БНТУ / ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛ / ГIСТОРЫЯ БЕЛАРУСI курс лекцый

ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ. ɉɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɡ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɧɿɤɚʆ ɛɵʆ ɡɧɿɠɚɧɵ ʆ 2 ɪɚɡɵ, ɚ ɡ

1958 ɝɨɞɚ ɺɧ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɨɝɭɥ ɚɞɦɟɧɟɧɵ. ɍ 1957 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɆɌɋ ɛɵɥɿ ɪɷɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɵТ

ʆ

Б

ɊɌɋ, ɚ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɚ ɩɪɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚɦ. Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɡ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɩɿɫɚɧɵ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɲɵɥɚ ɩɚɲɵɪɵɰɶ ɩɚɫɹʆɧɵɹ ɩɥɨɲɱɵ ɡɚ ɤɨɲɬ

о

ɚɫɜɚɟɧɧɹ ɰɚɥɿɧɧɵɯ ɿ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɵɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ 1954 – 1956 ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɨ

т

ʆɡɚɪɚɧɚ 36 ɦɥɧ. ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚʆ ɰɚɥɿɧɧɵɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ, ɲɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɥɚ 30% ɭɫɿɯ

ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ ɭɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ. ɇɚ ɚɫɜɚɟɧɧɟ ɰɚɥɿɧɵ ɩɚɟɯɚɥɿ ɿ 60 ɬɵɫɹɱ

и

ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. əɧɵ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ Ʉɚɡɚɯɫɬɚɧɟ 24 ɫɚʆɝɚɫɵ. ɍ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ

з

ɝɷɬɚ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɥɺɧɧɵɹ ɜɵɧɿɤɿ: ɞɨɥɹ ɰɚɥɿɧɧɚɝɚ ɡɛɨɠɠɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ʆɫɹɝɨ

У

ɩɟɧɫɿɹɧɟɪɵ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ, ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ. ɉɚɦɟɧɲɵɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɥɚɫɰɶ

ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɞɧɹ, ɚ ɡɚɬɵɦ ɛɵʆ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɩɹɰɿɞɡɺɧɧɵ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵ

ɬɵɞɡɟɧɶ.

ɉɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɩɚɥɹɩɲɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɟɞɵɰɵɧɫɤɚɟ ɚɛɫɥɭɝɨʆɜɚɧɧɟ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ.

Н

Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ 1950-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɡɚɜɹɪɲɵʆɫɹ

ɷɬɚɩ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɚɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɨɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ, ɲɬɨ ʆ ɥɟɩɲɵ ɛɨɤ

ɚɛɜɟɪɝɥɚ ɫɚɦɵɹ ɚɩɬɵɦɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɝɧɨɡɵ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɫɬɚʆТɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɨɥɚɝɚʆ.

Б

ɉɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɚ ɚɞɧɨʆɥɟɧɚ, ɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ,

ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɩɚ-ɧɨɜɚɦɭ. Ɂ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɹ, ɫɭɝɭɱɧɵɹ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚ-ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɚɦɭ

ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɭ, ɝɚɥɿɧɵ. Ɂɚɜɨɞɵ ɿ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɚɧɵ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɚɣ. Ƚɷɬɚ

ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɭ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ ɡ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɞɵɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɦ

и

ɭɡɪɨʆɧɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ. Ⱥɥɟ, ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ, ɧɟɩɚɜɚɪɨɬɥɿɜɚɫɰɶ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɚɣ

ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɟɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɬɵɦɭɥɹɰɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɬɚɪɦɚɡɿɥɿ ɚɩɟɪɚɬɵʆɧɚɟ

р

ʆɤɚɪɚɧɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɧɚɜɟɣɲɵɯйɞɚɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚ-ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ

ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɚ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ, ȻɋɋɊ, ɹɤɚɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ʆ ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚɣ ɦɟɪɵ ɫɜɚɺɣ

о

ɫɵɪɚɜɿɧɵ ɿ ɷɧɟɪɝɚɧɨɫɶɛɿɬɚʆ, ɬɪɚɩɥɹɥɚ ɜɚ ʆɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɭɸ

т

ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɞ ɰɷɧɬɪɚ, ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɫɜɨɟɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɵ ɡɛɨɪɚɱɧɵ ɰɷɯ.

ɋɩɪɨɛɵ ɪɷɮɨɪɦ 1960-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɧɚɫɿɥɿ ɩɚɥɚɜɿɧɱɚɬɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ, ɹɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ

и

ɡɜɟɪɯɭ ɿ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɞɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɵ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɫɬɵɦɭɥɚɦɿ, ɚ ɬɚɦɭ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɿ

з

ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɝɚ ɜɨɞɝɭɤɭ ʆ ɦɚɫɚɯ.

о

11.3. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ȻɋɋɊ ɭ 1970 – 1980-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ

п

ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵʆɫɹ

ʆ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɭɸ

Ⱦɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 1960-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɿ ɋɚɸɡ

ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɚɝɪɚɪɧɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ. Ɍɷɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɞɚɯɨɞɚ

ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɞɚ 10% ɭ ɝɨɞ. Ɂɦɹɧɿɥɚɫɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ. Ɂ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ

Р

ɧɚɮɬɚɯɿɦɿɱɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ, ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɲɬɭɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚʆ,

ɪɚɞɵɺɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɿɤɚ. ɍɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɿ ɞɥɹ ȻɋɋɊ, ɹɤ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɋɋɋɊ.

еȺɥɟ ɤɪɚɿɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɩɚ ɷɤɫɬɷɧɫɿʆɧɚɦɭ ɲɥɹɯɭ. ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ

1950-ɯ ɝɝ. ɩɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚ

ɧɟɩɪɚɞɭɦɚɧɵɹ

ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɿ

У

ɡɚɥɟɠɵɥɿ ɚɞ ɜɚɥɸɧɬɚɪɵɫɰɤɿɯ ɡɚɝɚɞɚʆ ɡɜɟɪɯɭ; ɚɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɰɵ, ɯɚɰɹ ɿ ɩɚɜɵɫɿɥɚɫɹ,

ɚɥɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɿɡɤɚɣ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɝɚ ɫɟɤɬɚɪɚ ɚɞɫɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɚɞ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɝɚ, ɭɪɚɞɠɚɣɧɚɫɰɶ

ɡɛɨɠɠɚɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɜɵɲɚɥɚ 10

–

12 ɰɷɧɬɧɟɪɚʆ, ɛɭɥɶɛɵ – 70 – 100 ɰɷɧɬɧɟɪɚʆ. Ƚɷɬɚ ʆɫɩɪɵɣɦɚɥɚɫɹ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɚɥ

Н

ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ Ɇ.ɋ. ɏɪɭɲɱɨɜɚ. Ɂ 1961 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɚɞɱɭɜɚɰɰɚ ɞɷɮɿɰɵɬ

ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɚʆ ɯɚɪɱɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɩɚɜɵɫɿɥɿɫɹ ɰɷɧɵ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɚ ɿ ɦɚɫɥɚ. Ʉɪɚɿɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ

ɡɚɤɭɩɥɹɰɶ ɡɛɨɠɠɚ ɡɚ ɦɹɠɨɣ.

Б

Т

ɍ ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɭ 1964

ɝɨɞɚ Ɇ.ɋ. ɏɪɭɲɱɨʆ ɛɵʆ ɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚɱɚɧɵ

ʆ

ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪɚ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ. Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪɨɦ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ ɫɬɚʆ Ʌ.ȱ. Ȼɪɷɠɧɟʆ,

ɫɬɚɪɲɵɧɺɣ ɋɚɜɟɬɚ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɋɋɋɊ – Ⱥ.Ɇ. Ʉɚɫɵɝɿɧ.

и

ɇɨɜɚɟ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɨ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ. ȱɯ ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɛɵʆ

ɩɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɰɤɿɦ (1965 ɝ.) ɩɥɟɧɭɦɚɦ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ, ɹɤɿ ɚɛɦɟɪɤɚɜɚʆ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ

р

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ. Ȼɵɥɚйɡɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ ɧɚɪɵɯɬɨɜɚɤ

ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ, ɭɜɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɰɜɺɪɞɵ ɿ ɧɹɡɦɟɧɧɵ ɩɥɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɹɰɶ

о

ɝɚɞɨʆ ɞɥɹ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɛ’ɟɤɬɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɧɧɹ, ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɦɟɪɵ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ

т

ɫɬɵɦɭɥɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɡɜɵɲɩɥɚɧɚɜɭɸ ɩɪɚɞɚɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɸ (50% ɧɚɞɛɚʆɤɚ).

ɉɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɡɚɤɭɩɚɤ ɡɛɨɠɠɚ ɡɧɿɠɚɥɿɫɹ. ɍ ɩɚʆɬɚɪɵ-ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɵ

и

ɩɚɜɵɲɚɥɿɫɹ ɡɚɤɭɩɚɱɧɵɹ ɰɷɧɵ, ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɚʆɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ

з

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɭ, ɩɚɫɬɚʆɤɿ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɣ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɿ. ɉɚɜɵɲɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ

ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ ɿ ɫɚʆɝɚɫɚʆ, ɭɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɥɿɤɭ.

о

ɍ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ 1965 ɝɨɞɚ ɉɥɟɧɭɦ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ ɚɛɦɟɪɤɚɜɚʆ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɵ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɸ, ɭɞɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɧɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ

п

ɫɬɵɦɭɥɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ. Ɂ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɱɵɦ 100 ɩɚɤɚɡɱɵɤɚʆ ɞɥɹ

ɫɩɪɚɜɚɡɞɚɱɧɚɫɰɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚɦ ɡɜɟɪɯɭ, ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɬɵ

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 8, ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɤɪɵɬɷɪɵɟɦ ɚɰɷɧɤɿ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɡɚɜɨɞɚ

Р

ɚɛɨ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɿ ɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɟ ɜɚɥɚɜɚɹ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ, ɚ ɚɛ’ɺɦ ɹɟ

ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ. ɉɚɜɵɲɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ, ɭɜɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ

еɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵ ɪɚɡɥɿɤ. ɉɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚɦ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɜɚɰɶ

ɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɞɵɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɚʆ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɋɋɋɊ. ɋɹɪɷɞɧɟɝɚɞɚɜɵɹ

ɬɷɦɩɵ ɩɪɵɪɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ 12%. Ȼɵɥɿ

ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɵɸ 78 ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ. ɍɞɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɶɜɚɥɚɫɹ

ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɵɯ ɡɚɜɨɞɚʆ ɿ ɮɚɛɪɵɤ. ɇɨɜɵɦ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ

222 ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɵɯ ɿ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚ-ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɵɯ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹʆ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚɟ ɧɚ

ɛɚɡɟ ɪɚɞɵɺɡɚɜɨɞɚ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ “Ƚɚɪɵɡɨɧɬ”, ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ

ɡɚɜɨɞɚ – Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɨɩɬɵɤɚ-ɦɟɯɚɧɿɱɧɚɟ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɭɣɧɟɣɲɚɟ

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ

ȿʆɪɨɩɵ –

ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚ-ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɟ

ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ

“ȱɧɬɷɝɪɚɥ”, Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɟ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ ɜɵɥɿɱɚɥɶɧɚɣ

ɬɷɯɧɿɤɿ ɿ ɿɧɲ. Ɇɧɨɝɿɹ

У

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɚɛ’ɺɦɚʆ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚʆɫɹ ɿ ʆ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ. Ɂɚ 1971 – 1985Тɝɝ. ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɚɧɚ 23 ɦɥɪɞ. ɪɭɛɥɺʆ, ɭ ɬɪɵ ɪɚɡɵ ɛɨɥɶɲ, ɱɵɦ ɡɚ

15 ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ. Ɂɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɵɸ 136 ɛɭɣɧɵɯ

Н

ɮɚɛɪɵɤ ɿ ɡɚɜɨɞɚʆ. Ⱦɚɜɨɥɿ ɜɵɫɨɤɿɦɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɬɷɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɚɛ’ɺɦɚʆ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ –

ɭ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ

ɤɚɥɹ

10%

ɤɨɠɧɵ

ɝɨɞ, ɩɪɵɱɵɦ

Б

ɚɫɧɨʆɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ɜɵɪɚɛɥɹɥɿ ɛɭɣɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ, ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɵɹ ʆ

ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ. ȼɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ ȻɋɋɊ ɞɚ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ 1980-ɯ

ɝɚɞɨʆ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɛɭɣɧɚɝɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɚй-ɝɚɥɿɧɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɝɚ

ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɭ 1985 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ 1500 ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ. Ȼɨɥɶɲ

и

ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɿɯ ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɵɯ ɿ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚ-ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɵɯ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹʆ.

ȼɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɚɤ ɧɚɛɵɥɿ ɬɚɤɿɹ ɝɚɥɿɧɵ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ, ɹɤ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɵɤɚ,

р

ɦɚɲɵɧɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɩɪɵɛɨɪɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ, ɯɿɦɿɹ ɿ ɧɚɮɬɚɯɿɦɿɹ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɿɤɚ ɿ

ɪɚɞɵɺɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɿɤɚ, ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɝɧɚɟɧɧɹʆ ɿ ɿɧɲ. Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɚɛ’ɺɦ

о

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ʆ 1985 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɟɪɚɜɵɫɿʆ ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɵ ʆɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ ʆ

т

38 ɪɚɡɨʆ. Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɵɪɚɜɚɥɫɹ ʆ

ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɫɚɸɡɧɭɸ.

и

Ɂɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɡɦɟɧɵ ʆ 1970 – 1980 ɝɝ. ɚɞɛɵɥɿɫɹ ɿ ʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ. ɍ

з

ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɚ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ ɿ

ɫɚʆɝɚɫɚʆ, ɞɚ 1985 ɝɨɞɚ ɹɧɵ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ 88 ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɿ ɚʆɬɚɦɚɲɵɧ, 131 ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɿ

о

ɬɪɚɤɬɚɪɚʆ, 35 ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦɿ ɡɛɨɠɠɚʆɛɨɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɛɚɣɧɚʆ. Ɂɚ 15 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɭɸ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɭ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚ 18 ɦɥɪɞ. ɪɭɛɥɺʆ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɚɞɞɚɱɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɣ.

п

ɉɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ʆɫɟ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɵ ɿ ɫɚʆɝɚɫɵ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɪɷɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɦɿ, ɩɪɚʆɞɚ, ɝɷɬɚɦɭ ɫɩɪɵɹʆ

еɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɬɚɧɧɵ ɤɨɲɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɚɧɨɫɶɛɿɬɚʆ.

Р

Ɂ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ 1960-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɭɫɺ ɜɵɪɚɡɧɟɣ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɰɰɚ

ɫɩɟɰɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚ ɡɨɧɚɯ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ʆɧɭɬɪɵ ɪɚɺɧɚʆ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ. ɍ

ɪɚɺɧɚɯ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɪɚɛɿɥɿ ʆɩɨɪ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɫɜɿɧɚɝɚɞɨʆɥɿ, ɞɪɭɝɿɹ ɧɚ

ɚɞɤɨɪɦ ɠɵɜɺɥɵ, ɬɪɷɰɿɹ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɿ ɞɨɣɧɵ ɫɬɚɬɚɤ.

ɉɚɱɚɥɿ ɛɭɞɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɠɵɜɺɥɚɝɚɞɨʆɱɵɹ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɵ ɡ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɣ

ɫɬɭɩɟɧɧɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɰɚɺɦɤɿɯ

ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚʆ. ɉɟɪɚɜɨɞ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɚɫɧɨɜɭ, ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɫɩɟɰɵɹɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɵɯ

ɚɝɪɚɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ, ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɷɧɧɟ ɚɛ’ɺɦɚʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ

ɩɪɵɜɹɥɿ ɞɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ 1970-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɝɚ ɚɝɪɚɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɝɚ

ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

У

ɍ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ ʆ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ɲɵɪɨɤɚ ɪɚɡɝɚɪɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɦɟɥɿɹɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɹ

ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɍ 1985 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɥɨɲɱɚ ɦɟɥɿɹɪɵɪɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɞɚ

2,8 ɦɥɧ. ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚʆ ɡɹɦɥɿ. əɧɵ ɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɬɪɷɰɸɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ʆɫɺɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ

ɪɚɫɥɿɧɚɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ

ɿ 40%

ɤɚɪɦɨʆ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɚɛ’ɺɦɵ ʆɧɹɫɟɧɧɹ ʆ

ɩɚɫɹʆɧɵɹ ɩɥɨɲɱɵ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ

Н

ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɝɧɚɟɧɧɹʆ. ɍɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ

ɜɹɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɚɪɭɲɷɧɧɹ ɷɤɚɥɨɝɿɿ. Ⱥɥɟ, ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ, ɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɟ ʆɪɚɞɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ

ɝɥɟɛɵ ʆ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɿ

ɡ

ɩɚɥɟɩɲɚɧɚɣ

ɚɝɪɚɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚɣТɩɪɚɰɵ,

Б

ɭɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟɦ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɵɦɭɥɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɡ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɵɹ ɜɵɧɿɤɿ ɩɪɚɰɵ

(ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵ ɪɚɡɥɿɤ, ɛɪɵɝɚɞɵ ɿ ɡɜɟɧɧɿ ɤɚɧɟɱɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ) ɭ ɰɷɥɵɦ

ɫɩɪɵɹɥɶɧɚ ɚɞɛɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ. ɍɪɚɞɠɚɣɧɚɫɰɶ

ɡɛɨɠɠɚɜɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɩɚɜɵɫɿɥɚɫɹ ɡ 10 – 12 ɰɷɧɬɧɟɪɚʆ ɡ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚ ʆ 1960-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɞɚ

и

25 – 30 ɰɷɧɬɧɟɪɚʆ ɭ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ 1980-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ, ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɭɞɜɚɹ

ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ʆɪɚɞɠɚɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɛɭɥɶɛɵ. ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 1980-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɚ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ

р

ɦɹɫɚ ɿ ɦɚɥɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶйɞɚɝɧɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɵɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ Ɂɚɯɚɞɭ

ɿ ɁɒȺ. Ⱥɥɟ ɬɷɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ

ɚɝɪɚɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɝɚ ɫɟɤɬɚɪɚ ɡɚɩɚɜɨɥɶɜɚɥɿɫɹ. Ʉɚɥɿ ʆ

о

8-ɣ ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɰɵ ɚɛ’ɺɦɵ ɜɚɥɚɜɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɚ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ 21%, ɬɨ ʆ 11-ɣ –

т

ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚ 6%. ɇɟɷɮɟɤɬɵʆɧɚ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɤɪɷɞɵɬɵ ɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɚʆɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ,

ɪɚɫɥɿ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ.

и

ɉɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɩɚɥɹɩɲɚʆɫɹ ɞɚɛɪɚɛɵɬ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɯ. Ɋɷɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɞɚɯɨɞɵ

з

ɩɚɜɵɫɿɥɿɫɹ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɵ. Ɂɚ 1960 – 1985 ɝɝ. ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɦɟɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɪɩɥɚɬɚ ʆ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɜɵɪɚɫɥɚ ɡ 63 ɪ. ɞɚ 173 ɪ., ɚɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɰɵ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɩɪɚɰɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ

о

ɚɦɚɥɶ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɥɚ ʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ 154 ɪ.

Ƚɷɬɚ ɡ ɭɥɿɤɚɦ

ɩɪɚɞɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɛɹɫɩɥɚɬɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɥɥɹ, ɫɿɦɜɚɥɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ

п

ɤɚɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɩɚɫɥɭɝɿ, ɿɧɲɵɦɿ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɥɶɝɨɬɚɦɿ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɰɶ

ɯɚɰɹ ɿ ɧɟɛɚɝɚɬɚɝɚ, ɚɥɟ ɞɚɜɨɥɿ ɩɪɵɫɬɨɣɧɚɝɚ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ ɠɵɰɰɹ.

Р

Ⱥɥɟ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɠ ɝɚɞɵ ʆɠɨ ɧɚɦɟɰɿɥɚɫɹ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɹ ɞɚ ɡɧɿɠɷɧɧɹ ɬɷɦɩɚʆ

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ: ɡ 9 – 10 ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɝɚɞɚɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɰɷɧɬɚʆ ɞɚ 5,6% ʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ ɭ

1981 – 1985 ɝɝ. Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɬɷɦɩɵ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɬɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɦɿ ɡɚ

еɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɫɚɸɡɧɵɹ, ɹɤɿɹ ɡɧɿɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ 3,5%

ɭ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ ɡɚ ɝɨɞ. ɉɪɚʆɞɚ, ɬɪɷɛɚ

ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɰɵ, ɩɚ-ɪɚɧɟɣɲɚɦɭ ɹɲɱɷ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɣ ɞɨɥɹ ɪɭɱɧɨɣ

ɩɪɚɰɵ.

Ɋɨɫɬ ɪɷɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɯ ɿ, ɹɤ ɜɵɧɿɤ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ, ɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɟ

ɩɚɤɭɩɧɨɣ

ɡɞɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ,

ɡ

ɚɞɧɚɝɨ

ɛɨɤɭ, ɿ,

ɡ

ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ,

ɧɟɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɚɹ

У

ɩɟɪɚɚɪɵɟɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɰɹɠɤɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɬɚɜɚɪɚʆ

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɫɩɚɠɵɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɿ ɞɚ ɡ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɷɮɿɰɵɬɭ ɿ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ʆ

ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɵɯ ɤɪɚɦɚɯ ɱɷɪɝɚʆ. Ɂɚ 1971 – 1985 ɝɝ. ɝɪɚɲɨɜɚɹ ɦɚɫɚ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ

ɛɨɥɶɲ ɱɵɦ ɭ 3 ɪɚɡɵ, ɚ ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚɹ – ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ 2 ɪɚɡɵ.

Н

ɉɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɥɿ ɧɟɝɚɬɵʆɧɵɹ ɡ’ɹɜɵ, ɩɪɵɱɵɦ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɰɵ,

ɚɥɟ ɿ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɠɵɰɰɿ. Ɂɚɦɟɫɬ ɩɨɲɭɤɭ ɲɥɹɯɨʆ ɦɚɞɷɪɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ, ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɿ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ

ɫɮɟɪ ɄɉɋɋТɡɚɦɚɰɚɜɚɥɚ

Б

ɫɹɛɟ ɹɤ ɫɬɪɵɠɚɧɶ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚ-ɤɚɦɚɧɞɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɨ

ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɚɟ ɡɚɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ ʆ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚɣ ʆ ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɭ 1977 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɨɜɚɣ

Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɋɋɋɊ. ɋɚɜɟɬɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɞɰɿɫɧɭɬɵ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɿ ɩɥɚɧ. ɍɡɦɚɰɧɿʆɫɹ

ɿɞɷɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵ

ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɡɚ

ɩɪɷɫɚɣ, ɞɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɡɿɬɵʆɧɚɹ

и

ɿɧɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɹ ɚɛ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɚɯ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ “ɪɚɡɜɿɬɨɝɚ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɡɦɚ”.

Ɂ ɩɪɵɯɨɞɚɦ ɭ ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɭ 1985 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɚ ʆɥɚɞɵ Ɇ.ɋ. Ƚɚɪɛɚɱɨɜɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ

р

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ, ɹɤɿɹйʆɜɚɣɲɥɿ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ɩɚɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɣ

“ɩɟɪɚɛɭɞɨɜɚ”. Ƚɚɪɛɚɱɨʆ

ɚɛ’ɹɜɿʆ ɤɭɪɫ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɝɚɥɨɫɧɚɫɰɿ, ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ,

о

ɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɟ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɭɛ’ɟɤɬɚʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɧɧɹ. Ⱥɫɧɨɜɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɯ

т

ɪɷɮɨɪɦ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵɹ ʆ 1987 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɵ ɚɛ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɟ.

Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɿɦɿ ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɿ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹʆ ɧɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵ

и

ɪɚɡɥɿɤ. ɇɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ ʆɦɨɜɵ ɡ 1988 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɟɪɚɣɲɥɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ,

з

ɚɝɪɚɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɬ, ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɱɵɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ. ɉɚɱɚɬɚɤ

ɪɷɮɨɪɦ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɹʆɫɹ

ʆ

ɪɚɦɤɚɯ

ɿɫɧɚɜɚʆɲɚɝɚ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɝɚ

ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɚ ɿ

о

ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɥɿɜɚ. Ɂ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ, ɭɤɚɪɚɧɹʆɫɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵ ɪɚɡɥɿɤ ɿ

ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ, ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ, ɺɧ ɫɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚʆɫɹ ɚɦɚɥɶ 100% ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ

п

ɡɚɤɚɡɚɦ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ, ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ, ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆɲɵ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɭɸ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɭ, ɩɚɱɚɥɿ

ʆɡɜɿɧɱɜɚɰɶ ɰɷɧɵ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɸ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ, ɡɞɵɦɚɰɶ ɡ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ɬɚɧɧɵɹ ɜɵɪɚɛɵ.

Ⱦɷɮɿɰɵɬ ɬɚɜɚɪɚʆ ɞɚɣɲɨʆ ɞɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ, ɲɬɨ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ʆɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ

Р

ɤɚɪɬɤɿ ɿ ɤɭɩɨɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɷɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɚɜɚɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ. ɉɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɨɫɬ ɰɷɧ ɿ

ɿɧɮɥɹɰɵɹ. ɉɚɥɚɠɷɧɧɟ ɹɲɱɷ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɩɚɝɨɪɲɵɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɑɚɪɧɨɛɵɥɶɫɤɚɣ

еɚɜɚɪɵɹɣ, ɹɤɚɹ ɡɞɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ 26 ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɚ 1986 ɝɨɞɚ. 23 % ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

ɚɤɚɡɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɚɞɵɺɚɤɬɵʆɧɚ ɡɚɛɪɭɞɠɚɧɵɦɿ. ɍ ɡɨɧɟ ɚɞɫɹɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɩɵɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɡɜɵɲ

2 ɦɥɧ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ, ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ɡ

ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɝɚ ɡɜɚɪɨɬɭ

ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ

20% ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ

ɭɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ,

ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɜɚɧɵ 415 ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɵɯ ɩɭɧɤɬɚʆ.

Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɫɤɥɚɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ 235 ɦɥɪɞ. ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚʆ ɁɒȺ ɚɛɨ 32 ɝɚɞɚɜɵɯ

ɛɸɞɠɷɬɵ ȻɋɋɊ. ɍ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɫɟɥɟɧɚ 27,7 ɬɵɫ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. ɍ

1989 ɝɨɞɡɟ

ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ

ɋɚɜɟɬ ȻɋɋɊ

ɩɪɵɧɹʆ

ɞɨʆɝɚɬɷɪɦɿɧɨɜɭɸ

ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɭ

ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ʆ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ ɞɚ 1985 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ 122%, ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɣ –

136%. ɍ 1986 – 1990 ɝɝ. ɭɪɚɞɠɚɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɡɛɨɠɠɚɜɵɯ ɫɤɥɚɥɚ 29,5 ɰɟɧɬɧɟɪɚʆ ɡ

и

ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ 21,5 ɰɷɧɬɧɟɪɚʆ ɡ ɝɟɤɬɚɪɚ ʆ ɝɨɞɵ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɹɣ ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɿ. Ⱥɥɟ ɡ

ɤɚɧɰɚ 1980-ɯ ɝɝ. ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɫɭɩɪɚɜɚɞɠɚɰɰɚ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɷɧɧɟɦ

р

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɚɝɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɚ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ йɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ. ɍ ɝɚɥɿɧɟ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ ɝɷɬɚ

ɚɞɛɿɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞɡɟ ɞɚ ɪɵɧɚɱɧɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ. Ȼɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɚʆ

о

(“Ⱥɛ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɿ”, “Ⱥɛ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɦɚɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɟ”, “Ⱥɛ ɚɪɷɧɞɡɟ” ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ).

т

Ɂɦɟɧɵ ʆ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɰɵ ɫɭɩɪɚɜɚɞɠɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɡɚɰɵɹɣ ɿ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ

ɪɚɡɛɭɪɷɧɧɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ. Ʉɭɪɫ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɛɭɞɨɜɭ ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɡ

и

ɚɛ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɹ Ɇ. Ƚɚɪɛɚɱɨɜɵɦ ɝɚɥɨɫɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɡɚɰɵɿ. ȼɚɠɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ

з

ɦɟɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɩɚ ɪɷɚɛɿɥɿɬɚɰɵɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧ – ɚɯɜɹɪ ɫɬɚɥɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿɣ.

Ƚɚɥɨɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɞɤɪɵɥɚ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɤɪɵɬɵɤɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ʆɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ.

о

ɉɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ. Ƚɷɬɵ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɡ

ɯɭɬɤɚɝɚ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɧɟɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹʆ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ,

“Ɍɚɥɚɤɚ”,

п

ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ,

“Ⱥɥɶɬɷɪɧɚɬɵɜɚ”, “Ɍɭɬɷɣɲɵɹ”, ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹɦɿ ɦɨɜɵ,

ɡɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɵɧɹʆ ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ ɋɚɜɟɬ ȻɋɋɊ. ɇɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɵɯ 4 ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ 1990 ɝɨɞɚ

ɜɵɛɚɪɚɯ ɭ ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ ɋɚɜɟɬ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ, ɹɤɚɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɩɚɞ ɥɨɡɭɧɝɚɦ ɤɪɵɬɵɤɿ

ʆɪɚɞɚ, ɡɞɨɥɟɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɫɰɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɭ ɋɚɜɟɬ ɿ

ɫɬɜɚɪɵɰɶ ɬɚɦ ɞɚɜɨɥɿ ɦɨɰɧɭɸ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɰɤɭɸ ɚɩɚɡɿɰɵɸ. ɉɚɞ ɹɟ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ

У

27 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ 1990 ɝɨɞɚ ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ ɋɚɜɟɬ ȻɋɋɊ ɩɪɵɧɹʆ Ⱦɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵɸ “Ⱥɛ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɫɭɜɟɪɷɧɿɬɷɰɟ ȻɋɋɊ”.

Т

Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɧɚ ɪɭɛɹɠɵ 1980 – 1990-ɯ ɝɝ. ɭ ȻɋɋɊ, ɹɤ ɿ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ ɭ

ɋɋɋɊ, ɭɡɦɚɰɧɿʆɫɹ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɤɪɵɡɿɫ, ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɬɵɦ ɜɵɥɿʆɫɹ ʆ

ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɸ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ.

Н

Б

й

и

р

о

т

и

з

о

п

е

Р

У

12.1. Ɋɚɫɩɚɞ ɋɋɋɊ. Ⱥɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ. Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ 1990-ɯ ɝɝ. –

ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XXI ɫɬ.

Т

12.2. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ

Н

12.3. Ƚɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ. Ɋɨɥɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ

ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ ɿ ɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɋɚɞɪɭɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɇɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɵɯ Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆ

Б

12.1. Ɋɚɫɩɚɞ ɋɋɋɊ. Ⱥɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ

1990 ɝɨɞ ɫɬɚʆ ɩɟɪɚɥɨɦɧɵɦ, ɥɺɫɚɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɨɞɚɦ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ

й

ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɦɿ ɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɚɦɿ ʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɥɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ – ɫɩɪɨɛɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɪɨɬɭ. əɝɨ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɛɵɥɨ

ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɋɋɋɊ ɭ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɿ ɚɞɯɿɥɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɩɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɬɚ ɋɋɋɊ

Ɇ.ɋ. Ƚɚɪɛɚɱɨɜɚ. Ȼɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬ ɩɚ ɧɚɞɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɦ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɵ,

ɹɤɿ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿʆ ɚɛ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɱɵ ɹɦɭ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɿ ɚɛ ɭɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ

ʆ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ

ɧɚɞɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ,

ɹɤɨɟ ɫɤɨɧɱɵɥɚɫɹ

ɧɹʆɞɚɱɚɣ,

У

ɭɜɚɣɲɥɨ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ ɹɤ ɠɧɿɜɟɧɶɫɤɿ ɩɭɬɱ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɠɧɿɜɟɧɶɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɞɡɟɣ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ

ɚɮɚɪɦɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɭɜɟɪɵɧɿɬɷɬɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɚɫɤɨɪɵʆɫɹ. 25 ɠɧɿʆɧɹТ1991 ɝɨɞɚ

ɛɵʆ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ Ɂɚɤɨɧ “Ⱥɛ ɧɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ

Ⱦɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵɿ

ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɋɚɜɟɬɚ ȻɋɋɊ ɚɛ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ

ɫɭɜɟɪɷɧɿɬɷɰɟ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ

Н

ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɋɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ”. ɇɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɞɡɟɧɶ,

26 ɠɧɿʆɧɹ 1991 ɝɨɞɚ, ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ ɋɚɜɟɬ ȻɋɋɊ ɩɪɵɧɹʆ Ɂɚɤɨɧ “Ⱥɛ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɿ

Б

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɿ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ ȻɋɋɊ”. Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɪɚɦɨɟ

ʆɦɹɲɚɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɫɚɸɡɧɚɣ ɭɥɚɞɵ ʆ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ɫɩɵɧɹɥɚɫɹ.

23 ɠɧɿʆɧɹ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɬɵйȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɋɚɜɟɬɚ ɊɋɎɋɊ

ɡɚɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ

ɚɞ Ɇ.ɋ. Ƚɚɪɛɚɱɨɜɚ ɪɚɫɩɭɫɰɿɰɶ Ʉɉɋɋ.

Ɇ.ɋ. Ƚɚɪɛɚɱɨʆ

и

ɞɨɛɪɚɚɯɜɨɬɧɚ ɩɚɤɿɧɭʆ ɩɚɫɚɞɭ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪɚ ɐɄ Ʉɉɋɋ ɿ ɪɚɫɩɭɫɰɿʆ

ɐɄ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ.

ɍɤɚɡɚɦɿ Ȼ.Ɇ. ȿɥɶɰɵɧɚ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ Ʉɉɋɋ ɿ

Ʉɉ

ɊɋɎɋɊ

р

ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɹ. ɍ ɠɧɿʆɧɿ 1991 ɝɨɞɚ ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ ɋɚɜɟɬ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɩɪɵɩɵɧɿʆ

ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɄɉȻ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ. əɟ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɰɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɜɚ

о

ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. Ⱥɥɟ ʆɠɨ ʆ 1993 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɄɉȻ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɧɨʆɥɟɧɚ.

т

Ɂɚɦɚɰɨʆɜɚɸɱɵ ɫɭɜɟɪɷɧɿɬɷɬ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ, 19 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ 1991 ɝ. ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ

ɋɚɜɟɬ ȻɋɋɊ ɩɪɵɧɹʆ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ Ɂɚɤɨɧɵ:“Ⱥɛ ɧɚɡɜɟ ȻɋɋɊ”, “Ⱥɛ ɫɰɹɝɭ ȻɋɋɊ” ɿ

и

ɚɛ “Ƚɟɪɛɭ ȻɋɋɊ”. Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɿɦɿ ɡɚɦɟɫɬ ȻɋɋɊ ɛɵɥɚ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚ “Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚ

з

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ”, ɡɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆɫɹ ɛɟɥ-ɱɵɪɜɨɧɚ-ɛɟɥɵ ɫɰɹɝ ɿ ɝɟɪɛ “ɉɚɝɨɧɹ”.

Ƚɷɬɚɹ

ɫɿɦɜɨɥɿɤɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɪɚɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɹɞɨʆɝɚ. ɉɚ ɿɧɿɰɵɹɬɵɜɟ

о

ɉɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɬɚ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɚɛ ɡɚɦɟɧɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɫɿɦɜɨɥɿɤɿ

ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɧɫɤɿ ɪɷɮɟɪɷɧɞɭɦ 14 ɦɚɹ 1995 ɝɨɞɚ ɉɚ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɯ

п

ɹɝɨ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ ɧɨɜɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɫɰɹɝ ɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɝɟɪɛ (ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵɹ).

е20 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ 1991 ɝɨɞɚ ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵ ɋɚɜɟɬ ȻɋɋɊ ɩɪɵɧɹʆ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɭ “Ⱥɛ

Р

ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ ʆɡɛɪɨɟɧɵɯ ɫɿɥ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ”. 18 ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ 1991 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵʆ

ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ Ɂɚɤɨɧ “Ⱥɛ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɬɜɟ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ”. Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɬɜɚ –

ɩɪɚɜɚɜɚɹ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɫɨɛɵ ɞɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ – ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɚɞ’ɟɦɧɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ