯɚɧɚ – Ȼɚɬɵɣ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɡɚɜɚɺʆɧɿɰɤɿ ɩɚɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɚɞ. Ɂɿɦɨɣ 1237 – 1238 ɝɝ. ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚ-ɬɚɬɚɪɵ ɡɚɯɚɩɿɥɿ ɿ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ
47
DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
Ɋɚɡɚɧɶ, Ʉɚɥɨɦɧɭ, Ɇɚɫɤɜɭ ɿ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪ. ɍ ɛɿɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɤɟ ɋɿɰɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɪɚɡɛɿɬɵ |
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ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ. |
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ɍ 1238 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɤɿ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɧɚɱ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɞɚɣɲɥɿ ɞɚ |
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ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɚ ɿ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚ ɿ ɱɚɦɭɫɶɰɿ ɩɚɜɹɪɧɭɥɿ |
ɧɚɡɚɞ ɭ ɫɬɷɩɵ. ɍɠɨ ɡɿɦɨɣ |
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1239 ɝɨɞɚ ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚ-ɬɚɬɚɪɵ ʆɜɚɪɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ, ɡɧɿɲɱɚɸɱɵ ʆɫɺ |
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ɧɚ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɲɥɹɯɭ. |
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ɇɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɣ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚɣ ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ |
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ɡɧɹɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ʆ 1239-1240 ɝɝ., ɡɚɜɚɺʆɧɿɤɿ ɩɚɜɹɪɧɭɥɿ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɞɡɟɧɶ. əɧɵ |
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ɩɪɚɣɲɥɿ ɩɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɑɚɪɧɿɝɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɹɤɨɣ ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɚ- |
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ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿɹ ɪɚɺɧɵ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ȼɟɪɚɝɨɞɧɚ, ɬɚɞɵ ɛɵʆ ɡɧɿɲɱɚɧɵ Ƚɨɦɟɥɶ. Ⱥ |
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ʆ ȱɩɚɰɶɟʆɫɤɿɦ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɟ ɩɚɞ 1240 ɝɨɞɚɦ ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɚɛ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɷɧɧɿ Ȼɹɪɷɫɰɹ. |
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Ɍɪɷɛɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɟ ɡɜɟɞɚɥɚ |
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ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚ-ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɜɚɥɵ ʆ 1238 – 1240 ɝɝ. ɍ ɧɚɜɭɤɨʆɰɚʆ ɺɫɰɶ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɜɟɪɫɿɣ |
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ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɤɨɧɬ. Ⱥɞɧɵ ɡ ɿɯ ɥɿɱɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ Ȼɚɬɵɹ |
ɛɵɥɨ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɚ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɨɣ |
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ɡ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɚ-ɭɫɯɨɞɧɿɦɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɦɿ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚɦɿ. Ⱦɪɭɝɿɹ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɸɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɤɿ |
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ɧɟ ɯɚɰɟɥɿ ɿɫɰɿ ʆ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɥɹɫɵ ɿ ɛɚɥɨɬɵ. ȱɫɧɭɸɰɶ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɿ. Ⱥɥɟ |
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ɩɪɵɣɦɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ |
ɬɥɭɦɚɱɷɧɧɹ, ɱɚɦɭ ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚ-ɬɚɬɚɪɵ ɚɛɦɿɧɭɥɿ ɧɚɲɵ ɡɟɦɥɿ, |
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ɩɚɤɭɥɶ ɧɟ ɿɫɧɭɟ. |
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ɝɨɞɡɟ ɦɚɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɡ ɰɹɠɤɿɦɿ ɛɚɹɦɿ ɩɪɚɣɲɥɨ ɩɚ |
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ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ |
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ɿ ɥɟɜɚɛɹɪɷɠɧɚɣ ȼɟɧɝɪɵɿ, Ɇɚɥɞɚɜɿɿ, Ɋɭɦɵɧɿɿ, ɋɥɚɜɚɤɿɿ, ɋɟɪɛɿɿ ɿ |
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ɿɧɲɵɦ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦ. ɇɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚ-ɬɚɬɚɪɚʆ, ɹɤɨɟ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɡ ɇɿɠɧɹɝɚ |
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ɉɚɜɨɥɠɠɚ, ɫɩɵɧɿɥɚɫɹ ɤɚɥɹ ɦɟɠɚʆ ȱɬɚɥɿɿ. ȼɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɡɚɯɨɩɧɿɤɚʆ |
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ʆ 1242 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɧɚɡɚɞ. |
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Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɹɤ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɠɨ ɜɵɲɷɣ ɫɤɚɡɚɧɚ, ɚɫɧɨʆɧɚɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɹ ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚ-ɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɚɦɭ ɩɚɝɪɨɦɭ ʆ 1237 – 1241 ɝɝ. ɿ |
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ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɩɚɡɛɟɝɥɿ ɹɪɦɚ Ɂɚɥɚɬɨɣ Ⱥɪɞɵ. Ⱥɥɟ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɡɧɹɜɨɥɟɧɧɹ |
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ɧɟ ɡɧɿɤɥɚ. |
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48
DZșȎȐȎ 4. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǽǼǵǻIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ȁȀǰǮǾȋǻǻdz I ǬǺǮȄǮǰǮǻǻdz ǰȍǹIǸǮDZǮ ǸǻȍǿȀǰǮ ǹIȀǼǬǿǸǮDZǮ, ǾȁǿǸǮDZǮ, ǴǮǺǼǷȄǸǮDZǮ
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 4 |
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ȿȸɊɈɉȺ ȱ ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ ɍ ɉɈɁɇȱɆ ɋəɊɗȾɇəȼȿɑɑɕ. |
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ɍɌȼȺɊɗɇɇȿ ȱ ȸɆȺɐȺȼȺɇɇȿ ȼəɅȱɄȺȽȺ ɄɇəɋɌȼȺ |
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ɅȱɌɈȸɋɄȺȽȺ, ɊɍɋɄȺȽȺ, ɀȺɆɈɃɐɄȺȽȺ |
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(ȾɊɍȽȺə ɉȺɅɈȼȺ ɏȱȱȱ – ɉȿɊɒȺə ɉȺɅɈȼȺ ɏVȱ ɫɬɫɬ.) |
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4.1. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɵ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ |
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ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ, Ɋɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɀɚɦɨɣɰɤɚɝɚ. Ʉɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ |
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ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. Ɏɟɞɷɪɚɬɵʆɧɵ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɵ |
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ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ, Ɋɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɀɚɦɨɣɰɤɚɝɚ |
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4.2. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɧɚɤɿɪɭɧɤɿ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ |
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Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ |
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4.3. Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɥɚɞ ȼɄɅ. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ |
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ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ȼɄɅ |
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4.4. Ʉɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ. Ɋɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɷɬɧɚɫɭ |
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4.1. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɵ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ |
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ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ, Ɋɭɫɤɚɝɚйɿ ɀɚɦɨɣɰɤɚɝɚ. Ʉɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ |
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ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. Ɏɟɞɷɪɚɬɵʆɧɵ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɵ |
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ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ, Ɋɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɀɚɦɨɣɰɤɚɝɚ |
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ɍ ɏȱȱȱ – ɏVȱ ɫɬɫɬ. ɤɪɚɿɧɵ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɿ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ʆɫɬɭɩɿɥɿ ʆ |
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ɫɬɚɞɵɸ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɿɡɦɚ, ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɵɦɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ |
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ɚɤɚɥɿɱɧɚɫɰɿ: ɚɫɧɨɜɭ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ |
ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɚ, ɭ ɹɤɨɣ |
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ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ; ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚ-ɝɪɚɲɨɜɵɹ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ |
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ɫɥɚɛɵɦɿ, ɚɥɟ ɡ ɰɹɝɚɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɡ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟɦ ɪɨɥɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ, ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺɦ ɪɚɦɺɫɬɜɚʆ ɿ |
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ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ɹɧɵ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɵɦɿ. Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɚɿɧ, |
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ɹɤɿɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɡ ɦɨɪɚɦ – ȱɬɚɥɿɿ, Ⱥɧɝɥɿɿ ɿ ɿɧɲ. |
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ɀɵɰɰɺ ʆɫɹɝɨ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɦɨɰɧɵɦ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ. |
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ɏɪɵɫɰɿɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚ ʆ ɚɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɜɟɬɚɩɨɝɥɹɞɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. |
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ȱɲɨʆ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ʆɬɜɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ |
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ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɣ, ɹɤ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɧɚ-ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɱɵɯ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɧɵɯ. Ɍɚɤ, |
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еɫɚɫɥɨʆɧɚ-ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɱɚɹ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɹ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɰɰɚ ʆ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɿ: ɡ 1265 ɝɨɞɚ ɬɭɬ |
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ɩɚɱɚʆ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ. ɍ ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ ɩɚɞ ɭɥɚɞɚɣ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɿ Ʉɚɩɟɬɵɧɝɚʆ. Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɿɹ ɡ ɰɹɝɚɦ ɱɚɫɭ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɦɿɠɭɫɨɛɧɚɣ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ʆɜɚɣɲɥɚ ʆ XIV ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ʆ ɫɬɚɞɵɸ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɫɰɿ. ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱȱȱ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɚ ɿ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɤɭ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɯ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɚʆ, ɭɬɜɚɪɵʆɲɵɯ ɭ ɉɪɵɛɚɥɬɵɰɵ ʆ 1237 ɝɨɞɡɟ Ɍɷʆɬɨɧɫɤɿ ɨɪɞɷɧ. Ɂ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɣ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɵ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ɤɪɵɠɚɧɨɫɰɚʆ
49
DZșȎȐȎ 4. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǽǼǵǻIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ȁȀǰǮǾȋǻǻdz I ǬǺǮȄǮǰǮǻǻdz ǰȍǹIǸǮDZǮ ǸǻȍǿȀǰǮ ǹIȀǼǬǿǸǮDZǮ, ǾȁǿǸǮDZǮ, ǴǮǺǼǷȄǸǮDZǮ
ɤɧɹɡɶ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɫɥɚʆ Ʌɚɤɟɬɤɚ ɡ 1320 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɤɬɵɜɿɡɿɪɚɜɚʆ ɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ. ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶɲɚɣ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɤɚɹ ʆɥɚɞɚ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɵ Ʉɚɡɿɦɿɪɵ ȱȱȱ ȼɹɥɿɤɿɦ (1337 – 1370 ɝɝ.). ɍ ɝɚɞɵ ɹɝɨ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɡɜɨɞɵ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ (ȼɿɫɥɿɰɤɿ, ɉɟɬɪɵɤɚʆɫɤɿ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɵ),
ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɵ ɚɩɚɪɚɬ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱥɥɟ ɡ ɰɹɝɚɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ʆ |
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ɫɚɫɥɨʆɧɚ – ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɱɭɸ ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɸ, ɞɡɟ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɭ ʆ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚɛɵɥɨ |
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ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚ – ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɟ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɟ. |
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ɇɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɟ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɹɥɚɫɹ Ɇɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ. ɉɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɹɟ |
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ʆɡɜɵɲɷɧɧɹ ɩɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɩɪɵ ȱɜɚɧɟ ȱ Ʉɚɥɿɰɟ (1325 – 1340 ɝɝ.), ɡɚɬɵɦ ɩɪɵ ɹɝɨ |
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ʆɧɭɤɭ Ⱦɡɦɿɬɪɵɿ ȱɜɚɧɚɜɿɱɭ, ɭ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɦ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɵɦ Ⱦɡɦɿɬɪɵɟɦ Ⱦɚɧɫɤɿɦ (1350 – |
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1389 ɝɝ.). |
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ɍ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɚɛɫɬɚɜɿɧɚɯ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɚ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɰɰɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ |
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Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ, Ɋɭɫɤɚɟ ɿ ɀɚɦɨɣɰɤɚɟ (ɞɚɥɟɣ ȼɄɅ). |
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ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɵ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ȼɄɅ |
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ɛɵɥɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɿ. |
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1. Ɋɚɡɜɿɰɰɟ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ, ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜɚ, ɝɚɧɞɥɸ, ɪɨɫɬ |
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ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɿ ɿɯ ɪɚɡɦɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɵɯ ɲɥɹɯɚɯ. |
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2. ɉɚɝɥɵɛɥɟɧɧɟ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɞɵɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹɰɵɿй |
ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ, ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ |
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ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɟɣ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɹɦɿ. |
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3. ɇɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɫɚ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɣ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɤɚɣ, ɹɤɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ |
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ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɯ ɮɚɤɬɚɪɚʆ ɞɥɹ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. |
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ɋɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ – ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ |
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ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚ, ɚɞ ɜɵɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɹɤɨɣ ɡɚɥɟɠɵɰɶ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɫɬɵɤɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ. ɍ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɰɵ ɿɫɧɭɸɰɶ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɬɷɚɪɷɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞɵ |
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ɞɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɵ, ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɰɶ ɚɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ |
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ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɟɣ ɧɚɜɭɤɨʆɰɚʆ ɿ ɚɞ ɝɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɪɷɚɥɿɣ. Ɋɚɡɝɥɟɞɡɿɦ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɡ |
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ɿɯ. |
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Ʉɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ “ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɚɜɚɹɜɚɧɧɹ”, ʆ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɹɤɨɣ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɹ |
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ɡɟɦɥɿ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɚɣ Ɋɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɯɨɩɥɟɧɵ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɤɧɹɡɹɦɿ ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɹ еɊɭɫɿ ɦɿɠɭɫɨɛɿɰɚɦɿ ɿ ɬɚɬɚɪɚ-ɦɚɧɝɨɥɶɫɤɿɦɿ ɡɚɜɚɹɜɚɧɧɹɦɿ. ɍɡɧɿɤɲɚɹ ʆ ɏVȱȱ Рɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ, ɹɧɚ ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ “ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɚɞɜɟɱɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ” Ɇɚɫɤɨɜɿɹɣ, ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ Ɋɚɫɿɹɣ ɚɞ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɡɚɜɚɺʆɧɿɤɚʆ. Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɧɭɸɱɚɣ ɭ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɱɚɫɵ, ɡɚɪɚɡ ɹɧɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɟɰɰɚ
ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɧɚɜɭɤɨʆɰɚɦɿ.
Ʉɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ “Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ-ɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ” ɧɟ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ ɡ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ȼɄɅ, ɚɥɟ, ɩɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ, ɿɝɧɚɪɵɪɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɹʆɧɚɫɰɶ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ȼɄɅ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɷɬɧɚɫɭ ɿ ɪɨɥɸ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɨɞɤɚʆ ɭ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ.
Ʉɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ “Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚ-ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ” ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɚ ʆ 20-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɍ. ȱɝɧɚɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ. Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ʆɩɥɵʆ, ɩɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɿ,
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