БНТУ / ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛ / ГIСТОРЫЯ БЕЛАРУСI курс лекцый

ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɏVȱȱȱ – ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɫɬ. ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɿɤɚɦɿ

ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɚʆ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɿ. əɧɵ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɲɵɪɚɰɶ ɫɜɚɟ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ,

ɬɚɦɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿ ʆ ɫɜɚɿɯ

ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɯ

ɪɨɡɧɵɹ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɹ

У

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ.

Т

ȼɨɬɱɵɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɛɹɫɩɥɚɬɧɭɸ ɫɵɪɚɜɿɧɭ

ɿ ɞɚɪɦɚɜɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɿɥɭ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ ɦɟɥɚ

ɜɹɥɿɡɚɪɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɿ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚɦɿ, ɲɬɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɥɿ ɤɭɩɰɚɦ ɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦ.

Н

Ⱥɩɨɲɧɿɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɩɥɚɱɜɚɰɶ ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɹ ʆɱɚɫɬɤɿ, ɫɵɪɚɜɿɧɭ ɿ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ

ɫɿɥɭ. Ƚɪɨɲɚɣ ɞɥɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ʆ ɿɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. ɉɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɟ ɤɭɩɰɚɦ ɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɚɦ ɭ

Б

1860 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪ ɿ 2 ɮɚɛɪɵɤɿ ɡ 76. Ʉɭɩɟɰɤɚ-

ɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɚ ɪɚɦɟɫɧɵɦɿ

ɦɚɣɫɬɷɪɧɹɦɿ ɿ ɞɪɨɛɧɚɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚɦɿ, ɹɤɿɯ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ

ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɤɚɥɹ 28 000.

и

Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ, ɭ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɱɚɫɵ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɹ

ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ: ɧɚ ɡɦɟɧɭ

ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɟ ɩɪɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɦɚɲɵɧɧɚɹ

р

ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ. ɍ 20-ɯ ɝɝ. ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɭйɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɯ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚ ɉɭɫɥɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ʆ

ɦ. ɏɨɦɫɤɭ Ʉɨɛɪɵɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɚ ɿ ɦ. Ʉɨɫɚɜɚ ɋɥɨɧɿɦɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɚɸɰɶ

о

ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɫɭɤɨɧɧɵɹ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɿ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɨɛɚɱ ɡ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɰɚɣ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɵɯ

т

ɫɹɥɹɧ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɰɰɚ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɰɚ ɧɚɺɦɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ, ɹɤɿɹ

ɚɛɫɥɭɝɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɦɚɲɵɧɵ. ɉɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɰɶ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɞɜɚ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ

и

ɤɥɚɫɵ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ: ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɹ ɿ ɩɪɚɥɟɬɚɪɵɹɬ. Ƚɷɬɚɦɭ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ

ɿ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚɟ ʆ 1852 ɝɨɞɡɟ

ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɰɷɯɚɜɵɯ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣ ɭ

з

ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ɿ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɚɯ. ɉɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɿɣ: ɰɟɫɥɹɪɵ, ɜɨɡɧɿɤɿ,

о

ɱɨɪɧɚɪɚɛɨɱɵɹ – ɦɚɝɥɿ ɧɟ ɡɚɩɿɫɜɚɰɰɚ ʆ ɰɷɯɿ. Ⱥɞɦɹɧɹɥɚɫɹ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɰɷɯɚʆ ɧɚ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɩɷʆɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ. ɑɥɟɧɚɦ ɰɷɯɚʆ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɧɚɣɦɚɰɰɚ

п

ɧɚ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɿ ɿ ɡɚɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɡ ɛɹɞɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɪɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɚɱɚʆ

ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɩɪɚɥɟɬɚɪɵɹɬ.

Р

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɚɣ. əɧɚ ɦɚɝɥɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɰɰɚ

ɞɪɨɛɧɚɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ,

ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɪɚɦɟɫɧɚɣ,

ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɸ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

(ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚɦɿ, ɧɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɥɚ ɚɞ 5 ɞɚ 16 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ). Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɭ

еɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɟɪɚɩɥɹɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ʆɤɥɚɞɵ –

ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵ ɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵ.

ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ

ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɞɥɹ ɹɟ

ɝɚɥɿɧɵ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ:

ɯɚɪɱɨɜɚɹ,

ɬɷɤɫɬɵɥɶɧɚɹ,

ɞɪɷɜɚɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɱɚɹ,

ɦɟɬɚɥɚɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɱɚɹ, ɝɚɪɛɚɪɧɚɹ, ɲɤɥɹɧɚɹ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɵɧɤɭ, ɲɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɚ ɚɞɛɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɹɟ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ. Ɋɚɡɜɿɰɰɸ

ɪɵɧɤɚɜɵɯ

ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ

ɩɚɥɹɩɲɷɧɧɟ

ɫɭɯɚɩɭɬɧɵɯ ɿ ɜɨɞɧɵɯ ɲɥɹɯɨʆ ɡɧɨɫɿɧ. ɉɚɫɤɨɪɵɥɚɫɹ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚɲɬɨɜɵɯ

ɬɪɚɤɬɚʆ, ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɿɯ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɚɫɰɶ ɩɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɤɚɥɹ 4 ɬɵɫ. ɜɺɪɫɬ. Ȼɵɥɿ

ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɵ ɰɿ ɪɷɤɚɧɫɬɪɭɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ Ȼɹɪɷɡɿɧɫɤɿ, Ⱦɧɟɩɪɚ-Ȼɭɝɫɤɿ, Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɿ

Ⱥɝɿɧɫɤɿ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ.

Ⱦɚ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ

ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ʆ

ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚ-ɝɪɚɲɨɜɵɦ

У

ɚɛɚɪɚɱɷɧɧɿ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚɥɿ ɤɿɪɦɚɲɵ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɿɯ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɤɚɥɹ

Т

270. Ȼɭɣɧɟɣɲɵɦɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɿɯ ɛɵɥɿ Ⱥɫɜɟɣɫɤɿ, Ȼɟɲɚɧɤɨɜɿɰɤɿ, Ɂɷɥɶɜɟɧɫɤɿ,

Ʉɚɧɬɪɚɤɬɚɜɵ, Ʌɸɛɟɰɤɿ ɿ Ɍɪɚɟɰɤɿ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɤɿɪɦɚɲɨɜɵ ɝɚɧɞɚɥɶ ɤ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ ɏȱɏ

ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɟ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɚɰɶ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ʆ ɤɪɚɦɚɯ ɿ ɦɚɝɚɡɿɧɚɯ.

Н

Ɂɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ɭ ɝɚɧɞɥɿ ɚɞɵɝɪɵɜɚɥɿ ɤɭɩɰɵ. əɧɵ ɫɤɭɩɥɹɥɿ ɧɚ ɤɿɪɦɚɲɚɯ ɿ

ʆ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɿɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɯ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɭɸ ɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɸ,

Б

ɥɹɫɧɵɹ ɬɚɜɚɪɵ, ɞɚɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɿ ɿɯ ɧɚ ɩɪɵɫɬɚɧɿ ɿ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ, ɜɵɜɨɡɿɥɿ ʆ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ.

Ʉɭɩɰɵ ɚɪɚɧɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ, ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɿ ɩɚɞɪɚɞɵ ɧɚ

ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɞɚɪɨɝ ɿ ɤɚɧɚɥɚʆ, ɩɚɫɬɚʆɤɭ ɜɨɣɫɤɭ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɚʆ, ɮɭɪɚɠɭ, ɫɭɤɧɚ,

ɞɪɨʆ. Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ, ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɩɚɫɬɚʆɲɱɵɤɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ɧɚ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵ ɿ

ɡɧɟɲɧɿ ɪɵɧɚɤ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɿ.

и

ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɏVȱȱȱ – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɫɬ. ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ 40 ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ, ɭ

р

ɿɯ ɩɪɚɠɵɜɚɥɚ 93 ɬɵɫ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. ɇɚ ɦɨɦɚɧɬйɚɞɦɟɧɵ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ

ɛɵɥɨ ʆɠɨ 320 ɬɵɫ.

ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. ɏɭɬɤɿ ɪɨɫɬ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ

о

ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɰɚ

ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɦɹɠɵ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ʆ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɞɟɫɹɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɿ

т

ɹʆɪɷɣɫɤɚɣ ɚɫɟɞɥɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɨɜɵɦ ɫɫɹɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɹʆɪɷɹʆ ɡ ɜɺɫɚɤ ɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ ɿ

ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɪɧɿɡɨɧɚʆ ɿ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ

ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ.

и

ɗɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɦɭ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɩɟɪɚɲɤɚɞɠɚɥɚ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɚɹ

з

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ʆɪɚɞɚ.

Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɟɣ, ɹɤɿɹ ɫɩɚɝɚɧɹɥɿɫɹ

о

ɡ ɝɚɪɚɞɠɚɧ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ, ɞɚɫɹɝɚɥɚ 40. Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɞɦɨʆɧɚ ɚɞɛɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ

ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɚʆ, ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɿ

п

ɝɚɧɞɥɸ, ɡɜɭɠɚɥɚ ɩɚɤɭɩɧɵɹ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ

ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɚɞɡɜɵɱɚɣ ɧɿɡɤɿɦɿ. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ʆ

ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɡ ɭɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɟɦ ɰɚɪɫɤɿɯ

Р

ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆ, ɩɚɥɿɰɵɿ, ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɪɧɿɡɨɧɚʆ. ɇɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɦɷɬɵ ɜɵɞɡɹɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɚɞ 50

ɞɚ 80% ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɛɸɞɠɷɬɭ. ɇɚ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɸ ɿ ɚɯɨɜɭ ɡɞɚɪɨʆɹ ɿɲɥɨ ɚɞ 1 ɞɚ 5%.

еȺɤɪɚɦɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ, ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɲɦɚɬ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɚɤ. Ʉɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɚɤ ɡ

ɛɵɥɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɵɦɿ, ɱɵɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ. Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ʆ ɿɯ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɜɨɬɱɵɧɧɵɹ

ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɵ ɿ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɿ, ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɤɿɪɦɚɲɵ.

ɉɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɏVȱȱȱ – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

ɏȱɏ ɫɬɫɬ. ɧɟ ɜɹɥɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ. Ⱥɦɚɥɶ ɭɫɹ ɜɨɪɵʆɧɚɹ ɡɹɦɥɹ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ

ʆ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɥɚɰɿɥɿ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚɦ ɱɵɧɲ. Ⱥɥɟ ɪɨɫɬ

У

ɩɨɩɵɬɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɭɸ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɸ ʆ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɿ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ

Т

Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚʆ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɣ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ. Ʉɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɚɧɬ

ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 17% ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ ɛɵɥɿ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɵ ɹɤ ɮɚɥɶɜɚɪɤɿ, ɬɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɚɧɬ ɚɞɦɟɧɵ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɚɤɿɯ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɜɵɲ 75%.

Н

ɉɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿ ɮɚɥɶɜɚɪɤɿ ɡɚ ɤɨɲɬ ɫɤɚɪɚɱɷɧɧɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɧɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ.

Б

Ⱦɥɹ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɤɿ ɮɚɥɶɜɚɪɤɚɜɵɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɹɧɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɡ ɚɛɪɨɤɚ ɧɚ

ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɭ. Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɿ ʆɪɚɞ ɧɟɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɚ ɫɩɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ

ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɵ ɞɚ ɬɪɨɯ ɞɡɺɧ ɭ ɬɵɞɡɟɧɶ: ɩɟɪɲɵ ɪɚɡ – ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɪɷɮɨɪɦ ɉɚʆɥɚ ȱ, ɞɪɭɝɿ

ɪɚɡ – ɭ ɱɚɫ ɪɷɮɨɪɦ ɉ. Ⱦ. Ʉɿɫɹɥɺɜɚ ʆ 1844 ɝɨɞɡɟ, ɚɥɟ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ

и

ɩɨɫɩɟɯɭ. ɍ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɵ ʆɠɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ 12

ɞɡɺɧ ɭ ɬɵɞɡɟɧɶ ɡ ɜɚɥɨɤɿ – 6 ɦɭɠɱɵɧɫɤɿɯ ɿ 6 ɠɚɧɨɱɵɯ ɞɡɺɧ.

р

Ɂɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɩɪɵɛɵɬɤɚʆ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆй, ɱɚɫɚɦ ɞɚ 40%, ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆ

ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɝɚɪɷɥɤɿ, ɜɵɪɚɛɥɟɧɚɣ ɧɚ ɿɯ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɯ ɜɿɧɚɤɭɪɧɹɯ. ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ. ɭ

о

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɨ 6 ɬɵɫ. ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɿɯ ɛɪɨɜɚɪɚʆ. ɍ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚɯ, ɞɡɟ ɛɵʆ ɛɪɨɜɚɪ, ɞɥɹ

т

ɫɹɥɹɧ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɩɟɰɵɮɿɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɶ. Ʉɨɠɧɵ ɫɟɥɹɧɿɧ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɤɭɩɿɰɶ

ɩɷʆɧɭɸ ɧɨɪɦɭ ɝɚɪɷɥɤɿ, ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɣ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɛɪɨɜɚɪɵ. Ʉɚɥɿ ɫɟɥɹɧɿɧ ɛɵʆ

и

ɧɟɩɿɬɭɲɱɵɦ, ɹɝɨ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɜɚɥɿ ɫɩɥɚɰɿɰɶ ɫɭɦɭ ɝɪɨɲɚɣ, ɹɤɭɸ ɤɚɲɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɝɷɬɚ

ɝɚɪɷɥɤɚ.

з

Ⱥɞ ɜɵɫɨɤɿɯ ɩɚɦɟɪɚʆ ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɵ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ

о

ɩɪɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ʆ ɡɚɧɹɩɚɞ. Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɿɦɿ ɩɪɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ʆ ɡɚɧɹɩɚɞ ɿ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɿɹ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ,

ɹɤɿɹ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɪɵɥɚɞɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɿ ɤɨɧɶɦɿ ɫɟɥɹɧɿɧɚ.

п

ɉɪɵɝɨɧɧɵɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɥɿ ɧɟɹɤɚɫɧɚ, ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɩɪɵɥɚɞɵ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɿ

ɦɟɬɚɞɵ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɤɿ

ɝɥɟɛɵ, ɹɤɿɹ

ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɹɲɱɷ ɡ ɱɚɫɨʆ Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɚɣ

Ɋɭɫɿ

(ɞɜɭɯɡɭɛɚɹ ɫɚɯɚ ɿ ɬɪɨɯɩɨɥɥɟ). Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɞɚ 1840-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɤɪɵɡɿɫ

Р

ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɿɰɤɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɫɬɚʆ ɜɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɵɦ.

Ʉɚɛ ɧɟɹɤ ɡɦɹɝɱɵɰɶ ɤɪɵɡɿɫɧɵɹ ɡ’ɹɜɵ, ɰɚɪɫɤɿɦ ɭɪɚɞɚɦ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ

еɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ,

ɹɤɿɹ

ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɚɜɚʆ

ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɟɣ

ɝɪɚɮ

ɍ 1844 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆɪɚɞ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɩɚɲɵɪɚɰɶ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɉ. Ⱦ. Ʉɿɫɹɥɺɜɚ ɧɚ

ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɭɸ ɜɺɫɤɭ. ɉɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɨʆ ɡ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɭɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɟɣ ɿ ɩɪɵɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɿɯ ɭ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɧɚɞɡɟɥɚɦɿ, ɹɤɿɦɿ

ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɥɿɥɚɫɹ. Ȭɸ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɟ ɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɟɧɵ ɧɿ

ɫɹɥɹɧɟ, ɧɿ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɿ. ɉɟɪɲɵɹ – ɬɚɦɭ, ɲɬɨ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɟɣ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ

ɧɟ ɡɧɿɠɚɥɿɫɹ, ɚ

ɞɪɭɝɿɹ – ɬɚɦɭ, ɲɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɱɜɚɥɿ

ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ

У

ɛɟɫɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚ

ɩɚɜɵɲɚɰɶ ɿɯ.

Т

Ɇɿɠ ɬɵɦ ɭ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹ, ɫɬɚɥɿ ɱɚɫɬɵɦɿ

ɦɚɫɚɜɵɹ ʆɰɺɤɿ

ɫɹɥɹɧ ɚɞ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ. ɋɹɥɹɧɟ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɦɿ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɿ, ɞɚ

Н

10 000 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ, ɩɚɤɿɞɚɥɿ ɩɚɧɫɤɿɹ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɿ ɿ ɿɲɥɿ ɧɚ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɱɵɝɭɧɤɿ ɰɿ ɧɚ

ɚɫɜɚɟɧɧɟ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɵɯ ɫɬɷɩɚʆ, ɩɚɜɟɪɵʆɲɵ ɱɭɬɤɚɦ ɚɛ ɰɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɦɚɧɿɮɟɫɬɚɯ, ɹɤɿɹ

Б

ɚɛɹɰɚɥɿ ɡɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɭ. Ɂɚ 1858 – 1860 ɝɝ. ɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ

ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹɯ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɮɿɤɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ 42 ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɿ, 11 ɡ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɡ

ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɚɣ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ. ɍɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɥɚ ɚɛ ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚ-ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɿɰɤɚɹ

ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ ɡɠɵɥɚ

й

ɫɹɛɟ, ɚ ɚɞɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɛ’ɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɣ

ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɸ.

и

р

о

т

и

з

о

п

е

Р

7.1. Ⱥɞɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɵɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ

XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ

У

Т

7.2. Ɋɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦɚ ʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ ɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ

7.3. ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ 1863-1964 ɝɝ. Ⱥɛɜɚɫɬɪɷɧɧɟ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɟɣ,

ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ 1905 ɿ 1917 ɝɝ.

Н

7.4. Ɏɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɿ. 1-ɹ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ

Б

7.1. Ⱥɞɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɵɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ

XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ

ɍ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɹ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɠɵɜɚɥɚ ɝɥɵɛɨɤɿ

и

ɫɿɫɬɷɦɧɵ ɤɪɵɡɿɫ – ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵ, ɜɚɟɧɧɵ, ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ. Ⱦɚɥɟɣɲɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ

ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɵ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ ɫɬɚɥɚ

р

ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵɦɵɦ. Ɋɷɡɤɚ ʆɡɪɚɫɥɚ ɡɚɩɚɡɵɱɚɧɚɫɰɶйɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ ɩɟɪɚɞ Ⱦɜɚɪɚɧɫɤɿɦ

ɛɚɧɤɚɦ, ɲɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɥɚ ɚɛ ɤɪɵɡɿɫɟ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ. ɇɚɪɚɫɬɚʆ

о

ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿ ɪɭɯ ɡɚ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɹ

т

ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɵɿ. ɍ 1858 – 1860 ɝɝ. ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 40

ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹʆ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɚ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɩɚ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ – ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 500. Ʉɪɵɦɫɤɚɹ

и

ɜɚɣɧɚ 1853 – 1856 ɝɝ. ɜɵɹɜɿɥɚ ɬɚɬɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɧɧɟ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɚɞ ɤɪɚɿɧ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ

ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ʆ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ, ɭ ʆɡɛɪɚɟɧɧɿ, ɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɨɞɤɚɯ, ɲɬɨ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ

з

ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɪɚɠɷɧɧɹ ɰɚɪɵɡɦɚ ɿ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹ ɦɿɪɚ ɧɚ ɡɧɟɜɚɠɚɥɶɧɵɯ

о

ɞɥɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ. ɉɚʆɫɬɚɥɚ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚ, ɩɪɵ ʆɦɨɜɟ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ

ɩɚɪɚɞɤɚʆ ɿ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɿɰɬɜɚ, ɤɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɵɦɿ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ.

п

ɉɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɨɜɚɟ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɟ ɦɟɪ ɩɚ ɪɷɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɿ ʆ

ɲɬɨ ɹɧɵ ʆ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɧɵ ɞɚ ɚɞɦɟɧɵ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ,

ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɡɞɚʆɧɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɡ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɦ ɪɵɧɤɚɦ

Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɿ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲ ɝɥɵɛɨɤɚ ʆɰɹɝɧɭɬɵ ʆ ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚ-

ɝɪɚɲɨɜɵɹ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ. ɉɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɿ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɿɰɶ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɚɥɟ ɛɟɡ ɡɹɦɥɿ.

ɍ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿ 1858 ɝɨɞɚ “ɋɚɤɪɷɬɧɵ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬ” ɛɵʆ ɪɷɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɵ ʆ “Ƚɚɥɨʆɧɵ

У

ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬ ɩɚ ʆɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ”. ɍ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1859 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɵ

“Ƚɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɰɟ” ɛɵɥɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɣɧɵɹ

Т

ɤɚɦɿɫɿɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ

ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɫɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɟɤɬɚʆ ɜɵɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɩɪɚɟɤɬ ɚɛ ɚɞɦɟɧɟ

ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ.

Н

ɐɚɪɵɡɦ ɛɚɹʆɫɹ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɿɰɶ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɭɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɛɟɡ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɫɰɟɪɚɝɚʆɫɹ

ʆɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɬɚɦɭ ɜɵɪɚɲɵʆ ɞɚɰɶ ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦ

ɧɹɲɦɚɬ

Б

ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɿɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ, ɦɚɤɫɿɦɚɥɶɧɚ ʆɥɿɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ

ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ.

19 ɥɸɬɚɝɚ 1861 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɭ Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɋɚɜɟɬɚɦ ɿ

ɡɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɷɧɧɹ

Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚɦ

II

ɛɵɥɿ ɚɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɧɵ Ɇɚɧɿɮɟɫɬ ɚɛ ɚɞɦɟɧɟ

и

ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɿ “ɉɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɿ”. əɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɡ Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɹ,

ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɹʆ ɿ ɞɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɿɥ

ɭ

ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ ɞɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩ

ɫɹɥɹɧɫɬɜɚ.

р

й

ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɣ ɿ 8 ɩɚɜɟɬɚɯ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹʆ, ɞɡɟ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɚ

ɚɛɲɱɵɧɧɚɟ

о

“Ɇɹɫɰɨɜɚɟ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɟ ɞɥɹ

ɡɟɦɥɟɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɟ,

ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ

т

ɜɹɥɿɤɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ, ɧɨɜɚɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹʆ”. ɍ ɿɦ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɧɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ: ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵ – ɚɞ 4 ɞɚ 5,5 ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɧ ɧɚ “ɪɷɜɿɡɫɤɭɸ

и

ɀɚɧɱɵɧɚɦ ɭɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɡɹɦɥɹ

ɞɭɲɭ” ( ɦɭɠɱɵɧɭ) ɿ ɧɿɠɷɣɲɵ – ɚɞ 1 ɞɚ 2 ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɧ.

ɧɟ ɜɵɞɡɹɥɹɥɚɫɹ. ɍ ɫɹɥɹɧ

ɡ

ɛɨɥɶɲɵɦɿ

ɡɚ

ɧɨɪɦɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɿ ɞɡɹɥɹɧɚɤ

з

ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ “ɚɞɪɷɡɤɿ ɡɹɦɥɿ” ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ

о

ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɿ ɚɞ 25% ɞɚ 40% ɡɹɦɥɿ.

“Ɇɹɫɰɨɜɚɟ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɟ” ɞɥɹ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɣ, Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɣ, ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɿ

п

4 ɩɚɜɟɬɚʆ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹʆ, ɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɟ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɟ ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ,

ɦɟɥɚ ɫɜɚɟ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ. ɇɨɪɦɵ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɧɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ, ɡɚ ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦɿ

ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɥɹɜɵɹ ɿ ɩɪɵɫɹɞɡɿɛɧɵɹ ɧɚɞɡɟɥɵ, ɹɤɿɦɿ ɹɧɵ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ

Р

“Ⱥɞɪɷɡɤɿ” ɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɥɿɫɹ, ɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɟɧɲ

1861 ɝɨɞɚ.

1/3 ɱɚɫɬɤɿ

ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ

ɡɹɦɟɥɶ.

Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ

ɡ ɩɚɦɟɪɚɦɿ

ɧɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ

еɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɿ: ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɚ ɚɛɨ ɚɛɪɨɤ. Ʌɹɫɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɿ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɰɶ

ʆ ɩɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɚɟ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ; ɧɚ 9 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɭɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ

“ɱɚɫɨɜɚɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɚɟ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɟ ɫɹɥɹɧ” – ɹɧɵ ɚɞɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɭ ɚɛɨ

ɜɵɩɥɚɱɜɚɥɿ ɚɛɪɨɤ ɭ ɞɚɪɷɮɨɪɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ, ɿɦ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɤɿɞɚɰɶ

ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɹ ʆɱɚɫɬɤɿ, ɭɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ “ɫɬɚɬɭɬɧɵɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɵ”, ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɿ

ɩɚɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵ ɩɚɪɚɞɚɤ ɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ.

У

ɍɥɚɫɧɿɤɚɦ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɫɟɥɹɧɿɧɚ ɪɚɛɿɥɚ “ɜɵɤɭɩɧɚɹ ɡɞɡɟɥɤɚ”. ɉɪɚɜɿɥɵ ɜɵɤɭɩɚ

Т

ɛɵɥɿ ɚɞɧɨɥɶɤɚɜɵɦɿ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɿɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹʆ Ɋɚɫɿɿ. ȼɵɤɭɩɧɚɹ ɫɭɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ

ɩɚɦɟɪɭ, ɤɚɛ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤ, ɩɚɤɥɚʆɲɵ ɹɟ ʆ ɛɚɧɤ (ɩɚɞ 6% ɝɚɞɚɜɵɯ), ɦɟʆ

ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɚɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɰɶ ɩɪɵɛɵɬɚɤ, ɪɨʆɧɵ ɲɬɨɝɚɞɨɜɚɦɭ ɚɛɪɨɤɭ ɡ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɹɤɚɹ

Н

ɩɟɪɚɣɲɥɚ ʆ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɫɟɥɹɧɿɧɚ. ɉɪɵ ɜɵɤɭɩɟ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ

ɡɚɩɥɚɰɿɰɶ 20% ɜɵɤɭɩɧɨɣ ɫɭɦɵ, ɚɫɬɚɬɧɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ ɚɞ

Б

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ʆ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɤɚɲɬɨʆɧɵɯ ɩɚɩɟɪ. ɋɹɥɹɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɞɚʆɠɧɿɤɚɦɿ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɿ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ 49 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɥɚɰɿɰɶ ɺɣ ɜɵɤɭɩɧɵɹ ɩɥɚɰɹɠɵ ɿ

ɩɪɚɰɷɧɬɵ.

ɋɹɥɹɧɟ

ɛɵɥɿ

ɧɟɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɟɧɵ ɬɚɤɿɦ “ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟɦ” əɧɵ

ɧɟ

и

ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɡɚɝɚɞɚɦ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɭɥɚɞ, ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɭ

ɿ ɜɵɤɨɧɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɜɚɰɶ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɧɵɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɵ, ɭ ɹɤɿɯ

р

ɡɚɩɿɫɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɦɟɪɵ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɹʆ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɿйɡ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ ɩɚ ɱɷɪɜɟɧɶ 1861 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 570 ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹʆ, ɡ ɹɤɿɯ 110 ɛɵɥɿ

о

ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ ɫɿɥɚɣ. ɍ 1862 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 150 ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ

т

ɯɜɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹʆ, ɡ ɹɤɿɯ 90 ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ ɫɿɥɚɣ.

ɐɚɪɵɡɦ, ɤɚɛ ɜɵɩɥɚɰɿɰɶ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɝɪɚɲɨɜɵɹ ɫɭɦɵ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚɦ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ

и

ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɡɚ “ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ ɫɹɥɹɧ”, ɩɚɣɲɨʆ ɧɚ ɡɞɪɚɞɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ

ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɦ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɞɚʆ ɁɒȺ Ⱥɥɹɫɤɭ ɡɚ 7 ɦɥɧ. ɡɚɥɚɬɵɯ ɞɨɥɚɪɚʆ (ɩɚ

з

ɞɨɥɚɪɚʆ).

ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɦɭ ɤɭɪɫɭ – 1 ɦɥɪɞ. 400 ɦɥɧ.

о

Ⱥɥɟ ɧɟɥɶɝɚ ɫɤɚɡɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ 1861 ɝɨɞɚ ʆɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɧɿɱɨɝɚ ɧɟ ɞɚɥɚ

ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦ. ɉɚ-ɩɟɪɲɚɟ, ɚɞɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤ ɫɬɪɚɰɿʆ ɩɪɚɜɚ

п

ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɫɹɥɹɧ. ɉɚ-ɞɪɭɝɨɟ, ɫɹɥɹɧɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɭɸ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɭ, ɩɪɚɜɚ

ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɰɶ ɡɞɡɟɥɤɿ, ɡɚɣɦɚɰɰɚ ɝɚɧɞɥɟɦ, ɪɚɦɺɫɬɜɚɦɿ ɿ ɩɪɨɦɵɫɥɚɦɿ,

ɧɟɫɰɿ ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɭɸ ɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɫɭɞɨɦ (ɪɚɧɟɣ ɫɭɞɡɿʆ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤ). ɉɚ-ɬɪɷɰɹɟ,

Р

ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ɪɵɧɚɤ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɣ ɫɿɥɵ ʆ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ, ɫɹɥɹɧɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɧɚɟ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɜɺɫɤɚɯ ɿ ɜɚɥɚɫɰɹɯ.

еɉɚ-ɱɚɰɜɺɪɬɚɟ, ɫɹɥɹɧɟ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɰɶ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɸ.

Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɿ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɥɿ ɫɚɛɟ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 55% ɥɟɩɲɵɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ, ɭ

ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ, ɤɚɥɿ 40% ɫɹɥɹɧ ɛɵɥɿ ɦɚɥɚɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɚɛɨ ɡɭɫɿɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɡɹɦɥɿ.

Ɂɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɠɵɬɤɿ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɿɡɦɚ – ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɧɚɹ ʆɥɚɞɚ ɰɚɪɚ ɿ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɫɤɚ-

ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɭɣɧɨɟ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɚɟ

ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ.

Ɋɚɡɚɦ

ɡ ɬɵɦ ɩɚ

ɡɦɟɫɬɭ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɣ

ɿ

ɪɚɫɱɵɲɱɚɥɚ ɲɥɹɯ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ, ɯɚɰɹ ɩɟɪɚɠɵɬɤɿ

ɮɟɚɞɚɥɿɡɦɚ ɦɨɰɧɚ ɬɚɪɦɚɡɿɥɿ ɿɯ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ.

Ⱥɞɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɚɛɭɦɨɜɿɥɿ

ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɯ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɷɮɨɪɦ ɩɚ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɿɪɭɧɤɚɯ. Ⱥɥɟ

ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ 60 – 70-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɦɟɥɿ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɿ

ɿ ɩɚ ɱɚɫɭ,

У

ɿ ɩɚ ɡɦɟɫɬɭ ʆ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɹɤ ɡ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɤɚɥɚɧɿɹɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɟɦ

Т

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɡ ɜɨɫɬɪɚɣ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɨɣ ɫɚɦɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɹ ɡ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵɦ

ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɱɵɦ ɪɭɯɚɦ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɦ

ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɚ.

Н

Ƚɚɪɚɞɫɤɚɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ 1870 ɝɨɞɚ (ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ 1876 ɝɨɞɡɟ)

ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚ ɜɵɛɚɪɧɵɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ɜɵɛɚɪɵ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɧɚ

ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɰɷɧɡɭ.

Б

ɋɭɞɨɜɚɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ 1864 ɝɨɞɚ (ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ 1872 ɝɨɞɡɟ)

ɥɿɤɜɿɞɡɿɪɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɧɵɹ ɫɭɞɵ, ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ ɚɤɪɭɠɧɵɹ ɫɭɞɵ ɿ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɹ ɩɚɥɚɬɵ.

ɋɭɞ ɚɛ’ɹʆɥɹʆɫɹ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵɦ, ɝɚɥɨɫɧɵɦ ɿ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɵɦ ɚɞ ɭɥɚɞ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ

и

ɚɞɜɚɤɚɬɭɪɚ ɿ ɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬ ɩɪɵɫɹɠɧɵɯ ɡɚɫɹɞɚɰɟɥɹʆ. əɧɵ ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ʆ

ɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ.

р

ȼɚɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ 1862 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚй

ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ

ʆɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣ ɜɨɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɡ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɰɵɪɚɜɚɧɵɦɿ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɦɿ ɤɚɞɪɚɦɿ.

о

Ɂɚɦɟɫɬ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɪɷɤɪɭɰɤɿɯ 2ɨ – 25 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɭɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɫɤɚɪɨɱɚɧɵɹ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɵ

т

ɫɥɭɠɛɵ: ɭ ɫɭɯɚɩɭɬɧɵɯ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɯ -– 6 ɝɚɞɨʆ, ɭ ɮɥɨɰɟ – 7 ɝɚɞɨʆ, ɞɥɹ ɚɫɨɛ ɡ

ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɣ ɿ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɚɣ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɹɣ – ɹɲɱɷ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɫɤɚɪɨɱɚɧɵɹ, ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚ ɞɚ

и

ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɿ ɲɚɫɰɿ ɦɟɫɹɰɚʆ. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɚ ʆ ɚɪɦɿɸ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɹ ɛɵɥɚ

ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ 15 ɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɤɪɭɝ. ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵ ɤɚɞɷɰɤɿɹ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɵ

з

(ɜɚɟɧɧɚ-ɜɭɱɷɛɧɵɹ ʆɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ) ɭ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɿ Ȼɪɷɫɰɟ. Ⱥɥɟ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɫɤɿ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ

о

ɫɤɥɚɞɜɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɡ ɞɜɚɪɚɧ.

ɐɷɧɡɭɪɧɚɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ 1865 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɞɦɹɧɹɥɚ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɸɸ ɰɷɧɡɭɪɭ ɞɥɹ

п

ɜɵɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɩɚɦɟɪɚɦ ɦɟɧɲ 10 ɞɪɭɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɚɪɤɭɲɚʆ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɝɚɡɟɬ,

ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɚʆ.

Р

Ɋɷɮɨɪɦɚ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ 1864 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɟ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚɦ ɭɫɿɯ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɹʆ. ɍɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɝɿɦɧɚɡɿɿ ɞɜɭɯ ɬɵɩɚʆ – ɤɥɚɫɿɱɧɵɹ ɡ

ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɚɣ ɤɥɚɫɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɨʆɤɿ ɿ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɵɹ, ɞɡɟ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɱɚɫɭ ɚɞɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ

еɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɹ ɿ ɩɪɵɪɨɞɚɡɧɚʆɱɵɹ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ. Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɦ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɦ ɿ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɦ

ɚɫɨɛɚɦ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɚɞɤɪɵɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɵɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɹ ɜɭɱɵɥɿɲɱɵ, ɚɥɟ ɹɧɵ ʆ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɝɥɹɞ ɩɚɥɿɰɵɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ.

Ɂɟɦɫɤɚɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ 1864 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɨʆɧɚɫɰɸ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ.

Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɺɣ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ – ɡɟɦɫɬɜɵ, ɹɤɿɹ

ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹɦɿ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ, ɚɯɨɜɵ ɡɞɚɪɨʆɹ, ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ.

ȼɵɛɚɪɧɚɹ

ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ ɛɭɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɟ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɰɷɧɡɭ. ɍɥɚɞɵ

ɲɥɹɯ ɞɚ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ, ɚɥɟ

ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɲɵɥɿ

У

ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹ – ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɝɚ, ɹɤɨɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚ

Т

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɞɚ 1917 ɝɨɞɚ. ɍɜɟɫɶ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɟ ɿɲɥɚ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɡɚ

ɜɵɛɚɪ ɲɥɹɯɨʆ ɹɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ – “ɩɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ” ɰɿ “ɚɦɟɪɵɤɚɧɫɤɚɝɚ”. ɉɪɭɫɤɿ ɲɥɹɯ

ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ

ɦɚɪɭɞɧɚɟ

ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɿɯ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ ɭ

Н

ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɡ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ; ɚɦɟɪɵɤɚɧɫɤɿ

ɚɪɵɟɧɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ

ɧɚ

ɯɭɬɤɭɸ

ɥɨɦɤɭ ɩɚʆɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ

ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɚɝɚ

Б

ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɚɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɵɯ

ɮɟɪɦɟɪɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ.

Ⱥɞɥɸɫɬɪɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ, ɚɛɜɨɫɬɪɚɧɚɣ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɦ,

ɚɥɟ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɦ ɩɪɵɝɧɺɬɚɦɿ, ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ 1863 – 1864 ɝɝ.

и

ɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ, Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. əɧɨ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ 10 ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ 1863 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ.

ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬ, ɲɬɨ ɤɿɪɚɜɚʆ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟɦ, ɜɵɞɚʆ ɦɚɧɿɮɟɫɬ,

р

ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿʆ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɭ ɿ ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɟ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚйɚɞ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɧɚɣ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ

ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ. Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɿɦ ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɹ ɧɚɞɡɟɥɵ, ɹɤɿɦɿ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ,

о

ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɣɫɰɿ ʆ ɿɯ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɶ, ɚ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɿ – ɚɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ ɚɞ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

т

ɡɚ ɡɹɦɥɸ ɝɪɚɲɨɜɭɸ ɤɚɦɩɟɧɫɚɰɵɸ. Ȼɟɡɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ, ɹɤɿɹ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ

ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɿ, ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ ɩɚ 3 ɦɨɪɝɿ ɡɹɦɥɿ.

и

Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬ ɡɜɹɪɧɭʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡ ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɦ

ɞɚɥɭɱɵɰɰɚ ɞɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ.

з

ɉɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɤɿɪɭɧɤɿ –

о

“ɛɟɥɵɹ” ɿ “ɱɵɪɜɨɧɵɹ”. “Ȼɟɥɵɹ” ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɿ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɿ ɿ

ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ. əɧɵ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɦɷɬɵ: ɞɚɦɚɝɱɵɫɹ, ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ

п

ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɚɣ

ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ

ɦɿɪɧɵɦɿ ɫɪɨɞɤɚɦɿ, ɡ

“Ʌɟɜɵɹ”, ɿɧɚɤɲ, ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵɹ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵ, ɜɵɥɭɱɚɥɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɪɚɞɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɹ

ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɿ. əɧɵ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɰɶ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ,

ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɰɶ ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦ ɭɫɸ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɭɸ ɡɹɦɥɸ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɡɚ

ɚɤɬɵʆɧɵ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɭ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɿ, ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɚɪɵɰɶ ɹɝɨ ʆ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɸ

ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɸ. Ʌɿɞɷɪɚɦ “ɥɟɜɵɯ” ɛɵʆ Ʉ. Ʉɚɥɿɧɨʆɫɤɿ. Ȭɧ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɫɚ ɡɛɹɞɧɟɥɚɣ

ɲɥɹɯɬɵ,

ɫɤɨɧɱɵʆ

ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɿ ʆɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬ,

У

ɛɵʆ ɩɚɫɥɹɞɨʆɧɿɤɚɦ

Т

ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɿɞɷɣ ɑɚɪɧɵɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ Ƚɟɪɰɷɧɚ, ɜɵɞɚɜɚʆ ɭ 1862 – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

1863 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɝɚɡɟɬɭ “Ɇɭɠɵɰɤɚɹ ɩɪɚʆɞɚ” (ɜɵɣɲɥɚ 7 ɧɭɦɚɪɨʆ) ɧɚ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ, ɚɥɟ ɥɚɰɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɲɪɵɮɬɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɛɵʆ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɜɹɞɨɦɵɦ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɭ.

Н

1 ɥɸɬɚɝɚ 1863 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɚɞɩɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ “Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ

Б

ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɹɥɶɧɵ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬ” ɜɵɩɭɫɰɿɥɚ ɚɞɨɡɜɭ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɡ

ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɦ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɶ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɿ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɶ ɅɉɄ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ “ɱɵɪɜɨɧɵɹ”.

ɇɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɜɹɫɧɨɣ 1863 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɤɿɹ

ɚɬɪɚɞɵ. ɍ ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɭ

ɿɦɿ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɯɨɩɥɟɧɵ ɩɚɜɹɬɨɜɵ ɝɨɪɚɞ Ƚɨɪɤɿ. ɋɹɥɹɧɟ

и

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɤɚɥɹ 20% ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɚʆ. ɉɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɛɵɥɿ, ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ,

ɚɧɬɵɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ, ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ, ɡɧɚɱɧɵɹ ʆɫɬɭɩɤɿ ɡ ɛɨɤɭ ʆɥɚɞ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

р

ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ “ɛɟɥɵɯ”. əɧɵ ɩɪɵ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɰɵйɐɇɄ ɡɞɨɥɟɥɿ ɡɚɯɚɩɿɰɶ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ

ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟɦ ɿ ɡɚɦɟɫɬ ɅɉɄ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ “ Ⱥɞɞɡɟɥ ɩɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɭ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɹɦɿ”. ɍ

о

ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɛɵʆ ɭɡɹɬɵ ɤɭɪɫ ɧɚ ɡɝɨɪɬɜɚɧɧɟ ɛɚɹɜɵɯ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ ɿ ɚɞɦɨɜɭ ɚɞ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɯ

ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ.

т

ɐɚɪɫɤɿ ʆɪɚɞ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚʆ

ɡɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ, ɤɚɥɹ ɫɬɚ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɞɨɛɪɚ

и

ʆɡɛɪɨɟɧɵɯ ɫɚɥɞɚɬ ɿ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɚʆ ɡ ɚɪɬɵɥɟɪɵɹɣ ɿ ɤɚɜɚɥɟɪɵɹɣ, ɧɚ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ

ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ. ȱɦ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚɹɥɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ ɚɬɪɚɞɵ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɚʆ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɸ

з

ɤɚɥɹ 20 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɡ ɞɪɷɧɧɵɦ ɭɡɛɪɚɟɧɧɟɦ. ɍ ɦɚɿ 1863 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ

о

ɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ, ɚɥɟ ɛɟɡɜɵɧɿɤɨɜɚɹ ɛɿɬɜɚ ɤɚɥɹ ɜɺɫɤɿ Ɇɿɥɚɜɿɞɵ ɋɥɨɧɿɦɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɚ,

ɩɚɫɥɹ ɱɚɝɨ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɵ ɩɟɪɚɣɲɥɿ ɞɚ ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ. Ʉɚɥɿɧɨʆɫɤɿ

п

ʆɡɧɚɱɚɥɿʆ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɤɿɹ ɚɬɪɚɞɵ ʆ Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɿ. ɍ ɿɯ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɡɚ 1700 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɜɹɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ ɞɜɚɰɰɚɰɿ ɛɚɺʆ. ɏɭɬɤɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ʆ

Р

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɚ.

Ʌɟɬɚɦ 1863 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚɞɡɟɿ “ɛɟɥɵɯ” ɧɚ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɯ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɥɿɥɿɫɹ: ɭɪɚɞɵ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ ɚɞɦɨɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɚɞ ɭɦɹɲɚɧɧɹ ʆ “ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ

еɫɩɪɚɜɵ”, ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚʆɲɵ Ɋɚɫɿɸ. ɑɚɫɬɤɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ “ɛɟɥɵɯ”

ɚɞɦɨɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɚɞ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɚɫɚɞ ɿ ʆɰɹɤɥɚ ɡɚ ɦɹɠɭ, ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ʆɯɿɥɿʆɲɵɫɹ ɚɞ

ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟɦ. Ɂɚɦɟɫɬ ɿɯ ɡɧɨʆ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɿʆɫɹ ʆɩɥɵʆ “ɱɵɪɜɨɧɵɯ”. əɧɵ

ɫɩɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ

ɞɚɦɚɝɱɵɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɥɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɸ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ,

ɚɥɟ ɩɿɤ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵɯ

ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹʆ ɭɠɨ ɩɪɚɣɲɨʆ, ɿɧɿɰɵɹɬɵɜɚ ɩɟɪɚɣɲɥɚ ɞɚ ɪɷɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɣɫɤ ɿ

ɰɚɪɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞ. ɉɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɿɹ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɿ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹʆ.

128 ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɜɟɲɚɧɵ ɚɛɨ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɚɥɹɧɵ, ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ