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DZșȎȐȎ 5. ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǿǸǹǮDzǵdz Ǿȋȅȉ ǽǮǿǽǮǹIȀǮǷ
ɹɲɱɷ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɫɰɺɥɚ ɿ ɉɚɩɵ Ɋɵɦɫɤɚɝɚ. ɒɦɚɬɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɫɰɶ, ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚɹɧɧɟ ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣ ɿ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɚɹ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɥɚɛɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɧɟɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ.
ɍɧɿɹɰɤɚɹ ɰɚɪɤɜɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɞɚ 1839 ɝ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɭɧɿɹɬɚɦɿ ɥɿɱɵɥɿ ɫɹɛɟ ɭɠɨ 75 – 80% ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ȱ ɫɺɧɧɹ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿɫɧɭɸɰɶ
ɭɧɿɹɰɤɿɹ ɚɛɲɱɵɧɵ. |
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5.3. Ɂɧɟɲɧɟɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ Ɋɷɱɵ |
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ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ |
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ɍ 16 – 18 ɫɬɫɬ. ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ʆ ɡɨɧɭ ɜɨɫɬɪɚɝɚ |
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ɜɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚɹɧɧɹ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ – Ɋɚɫɿɿ, ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵТ, ɒɜɟɰɵɿ ɿ |
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ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ, ɬɭɬ ɿɲɥɿ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɚɩɵɧɧɵɹ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɿɥɿ ɺɣ |
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ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɹ ɿ ɥɸɞɫɤɿɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ. |
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Ɂ 1558 ɩɚ 1582 ɝɝ. Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɬɷɚɬɪɚɦ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ ɭ |
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ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ Ʌɿɜɨɧɫɤɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɨɣ. Ɋɭɫɤɿɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɡɚɯɚɩɿɥɿ ɿ ɫɩɭɫɬɨɲɵɥɿ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɩɚɥɨɜɭ |
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ɹɟ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɡɚɯɨɩɭ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɰɶ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ. ɍ |
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ɬɚɤɿɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɧɚ |
Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɫɤɚɹ ʆɧɿɹ, ɹɤɚɹ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚ ɩɚʆɩɥɵɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ |
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ɯɨɞ Ʌɿɜɨɧɫɤɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ. ɇɨɜɵ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ Ɋɷɱɵйɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɋɬɷɮɚɧ Ȼɚɬɨɪɵɣ (1576 – |
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1586 ɝɝ.) ɡɦɨɝ ɫɚɛɪɚɰɶ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɿ ɡɦɹɧɿʆ ɯɨɞ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ. ɍ |
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1579 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɵ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ, ɚ ɡɚɬɵɦ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɵɹ ɩɭɧɤɬɵ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɍ 1582 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɜɚɣɧɚ ɫɤɨɧɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɚɣ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ. ɉɚ əɦ- |
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Ɂɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɦɭ ɩɚɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɸ ȼɄɅ ɜɹɪɬɚɥɿɫɹ ʆɫɟ ɡɟɦɥɿ, ɫɬɪɚɱɚɧɵɹ ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɜɚɣɧɵ. |
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Ⱦɚ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɚɞɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɚоɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ Ʌɿɜɨɧɿɿ. |
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Ⱦɪɭɝɨɣ ɛɭɣɧɨɣ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɿɹɣ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XVII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɛɵɥɚ |
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ɚɞɤɪɵɬɚɹ ɷɤɫɩɚɧɫɿɹ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɭ Ɇɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ, ɹɤɚɹ |
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ɩɟɪɚɠɵɜɚɥɚ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɵ ”ɫɦɭɬɧɵ ɱɚɫ”. Ȭɧ ɛɵʆ ɚɛɭɦɨʆɥɟɧɵ ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɿ |
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ɫɤɨɧɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɹ Ɋɭɪɵɤɚɜɿɱɚʆ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɡɚ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɿ ɬɪɨɧ. |
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Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ, ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɚɞɪɚɞ ɬɭɬ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɟʆɪɚɞɠɚɿ, ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɝɨɥɚɞ. Ȼɭɧɬɵ |
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ɝɚɥɨɞɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɚɯɚɩɿɥɿ ʆɫɸ ɤɪɚɿɧɭ. ɇɨɜɵ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ |
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ȼɚɡɚ (1587 – 1632) ɜɵɪɚɲɵʆ ɫɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɶ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɸ ɞɥɹ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɹ |
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ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ʆɩɥɵɜɭ ɧɚ ɍɫɯɨɞɡɟ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɭ ɫɹɞɡɿɛɟ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚ |
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ȼɿɲɧɹɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɚɛ’ɹɜɿʆɫɹ ɦɚɥɚɞɵ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɡɜɚʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɰɚɪɷɜɿɱɚɦ Ⱦɡɦɿɬɪɵɟɦ |
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е(ɦɚɥɨɞɲɵ ɫɵɧ ȱɜɚɧɚ IV). Ȭɧ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚʆ, ɲɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɚɞ ɡɚɛɨɣɰ Ȼɚɪɵɫɚ |
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Ƚɚɞɭɧɨɜɚ ɿ ɩɪɚɞ’ɹʆɥɹʆ ɩɪɷɬɷɧɡɿɿ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɿ ɩɪɷɫɬɨɥ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɚɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɦɚɧɚɯ Ɋɵɝɨɪ Ⱥɬɪɷɩ’ɟʆ. ɒɥɹɯɬɚ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɜɵɪɚɲɵɥɚ ɜɵɤɚɪɚɫɬɚɰɶ ɫɦɟɥɚɝɚ ɚɜɚɧɬɭɪɵɫɬɚ, ɤɚɛ ɡɚɦɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɩɟɪɲɵɧɫɬɜɨ ʆ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ. Ⱦɵɩɥɚɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɡɚɯɚɞɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɞɤɿɧɭɬɵ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɚɟ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɟ ʆɦɹɲɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɹɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ.
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DZșȎȐȎ 5. ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǿǸǹǮDzǵdz Ǿȋȅȉ ǽǮǿǽǮǹIȀǮǷ
ɉɟɪɲɵ ɩɚɯɨɞ ɧɚ Ɇɚɫɤɜɭ ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ʆ 1604 ɝɨɞɡɟ. ȱɥɠɷɞɡɦɿɬɪɵɣ ɩɪɵ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɰɵ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɝɨɞ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɬɪɨɧɟ, ɚɞɧɚɤ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɤɪɵɬɵ ɿ ɡɚɛɿɬɵ.
ɍ 1607 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɥɚɞɠɚɧɵ ɧɨɜɵ ɩɚɯɨɞ ɭ Ɋɭɫɤɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ ɡ ȱɥɠɷɞɡɦɿɬɪɵɟɦ II ɭ ɚɛɨɡɟ (ɧɚɫɬɚʆɧɿɤ ɡ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɚ). Ⱥɥɟ ɿ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɧɚɩɚɬɤɚʆ ɬɚɤɿ
ɠ ɥɺɫ. Ȭɧ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɛɿɬɵ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɟ ɫɬɚʆɲɵ ɰɚɪɨɦ. |
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ɍ 1609 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ ɱɚɪɝɨɜɵ ɩɚɯɨɞ ɧɚ Ɇɚɫɤɜɭ ɪɭɲɵʆ ɡ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦ ɫɚɦ ɤɚɪɨɥɶ |
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ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬ III ȼɚɡɚ. Ȼɚɹɪɫɤɚɹ Ⱦɭɦɚ, ɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɧɚɫɰɿ, ɞɚɥɚ ɡɝɨɞɭ |
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ɧɚ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ ɫɵɧɚ ɀɵɝɿɦɨɧɬɚ 15-ɝɚɞɨɜɚɝɚ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɫɥɚɜɚ ɰɚɪɨɦ Ɇɚɫɤɨɜɿɿ. Ⱦɜɚ |
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ɝɚɞɵ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɿɧɲɚɡɟɦɰɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɬɚɦ |
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ɫɜɚɟ ɩɚɪɚɞɤɿ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɭ 1612 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɟ ɚɩɚɥɱɷɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ Ɇɿɧɿɧɵɦ ɿ |
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ɉɚɠɚɪɫɤɿɦ ɡɞɨɥɟɥɚ ɚɞɜɚɹɜɚɰɶ Ɇɚɫɤɜɭ ɿ ɜɵɝɧɚɰɶ ɱɭɠɚɡɟɦɧɵɹТɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɫɚ ɫɜɚɺɣ |
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ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ. Ⱥɞɦɨʆɧɵɦ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɿɧɬɷɪɜɟɧɰɵɿ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɭ Ɇɚɫɤɜɭ ɫɬɚɥɚ |
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ɡɚɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɜɚɪɨɠɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɦɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɦɿ. ɉɚɥɹɤɿ ɿ ɥɿɬɜɿɧɵ |
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ʆɫɩɪɵɦɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ Ɇɚɫɤɜɟ ɹɤ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɹ ɹɟ ɜɨɪɚɝɿ. Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ |
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ɧɚɫɬɨɣɥɿɜɚ ɞɚɦɚɝɚɥɚɫɹ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɿ Ɋɷɱɵ |
ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ, ɱɚɝɨ ɿ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ |
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XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ. |
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ɍɫɟ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɩɪɚɡ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɡ Ɂɚɯɚɞɭ ɧɚ ɍɫɯɨɞ ɿ ɡ ɍɫɯɨɞɭ ɧɚ Ɂɚɯɚɞ |
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ɛɟɫɩɟɪɚɩɵɧɧɚ ɪɭɯɚɥɿɫɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɪɭɣɧɚɜɚɥɿйɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ |
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ɋɩɭɫɬɚɲɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɞɥɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɚɣɧɚ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɡ Ɋɭɫɤɚɣ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɣ, ɹɤɚɹ ɰɹɝɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɡ 1654 ɩɚ 1667 ɝɝ. |
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ɉɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɹɧɚ ɡ ɚɧɬɵɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɩɚɞ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ |
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Ȼɚɝɞɚɧɚ ɏɦɹɥɶɧɿɰɤɚɝɚ. ɍ ɯɨɞɡɟ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ Ȼ. ɏɦɟɥɶɧɿɰɤɿ ɞɚɦɚɝɚʆɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ |
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ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɚɞ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚоɩɚɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɣ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɡ |
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ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɞɚ ɹɟ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɚ – ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. Ȭɧ ɡɚɫɵɥɚʆ ɧɚ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɫɜɚɟ ɤɚɡɚɰɤɿɹ ɚɬɪɚɞɵ (ɡɚɝɨɧɵ) ɩɚɞ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɇɚɥɿɜɚɣɤɿ, ɇɹɛɚɛɵ, |
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о |
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Ƚɚɥɨɬɵ, Ʉɪɵɱɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ, Ʉɪɵɜɚɲɚɩɤɿ, ɞɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ. |
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ɋɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɿɯ ɜɹɥɨ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɭ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚɦ əɧɭɲɚɦ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚɦ. |
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ɍ 1654 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ɋɚɫɿɹɣ ɿ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɚɣ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵ ɜɚɟɧɧɚ – |
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ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɫɚɸɡ. ɉɚ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɸ ɉɟɪɚɹɫɥɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɪɚɞɵ (ɤɚɡɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɡ’ɟɡɞɭ) ɍɤɪɚɿɧɚ |
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ɚɞɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ Ɋɚɫɿɿ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɡ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦɿ ɪɭɫɤɿ ɰɚɪ |
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Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ Ɇɿɯɚɣɥɚɜɿɱ ɤɿɧɭʆ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɭ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ. Ɂɚɚɞɧɨ ɺɧ ɦɟʆ ɧɚɦɟɪ |
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ɞɚɥɭɱɵɰɶ ɞɚ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɿ ɡɟɦɥɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ (ȼɄɅ). ȼɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ 1654 |
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еɝɨɞɡɟ. Ⱥɥɹɤɫɟɣ Ɇɿɯɚɣɥɚɜɿɱ ɡɚɯɚɩɿʆ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɭ |
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1655 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɭ ȼɄɅ ȼɿɥɶɧɸ, ɩɚɫɥɹ ɱɚɝɨ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɬɵɬɭɥɚɜɚɰɶ ɫɹɛɟ “ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɟɦ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɣ, Ɇɚɥɨɣ ɢ Ȼɟɥɨɣ Ɋɭɫɢ”. Ȼɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɚ, ɲɬɨ 10-ɬɵɫ. ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɝɟɬɦɚɧɚ əɧɭɲɚ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚ ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɞɚɰɶ ɚɞɩɨɪ 100-ɬɵɫɹɱɧɚɦɭ ɪɭɫɤɚɦɭ ɜɨɣɫɤɭ, ɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɤɭ ȼɄɅ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ɿ ɒɜɟɰɵɹ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɞɚɥɨ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɜɨɣɫɤɭ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚ ɜɟɫɰɿ ɛɚɹɜɵɹ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ. ɍ 1660 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɛɵɥɿ ɪɚɡɛɿɬɵ. ɍ 1661 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɚ ȼɿɥɶɧɹ. ɉɚɱɚʆɫɹ
72
DZșȎȐȎ 5. ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǿǸǹǮDzǵdz Ǿȋȅȉ ǽǮǿǽǮǹIȀǮǷ
ɚɞɵɯɨɞ ɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɡ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ. Ⱦɨʆɝɿɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɵ ɡɚɜɹɪɲɵɥɿɫɹ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɭ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿ 1667 ɝɨɞɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɭɫɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɿɪɭ (Ⱥɧɞɪɭɫɚɜɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ ɤɚɥɹ Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚʆɥɹ ʆ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɣ ɜɨɛɥ).
Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɿɦ Ɇɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɿ ɰɚɪ ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹʆɫɹ ɚɞ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɚɥɟ ɩɚɤɿɞɚʆ
ɡɚ ɫɚɛɨɣ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤ. ɍɤɪɚɿɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɚ |
ɩɚ Ⱦɧɹɩɪɵ: ɥɟɜɚɛɹɪɷɠɧɚɹ |
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ɚɞɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɞɚ Ɋɚɫɿɿ, ɩɪɚɜɚɛɹɪɷɠɧɚɹ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ |
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ɬɚɝɨ, Ⱥɧɞɪɭɫɚʆɫɤɿ ɦɿɪ ɡɚɦɚɰɨʆɜɚʆ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɰɚɪɚ ɚɛɚɪɚɧɹɰɶ |
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ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ. |
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Ⱦɚɧɿɧɚ, ɹɤɭɸ ɩɪɵɧɺɫ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ |
ɧɚɪɨɞ |
ɜɨɣɧɚɦ, |
ɛɵɥɚ |
ɠɭɞɚɫɧɚɣ. |
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Ʉɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɫɤɚɪɚɰɿɥɚɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɱɵɦ ɭɞɜɚɹ – ɡ 2,9 ɦɥɧ. |
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ɱɟɥɚɜɟɤ ɞɚ 1,4 ɦɥɧ.ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. əɲɱɷ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 300 ɬɵɫ. ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɿ |
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ʆɡɹɬɵ ʆ ɩɚɥɨɧ ɿ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɚɫɟɥɟɧɵ ʆ Ɋɚɫɿɸ. ȼɵɜɨɡɿɥɿ ɫɹɥɹɧТ, ɲɥɹɯɬɭ, ɚɥɟ |
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ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɦɚɣɫɬɪɨʆ-ɪɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ |
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ʆ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XVII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ |
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ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ 20% ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ɇɚɫɤɜɵ |
ɿ |
ʆɧɟɫɥɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɿ |
ʆɤɥɚɞ |
ɭ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ |
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ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɿ ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɿ.
ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɩɪɵɣɲɥɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ, |
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ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ (1700 – 1721 ɝɝ.). Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɜɚɣɧɭ ɜɹɥɚ Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɫɚ ɒɜɟɰɵɹɣ, ɚɥɟ |
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ɛɨɥɶɲɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ȼɚɣɧɚ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɤɨɥ ɫɹɪɨɞ |
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ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ, ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ɧɚйɛɚɤɭ ɒɜɟɰɵɿ (ɋɚɩɟɝɿ ɿ ɿɧɲ.), ɱɚɫɬɤɚ |
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ɧɚ ɛɚɤɭ Ɋɚɫɿɿ (Ⱥɝɿɧɫɤɿɹ, ȼɿɲɧɹɜɟɰɤɿɹ ɿ ɿɧɲ.). ɒɦɚɬɬɵɫɹɱɧɵɹ ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɵɹ |
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ɡɥɭɱɷɧɧɿ ɪɭɣɧɚɜɚɥɿ |
ɝɚɪɚɞɵ ɿ ɜɺɫɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɚɥɿ ɹɟ ʆ ɜɵɩɚɥɟɧɭɸ |
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ɡɹɦɥɸ. ȼɚɣɧɚ ɫɤɨɧɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɚɣ Ɋɚɫɿɿ. ɇɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɪɚɡ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɥɚ |
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ɤɚɥɹ 700 ɬɵɫ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ, |
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ȼɨɣɧɵ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ XVIIо– ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XVIII ɫɬɫɬ. ɫɬɚɥɿ ɬɵɦ ɪɭɛɹɠɨɦ, ɩɚɫɥɹ |
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ɹɤɨɝɚ Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɹ ɩɪɵɣɲɥɚ ʆ ɡɚɧɹɩɚɞ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɹ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ Ɋɚɫɿɹ, Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɹ ɿ ɉɪɭɫɿɹ, ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɥɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɚɛɨɣ ɬɚɣɧɵɹ |
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о |
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ɩɚɝɚɞɧɟɧɧɿ (ɭ 1720, 1726 ɝɝ.) ɚɛ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɰɵ ɛɹɡɥɚɞɞɡɹ ʆ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ. |
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5.4. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ XVII – XVIII ɫɬɫɬ. |
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ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ |
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ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɚ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɛɟɫɩɟɪɚɩɵɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɣɧɚʆ. Ⱥɞ ɿɯ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɚɰɹɪɩɟɥɿ |
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ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɫɭɦɟɠɧɵɹ ɡ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɣ. Ɍɭɬ |
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еɡɚɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ ɦɟɧɲ ɡɚ |
1/3 ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ, ɩɭɫɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɤɚɥɹ 70% ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɯɚɬ. |
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ȼɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ɩɚɧɟɫɥɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ. Ⱥɦɚɥɶ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɩɭɫɬɨɲɚɧɵ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ, ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤ, Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚʆ, Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤ, Ȼɪɚɝɿɧ, Ƚɨɦɟɥɶ, Ʌɨɟʆ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ɍ 1656 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 156 ɞɚɦɨʆ, ɺɧ ɥɹɠɚʆ ɭ ɪɭɿɧɚɯ. ɉɪɵɣɲɥɨ ʆ ɡɚɧɹɩɚɞ ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜɨ. ɇɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɭ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɟ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XVII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɤɚɥɹ 2 ɬɵɫ. ɪɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ, ɚ ʆ 1745 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 95 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ.
73
DZșȎȐȎ 5. ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǿǸǹǮDzǵdz Ǿȋȅȉ ǽǮǿǽǮǹIȀǮǷ
ȼɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɷɧɧɿ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɹɥɿɫɹ ɧɟʆɪɚɞɠɚɹɦɿ ɿ ɷɩɿɞɷɦɿɹɦɿ. ɇɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɷɩɿɞɷɦɿɹ ɯɜɚɪɨɛɵ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ XVII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɡɧɿɲɱɵɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ ɩɚɥɨɜɭ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ Ƚɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɿ ɇɚɜɚɝɪɭɞɤɚ. ɍ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ȼɄɅ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɤɿɧɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɡɟɫɹɬɤɿ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɧɚɡɚɞ.
Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɟ ɥɿɯɚɥɟɰɰɟ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɚɞɵɣɲɥɨ. ɍɠɨ ɡ 30-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ
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XVIII cɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚɟ ɚɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɟ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɚɧɚɣ |
У |
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ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ, |
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ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. ɍɠɨ ʆ 1791 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ |
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ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ 3,9 ɦɥɧ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. Ⱥɞɪɚɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɚ, ɱɚɦɭ |
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ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ʆɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɩɨɩɵɬɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɭɸ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɸ ɧɚ |
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Ɂɚɯɚɞɡɟ. ɐɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɠɵɬɚ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɭ 5 ɪɚɡɨʆ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ |
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ɚɞɧɚʆɥɹɰɰɚ ɩɚɧɫɤɿɹ |
ɮɚɥɶɜɚɪɤɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɸ |
ɧɚ ɪɵɧɚɤ. |
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Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɭ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɩɚɩɭɥɹɪɧɚɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɪɷɧɞɚ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɝɷɬɚТɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɡɞɚɱɚ |
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ɮɟɚɞɚɥɚɦɿ ɡɹɦɥɿ ʆ ɱɚɫɨɜɚɟ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɛɚɝɚɬɵɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɠɚɧɚɦ ɰɿ ɤɭɩɰɚɦ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ |
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ɝɷɬɵɹ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɵ ɜɹɥɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɭ ɩɚ–ɞɪɚɩɟɠɧɿɰɤɭ. əɧɵ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ |
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ʆɡɹɰɶ ɡ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ ɹɤ ɦɚɝɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɞɚɯɨɞɚʆ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɚ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɞɚ ɝɚɥɟɱɵ. |
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ɋɹɪɷɞɧɹɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɚ ɩɚ-ɪɚɧɟɣɲɚɦɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɤɚɥɹ 0,5 ɜɚɥɨɤɿ. |
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Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɭɡɪɚɫɥɚ ɞɨɥɹ ɩɚɡɚɧɚɞɡɟɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɹɤɭɸ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ |
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ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɩɭɫɬɤɚɯ ɿ ɥɹɫɚɯ. Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɫɩɚɝɚɧɹɥɿɫɹ ɦɟɧɲɵɹ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɿ. |
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ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹйɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ |
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ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ ɰɹɝɥɚɜɚɣ ɠɵɜɺɥɚɣ (ɤɨɧɶɦɿ ɿ ɜɚɥɚɦɿ). ɇɨɜɚɣ ɡ’ɹɜɚɣ ɭ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ |
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ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɚɹ ɧɹɪɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ. ɑɚɫɬɤɚ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ |
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ʆ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɪɚɺɧɚɯ, ɦɟɥɚ ʆɠɨ ɩɚ 1 – 2 ɜɚɥɨɤɿ ɡɹɦɥɿ, 4 – 5 ɝɚɥɨʆ ɰɹɝɥɚɣ ɠɵɜɺɥɵ. |
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Ɍɚɤɿɹ ɡɚɦɨɠɧɵɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ʆ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ |
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ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ʆɠɨ 15 – 16% ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣоɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɞɜɨɪ’ɹʆ. ɉɨɛɚɱ ɡ ɿɦɿ ʆ |
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ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɜɺɫɰɵ ɠɵɥɿ ɿ ɛɟɞɧɹɤɿ, ɿɯ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɿ ɤɭɬɧɿɤɚɦɿ, ɤɚɦɨɪɧɿɤɚɦɿ ɰɿ |
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ɛɚɛɵɥɹɦɿ. əɧɵ ɧɚɣɦɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɭ ɞɚ ɩɚɧɨʆ ɰɿ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɚɞɧɚɜɹɫɤɨʆɰɚʆ. |
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Ȼɟɞɧɹɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ 10% ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɜɺɫɤɿ. |
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Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɭ ɤɚɧɰɵ XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɶ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɞɜɨɪ’ɹʆ |
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ɦɟɥɿ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ ɦɨɰɧɭɸ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɭ ɿ ɞɨɛɪɵ ɩɚɬɷɧɰɵɹɥ. Ⱥɥɟ ɝɷɬɵ ɩɚɬɷɧɰɵɹɥ |
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ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚ ɡɧɿɠɚɥɿ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɿ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵ ʆɰɿɫɤ. ɋɹɥɹɧɟ ɩɚ– |
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ɪɚɧɟɣɲɚɦɭ ɜɵɤɨɧɜɚɥɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɿ. ɍ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɧɨɪɦɚ |
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ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɵ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ 8 – 12 ɦɭɠɱɵɧɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɠɚɧɨɱɵɯ ɞɡɺɧ ɧɚ |
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ɬɵɞɡɟɧɶ ɡ ɰɹɝɥɚɣ ɜɚɥɨɤɿ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɵ, ɫɹɥɹɧɟ ɜɵɤɨɧɜɚɥɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ |
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еɚɞɩɪɚɰɨɜɚɱɧɵɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɚ (ɝɜɚɥɬɵ, ɬɚɥɨɤɿ, ɡɚɝɨɧɵ), |
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ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵɹ ɫɚ ɠɧɿɜɨɦ, ɫɟɧɚɤɨɫɚɦ, ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɰɿ ɪɚɦɨɧɬɚɦ. Ʉɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ |
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ɝɜɚɥɬɚʆ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, |
ɞɚɫɹɝɚɥɚ 12-ɰɿ ʆ ɝɨɞ. ȼɟɥɶɦɿ ɰɹɠɤɚɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɛɵɥɚ |
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ɩɚɞɜɨɞɧɚɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɚ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɡɰɵ ɩɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɝɪɭɡɚʆ. ɋɹɥɹɧɟ ɫɩɥɚʆɥɹɥɿ ɥɟɫ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɧɨʆ, ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɚɛɥɚɜɚɯ ɧɚ ɩɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹɯ, ɥɚɜɿɥɿ ɪɵɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɧɨʆ, ɩɚɫɥɿ ɫɬɚɬɤɿ, ɜɚɪɬɚɜɚɥɿ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɿ ɿ ɝ.ɞ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɚɹ ɚɞɩɪɚɰɨɜɚɱɧɚɹ ɪɷɧɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ.
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DZșȎȐȎ 5. ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǿǸǹǮDzǵdz Ǿȋȅȉ ǽǮǿǽǮǹIȀǮǷ |
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ɇɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɰɹɠɤɿɦ ɛɵʆ ɿ ɝɪɚɲɨɜɵ ɩɚɞɚɬɚɤ – ɱɵɧɲ. Ȭɧ ɫɤɥɚɞɚʆ ɤɚɥɹ 30 – |
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60 ɡɥɨɬɵɯ ɡ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɨɤɿ. Ⱥ ɡɚ 2 ɡɥɨɬɵɯ ɭ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɤɭɩɿɰɶ ɛɚɪɚɧɚ. |
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ɋɹɥɹɧɟ ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɩɥɚɰɿɰɶ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ: ɡɚ ɩɚɧɫɤɿɹ ɠɨɪɧɵ – ɠɚɪɧɚɜɨɟ, ɡɚ ɜɵɪɚɛ ɝɚɪɷɥɤɿ |
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– ɱɚɩɚɜɨɟ, ɡɚ ɜɵɯɚɞ ɡɚɦɭɠ ɰɿ ɠɚɧɿɰɶɛɭ – ɤɭɧɿɱɧɚɟ ɿ ɝ.ɞ. |
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Ⱦɚɩɚʆɧɹɥɚɫɹ ɚɞɩɪɚɰɨɜɚɱɧɚɹ ɪɷɧɬɚ ɞɡɹɤɥɚɦ, ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɞɚɧɿɧɚɣ |
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ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɚɦɿ (ɡɛɨɠɠɚɦ, ɩɬɭɲɤɚɣ, ɦɹɫɚɦ, ɦɚɫɥɚɦ, ɹɣɤɚɦɿ, ɹɝɚɞɚɦɿ, ɝɪɵɛɚɦɿ ɿ |
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ɝ. ɞ.). |
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Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɭ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ ɩɥɚɰɿɥɿ ɲɬɨɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɩɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɭ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ ɤɚɡɧɭ ɡ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ ɞɜɚɪɚ (ɞɵɦɚ). Ȭɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚʆɫɹ “ɩɚɞɵɦɧɵ”. ɍɫɹɝɨ ʆ |
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XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ |
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ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɿ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɸɰɶ 120 – 140 ɜɿɞɚʆ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ |
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ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɟɣ. ɋɟɥɹɧɿɧ ɛɵʆ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɚɫɚɛɿɫɬɚ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɵɦ ɚɞ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɚ. ɍ ɥɸɛɵ |
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ɦɨɦɚɧɬ ɮɟɚɞɚɥ ɦɨɝ ɚɞɚɛɪɚɰɶ ɭ ɹɝɨ ɡɹɦɥɸ, ɩɟɪɚɫɹɥɿɰɶ ɭ ɿɧɲɚɟТɦɟɫɰɚ, ɤɭɩɿɰɶ- |
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ɩɪɚɞɚɰɶ, ɩɪɚɣɝɪɚɰɶ ɭ ɤɚɪɬɵ. ɉɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɿ ʆɡɪɚɫɬɚɸɱɵ ɰɹɠɚɪ |
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ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɟɣ ɩɪɵɦɭɲɚɥɿ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɛɪɚɰɰɚ ɡɚ ɡɛɪɨɸ. ɍ XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɧɚ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɚɞɛɵɥɿɫɹ ɞɜɚ ɛɭɣɧɵɹ ɚɧɬɵɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɿ – Ʉɪɵɱɚʆɫɤɚɟ ɿ |
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Ʉɚɦɹɧɟɰɤɚɟ. |
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Ʉɪɵɱɚʆɫɤɚɟ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ʆ 1740 – 1744 ɝɝ. ɭ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɭ ɤɧɹɡɹ |
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Ƚɟɪɚɧɿɦɚ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥɚ ʆ Ʉɪɵɱɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɜɟɰɟ. Ɇɚɺɧɬɚɤ ɝɷɬɵ Ƚɟɪɚɧɿɦ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥ ɡɞɚʆ |
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ɭ ɚɪɷɧɞɭ ɛɪɚɬɚɦ Ƚɞɚɥɸ ɿ ɒɦɭɣɥɭ ȱɰɤɟɜɿɱɚɦй. Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɵ |
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ʆɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɥɿ ɬɭɬ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɿ |
ɩɪɵɝɧɺɬ ɿ ɩɟɪɚʆɡɵɲɥɿ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɭɫɿɯ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɤɚʆ. əɧɵ |
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ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɿ ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɭ, |
ɭɜɹɥɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɿ, ɪɷɝɭɥɹɪɧɚ ɡɛɿɪɚɥɿ ɩɚɞɚɪɭɧɤɿ ɿ |
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ɩɚɱɚɫɬɭɧɤɿ (ɚɦɚɥɶ ɧɚ 1 ɦɥɧ. 300 ɬɵɫ. ɡɜɵɲ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɝɚ), ɡɚ ɧɟɩɚɫɥɭɲɷɧɫɬɜɚ |
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ɡɛɿɜɚɥɿ ɛɿɡɭɧɚɦɿ, ɧɟ ɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɫɤɚɪɞɡɿɰɰɚ. ɋɚɦɚɜɨɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɚɪɷɧɞɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɚɥɚ |
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ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɭɸ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɭ, оɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɹɥɚ ɫɨɬɧɿ ɫɟɦ’ɹʆ ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ ɞɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ. |
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ɐɹɪɩɟɧɧɟ ɤɪɵɱɚʆɰɚʆ ɫɤɨɧɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɿ ɹɧɵ ʆɡɹɥɿɫɹ ɡɚ ɡɛɪɨɸ. ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ʆɡɧɚɱɚɥɿʆ |
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ɜɨɣɬ ȼɚɫɿɥɶ ȼɚɲɱɵɥɚ. ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɵ ɜɵɝɧɚɥɿ ɛɪɚɬɨʆ ȱɰɤɟɜɿɱɚʆ, ɡɚɩɪɚɫɿɥɿ ɧɨɜɵɯ |
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ɚɪɷɧɞɚɬɚɪɚʆ ɿ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɤɚɧɬɪɚɥɿɪɚɜɚɰɶ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɟ ɞɚɝɚɜɨɪɚʆ. Ƚɟɪɚɧɿɦ Ɋɚɞɡɿɜɿɥ |
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ɚɞɱɭʆ, ɲɬɨ ɫɬɪɚɱɜɚɟ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɹɣ. ɍ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿ 1744 ɝɨɞɚ ɺɧ |
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ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚʆ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɚʆ ɞɨɛɪɚ ʆɡɛɪɨɟɧɚɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɡ ɝɚɪɦɚɬɚɦɿ. əɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ |
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ɪɚɡɛɿɬɵ. Ʉɚɥɹ 200 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɡɚɝɿɧɭɥɿ ʆ ɛɚɹɯ, 30 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɩɚɫɚɞɡɿɥɿ ɧɚ ɤɨɥ ɰɿ |
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ɩɚɞɜɟɫɿɥɿ ɡɚ ɪɷɛɪɵ. ȼɚɫɿɥɶ ȼɚɲɱɵɥɚ ʆɰɺɤ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɭ, ɞɡɟ ɛɵʆ ɚɪɵɲɬɚɜɚɧɵ ɿ |
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ɯɭɬɤɚ ɩɚɦɺɪ. Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɲɭɤɚɸɰɶ ɤɚɡɧɭ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɚʆ (ɤɚɥɹ 6 ɬɵɫ. ɡɥɨɬɵɯ), |
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ɚɥɟ ɛɟɫɩɚɫɩɹɯɨɜɚ. |
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еɉɪɚɡ 10 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɚɫɥɹ Ʉɪɵɱɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ, ɭ 1754 ɝɨɞɡɟ, ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ |
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ɫɹɥɹɧ ɭ ɜɺɫɰɵ Ʉɚɦɟɧɲɱɵɧɚ Ɇɚɡɵɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɚ ɜɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɹɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ. ɉɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɹɝɨ ɛɵʆ ɡɧɨʆ-ɬɚɤɿ ɧɟɩɚɫɿɥɶɧɵ ɩɪɵɝɧɺɬ. Ⱥɥɟ ɿ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɚ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɦɿ.
Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ, ɬɪɷɛɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɿ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɚɫɿɥɿ ɥɚɤɚɥɶɧɵ, ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ. Ɍɭɬ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɜɨɣɧɚʆ ɧɚɤɲɬɚɥɬ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ə. ɉɭɝɚɱɨɜɚ ɰɿ ɋ. Ɋɚɡɿɧɚ ʆ Ɋɚɫɿɿ, ɍɨɬɚ Ɍɚɣɥɟɪɚ ʆ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɿ, ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ
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DZșȎȐȎ 5. ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǿǸǹǮDzǵdz Ǿȋȅȉ ǽǮǿǽǮǹIȀǮǷ |
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ɪɷɞɤɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɛɚɝɚɰɰɟ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ |
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ɩɪɚɤɚɪɦɿɰɰɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɲɬ ɩɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹ, ɪɵɛɧɚɣ ɥɨʆɥɿ, ɞɚɪɨʆ ɥɟɫɚ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɩɪɵ ɫɚɦɚɣ |
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ɠɨɪɫɬɤɚɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɵɿ. ɉɚɦɿɠ ȼɄɅ ɿ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɦɿ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɦɿ ɦɟɠɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɨɫɵɰɶ |
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ɩɪɚɡɪɵɫɬɵɦɿ ɿ ɝɷɬɚ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɭɰɹɤɚɰɶ ɞɚ ɤɚɡɚɤɚʆ ɭ Ɂɚɩɚɪɨɠɫɤɭɸ |
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ɋɟɱ, ɭ ɋɿɛɿɪ ɿ ɞɚɥɟɣ. |
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Ɂ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚɟ ɚɞɪɚɠɷɧɧɟ |
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ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɭ |
ȼɄɅ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ |
39 ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɿ |
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350 ɦɹɫɬɷɱɚɤ, ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɤɚɥɹ 11%. ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɛɭɣɧɵɦɿ |
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ɝɚɪɚɞɚɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ, |
ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤ, ɞɡɟ ɠɵɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 10 ɬɵɫ. ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. |
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Ʉɚɥɹ 5 – 6 ɬɵɫ. ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ Ƚɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɿ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ, ɤɚɥɹ 4 ɬɵɫ. – ɭ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ, |
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ɋɥɨɧɿɦɟ, Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚʆɥɿ. ɉɚɱɚɥɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɰɰɚ ɲɥɹɯɿ ɡɧɨɫɿɧ, ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɵ ɦɿɧɫɤɚ- |
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ɫɥɨɧɿɦɫɤɿ ɿ ɦɿɧɫɤɚ-ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɬɪɚɤɬɵ. |
ɉɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ |
ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɚТɚɱɵɫɬɰɵ ɪɷɤ, |
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ɞɪɭɝɨɣ |
ɩɚɥɨɜɟ |
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ɡɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɪɚɱɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɬɚʆ, ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɭ ɦɚɫɬɨʆ. ɍ |
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XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɛɵɥɿ |
ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɵ |
ɞɜɚ |
ɛɭɣɧɵɹ |
ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, |
ɹɤɿɹ |
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ɡɥɭɱɵɥɿ |
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Ȼɚɥɬɵɣɫɤɚɟ ɿ ɑɨɪɧɚɟ ɦɨɪɵ: Ⱦɧɹɩɪɨʆɫɤɚ-ɇɺɦɚɧɫɤɿ ɿ Ⱦɧɹɩɪɨʆɫɤɚ-Ȼɭɝɫɤɿ. ɍ |
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1766 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚ-ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ ɦɟɪɵ ɜɚɝɿ, ɚɛ’ɺɦɭ ɿ ɞɚʆɠɵɧɿ, |
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ɚɞɡɿɧɵɹ ɦɵɬɧɵɹ ɩɨɲɥɿɧɵ ɿ ɝ.ɞ. |
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ɇɨɜɚɣ ɡ’ɹɜɚɣ |
ɭ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ȼɄɅ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ |
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XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɧɚɣйɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ. Ɇɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɚ |
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– ɝɷɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ( ɦɚɧɭɫ – ɪɭɤɚ, ɮɚɤɬɭɪɚ – ɜɵɪɚɛ), ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɧɚ |
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ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟ ɩɪɚɰɵ. ɇɚ |
Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɵ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɿ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɭ |
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ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɚɯ ɿ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚʆɥɚɫɧɿɰɤɿɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ, ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ |
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ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɦɚɧɚɩɨɥɿɹ ɰɷɯɚʆ ɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɛ ɿ ɩɪɨɞɚɠ ɪɚɦɟɫɥɟɧɵɯ ɬɚɜɚɪɚʆ. Ɍɚɤ, ɭ |
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ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɭ ɍɪɷɱɱɚ Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤɚɝɚоɩɚɜɟɬɚ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɚ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɚ ɲɤɥɹɧɵɯ ɜɵɪɚɛɚʆ, |
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ɭ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɭ ɋɜɟɪɠɚɧɶ – ɮɚɪɮɨɪɚɜɚɹ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɚ, ɭ ɋɥɭɰɤɭ – ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɚ |
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ɜɵɪɚɛɭ ɲɚʆɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɹɫɨʆ ɿ ɫɭɤɨɧɧɵɯ ɬɤɚɧɿɧ. Ⱦɚ ɤɚɧɰɵ XVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɧɚ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆɠɨ ɛɵɥɿ 53 ɜɨɬɱɵɧɧɵɹ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪɵ, ɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɥɚ 2400 ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ. |
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ɍɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɦɚɧɭɮɚɤɬɭɪ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɥɚ ɚɛ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɵɦ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɡɟ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵɯ |
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ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ ɿ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ. |
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76
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 6
ȿȸɊɈɉȺ ȱ ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ ɍ ɄȺɇɐɕ XVIII – ɉȿɊɒȺɃ ɉȺɅɈȼȿ XIX ɋɌȺȽɈȾȾɁə. ɉȺɑȺɌȺɄ ȱɇȾɍɋɌɊɕəɅɖɇȺɃ ɐɕȼȱɅȱɁȺɐɕȱ
6.1. ɍɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɿ |
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ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɝɚ |
ʆɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ |
Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ |
У |
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ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ |
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XVIII – ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XIX ɫɬɫɬ. |
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6.2. Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɭ ɜɚɣɧɟ 1812 ɝɨɞɚ. Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɪɭɯ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ |
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ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ |
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6.3. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ |
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XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ |
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6.1. ɍɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɿ |
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ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɚ |
ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ |
ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ |
XVIII – |
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ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XIX ɫɬɫɬ. й
ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɏVȱȱȱ – ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟиɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ ʆ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɿɧɬɷɧɫɿʆɧɚ ɿɲɨʆ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚр ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ – ɡɚɜɹɪɲɚʆɫɹ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ
ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɵɯ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣ, ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɹ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɶ ɜɵɰɹɫɧɿɥɚ |
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ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɤɚɧɤɭɪɷɧɰɵɹ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɚɦɚɝɥɚ ɰɷɯɚɜɭɸ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ, |
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ɚ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ – ɫɚɫɥɨʆɧɵɹ ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɝɿɿ. Ȼɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɹ ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɹ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ |
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ɩɪɚɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɿ ʆ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɭɸ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɸ, ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɹɤɨɣ ɭ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɏVȱȱȱ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ |
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ɬɪɚɩɿɥɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ. Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ʆɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ |
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Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɣ ɩɚɞɡɟɹɣ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɹɤɚɹзɚɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɜɟɥɿɡɚɪɧɵ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵ ɹɝɨ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ ɥɺɫ.
ɋɹɪɨɞоɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɞɚ ɧɚɲɵɯ ɞɡɺɧ ɿɞɭɰɶ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ ɜɚɤɨɥ ɚɰɷɧɤɿ ɝɷɬɚɣ
ɩɚɞɡɟɿ. Ⱥɞɧɵ – ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɿ “ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɪɭɫɿɡɦɭ” – ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɸɰɶ ɝɷɬɭ ɩɚɞɡɟɸ ɹɤ “ɭɡп’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ” Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɡ Ɋɚɫɿɹɣ ɿ “ɜɵɪɚɬɚɜɚɧɧɟ” ɡɚɯɨɞɧɟɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɚɞ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɚɩɚɥɹɱɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɪɭɝɿɹ – ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ “ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ” ɩɥɵɧɿ еʆ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɹɝɪɚɮɿɿ – ɚɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɚɞɦɨʆɧɚ ɚɰɷɧɶɜɚɸɰɶ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɵ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ Рɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ ɰɚɪɵɡɦɭ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ. Ɍɪɷɰɿɹ, ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ Ɇ.ȼ. ȾɨʆɧɚɪɁɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ, ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɜɚɸɰɶ ɝɷɬɭ ɩɚɞɡɟɸ ɡ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɣ: ɧɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɹɧɚ ɩɚɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ ɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɸ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɿɞɷɿ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɿ.
əɧɵ, ɧɟ ʆɯɜɚɥɹɸɱɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ ɰɚɪɵɡɦɭ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ, ɜɿɬɚɥɿ ɪɷɩɪɷɫɿʆɧɵɹ ɦɟɪɚɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ ɰɚɪɵɡɦɭ ʆ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɿ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ. Ɍɚɦɭ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɛɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɚ, ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɰɶ ɡ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ, ɹɤɿɹ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɡɦɹɧɿɥɿ ɝɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɸ ɧɚ
77
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ, ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɹ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɹɤɿɯ ɰɹɩɟɪ ɧɟɩɚɪɵʆɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ |
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ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹɣ ɿ ɥɺɫɚɦ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ. |
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ɍ 50-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɏVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ʆ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɩɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɿʆɧɵɹ |
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ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ, ɫɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɧɚ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. əɧɵ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɿɫɹ, ɤɚɥɿ |
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ɤɚɪɚɥɺɦ ɫɬɚʆ |
ɋɬɚɧɿɫɥɚʆ Ⱥʆɝɭɫɬ |
ɉɚɧɹɬɨʆɫɤɿ. |
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ɉɪɵ ɿɦ ɪɨɛɹɰɰɚ ɫɩɪɨɛɵ |
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ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɰɶ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɹ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ |
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У |
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ɿ ɩɟɪɚɚɞɨɥɟɰɶ ɛɹɡɥɚɞɞɡɟ ʆ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɿ, ɭ |
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ɩɟɪɲɭɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ, ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɪɚɜɚ liberum veto. Ɂɚɧɟɩɚɤɨɟɧɵɹ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɫɭɫɟɞɡɿ – |
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Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɹ, ɉɪɭɫɿɹ ɿ Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɲɭɤɚɰɶ ɜɵɩɚɞɚɤ ɞɥɹ ʆɦɹɲɚɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɜɚ |
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ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ. əɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɲɵɥɿ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɶ ɞɥɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ |
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ɧɟɤɚɬɨɥɿɤɚʆ |
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ɞɵɫɿɞɷɧɰɤɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ – ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ |
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(ɞɵɫɿɞɷɧɬɚʆ). ɋ. ɉɚɧɹɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɿ ɹɝɨ ʆɪɚɞ ɚɞɦɨɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɰɶ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɿ Ɋɚɫɿɿ |
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Б |
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ɿ ɉɪɭɫɿɿ ɚɛ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɵɹɯ ɩɪɚɜɨʆ ɞɵɫɿɞɷɧɬɚʆ, ɛɨ ɛɚɹɥɿɫɹ ɫɬɪɚɰɿɰɶ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭ |
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ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ, ɹɤɚɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɚɩɨɪɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ʆɥɚɞɵ. ɍ ɚɞɤɚɡ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ʆ |
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ɋɥɭɰɤɭ ɩɪɵ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɰɵ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɹ, ɚ ʆ Ɍɨɪɭɧɿ ɩɪɵ |
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ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɰɵ ɉɪɭɫɿɿ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɚɧɰɤɚɹ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ |
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и |
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ɜɵɪɚɲɵɰɶ ɞɵɫɿɞɷɧɰɤɚɟ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɩɚɝɪɚɠɚɥɿ ɜɚɣɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɚɥɸ. |
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ɍ ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɭ 1767 |
ɝɨɞɚ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɩɪɚɰɭ ɫɨɣɦ, ɹɤɿ, |
ɧɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ |
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р |
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ɩɪɨɰɿɞɡɟɹɧɧɸ ɤɚɬɨɥɿɤɚʆ, ɭɪɚʆɧɹʆ ɞɵɫɿɞɷɧɬɚʆйɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɡ ɤɚɬɨɥɿɤɚɦɿ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ʆ |
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ɥɸɬɵɦ 1768 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ ɤɪɷɩɚɫɰɿ Ȼɚɪ ɧɚ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ |
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о |
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ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɸ, ɹɤɚɹ ɜɵɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚ ɚɞɦɟɧɭ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɫɨɣɦɚ ɚɛ ɞɵɫɿɞɷɧɬɚɯ ɿ |
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т |
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ɚɛ’ɹɜɿɥɚ ɜɚɣɧɭ ɤɚɪɚɥɸ. ɇɚ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ɹɦɭ ɩɪɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ. Ⱦɨʆɝɚɹ |
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ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ ɡ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɬɚɦɿ, ɞɡɹɤɭɸɱɵ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɦɭ ʆɦɹɲɚɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɭ, |
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и |
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ɡɚɜɹɪɲɵɥɚɫɹ ɩɨʆɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɚɦ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɬɚʆ. ȼɚɣɧɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚ ɚɫɥɚɛɿɥɚ Ɋɷɱ |
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ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɭɸ ɿ ɹɟ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚɹɰɶ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɦɨɰɧɵɦ ɫɭɫɟɞɡɹɦ. 5 ɠɧɿʆɧɹ |
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1772 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɭ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɹ, ɉɪɭɫɿɹ ɿ Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɥɿ ɤɚɧɜɟɧɰɵɸ |
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о |
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ɚɛ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ. Ⱦɚ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɿ ɚɞɵɲɥɚ Ƚɚɥɿɰɵɹ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ |
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Ɇɚɥɨɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ, ɞɚ ɉɪɭɫɿɿ – ɉɚɦɨɪ’ɟ (ɛɟɡ Ƚɞɚɧɶɫɤɚ ɿ Ɍɨɪɭɧɹ), ɚ Ɋɚɫɿɹ |
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п |
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ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞ ɚɞ Ⱦɡɜɿɧɵ ɿ Ⱦɧɹɩɪɚ – ʆɫɹɝɨ 92 ɬɵɫ. ɤɜ. ɤɦ. ɿ 1 ɦɥɧ. |
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300 ɬɵɫ. ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ. |
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ɉɚɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɿɫɹ. ȱɯ ɚɩɚɝɟɟɦ |
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ɫɬɚɥɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ 3 ɦɚɹ 1791 ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚɹ ɧɚ ɑɚɬɵɪɨɯɝɚɞɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɣɦɟ. |
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əɧɚ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿɥɚ |
ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɧɭɸ |
ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɣɧɭɸ |
ɦɚɧɚɪɯɿɸ, |
ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɜɚɥɚ |
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еɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿɹ ɜɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɛɹɡɥɚɞɞɡɟ, ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ Ɋɷɱ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɭɸ ɜɚ ʆɧɿɬɚɪɧɭɸ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ ɡ ɪɷɝɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɧɚɺɦɧɵɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦ, ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɲɦɚɬ ɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɿɤɚʆ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ. 27 ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɚ 1792 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɭ ɹɧɵ ɩɪɵ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɰɵ ɩɪɚɜɹɱɵɯ ɤɨɥɚʆ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɥɿ ɚɤɬ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ, ɹɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɚɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɵ ʆ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɭ Ɍɚɪɝɚɜɿɰɵ. ɍɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɿ Ɍɚɪɝɚɜɿɰɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɡɚɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɚɞ ɤɚɪɚɥɹ ɚɞɦɹɧɿɰɶ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɸ ɿ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɡɚ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɚɣ ɞɚ
78
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
Ɋɚɫɿɿ. 9 ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ 1793 ɝɨɞɚ 100-ɬɵɫɹɱɧɚɹ ɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ ʆɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɿ ɫɨɣɦ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɵ ɛɵʆ ɚɞɦɹɧɿɰɶ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɸ. 23 ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ 1793 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɭ ɉɪɭɫɿɹ ɿ Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɥɿ ɤɚɧɜɟɧɰɵɸ, ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɹɤɨɣ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ. Ⱦɚ ɉɪɭɫɿɿ ɚɞɵɲɥɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɩɨɥɶɲɱɚ,
Ɇɚɡɨɜɿɹ, Ƚɞɚɧɶɫɤ, ɿ Ɍɨɪɭɧɶ, ɚ Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚ |
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ɥɿɧɿɿ Ⱦɪɭɹ – ɉɿɧɫɤ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ – ɭɫɹɝɨ 280 ɬɵɫ. ɤɦ. ɤɜ. ɿ 3 ɦɥɧ. |
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ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ. |
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ɉɚɫɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ʆɫɹɝɨ |
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212 ɬɵɫ. ɤɜ. ɤɦ. ɡ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ 4 ɦɥɧ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɿ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ Ɋɚɫɿɿ. ɉɪɚɰɿʆɧɿɤɿ ɬɚɪɝɚɜɿɱɚɧ ɧɟНɡɦɿɪɵɥɿɫɹ ɡ ɬɚɤɿɦ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚɦ. ɍ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1794 ɝɨɞɚ ɹɧɵ ɩɚɞɧɹɥɿ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ. əɝɨ ʆɡɧɚɱɚɥɿʆ ɛɪɵɝɚɞɧɵ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɁɒȺ, ɝɟɪɨɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɡɚБɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ, ɭɪɚɞɠɷɧɟɰ
Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ Ɍɚɞɷɜɭɲ Ʉɚɫɰɸɲɤɚ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚ ɱɚɫ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɞɵɤɬɚɬɚɪɫɤɿɹ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɵ. ɉɚ ɹɝɨ ɡɚɝɚɞɭ ɥɿɞɷɪɵ Ɍɚɪɝɚɜɿɰɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ ɛɵɥɿ
ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɵɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɸ.
ɚɪɦɿɿ ɫɤɥɚɫɰɿ ɡɛɪɨɸ ɿ ɪɚɡɵɣɫɰɿɫɹ ɩɚ ɞɚɦɚɯ. Ⱥɪɦɿɹ ɧɟ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɡɚɝɚɞ ɿ |
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ɚɞɵɲɥɚ ʆ Ʉɪɚɤɚʆ, ɞɡɟ 24 ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ ɛɵʆ ɚɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɵй |
ɉɚɥɚɧɟɰɤɿ ʆɧɿɜɟɪɫɚɥ, ɹɤɿ |
ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɬɚɝɨи, ɹɤ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɨɥ ɡɚɝɚɞɚʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ
ɦɷɬɚɣ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿʆ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ 1791 ɝɨɞɚ ɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ 1772 ɝɨɞɚо. ɉɟɪɲɭɸ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɭ ɧɚɞ ɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɵ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿтɩɚɞ Ɋɚɰɥɚɜɿɰɚɦɿ. ȱɯ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ʆ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɿ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ.
Ɂɧɚɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɛɵɥɨɣ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɚɩɵɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɩɨʆɧɵɦ |
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ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɭɪɚɞɚ Ɍ. Ʉɚɫɰɸɲɤɿ. |
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ɍɪɚɞ Ɍ. Ʉɚɫɰɸɲɤɿ ɡɦɨɝ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɦɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ ʆɫɿɯ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ |
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ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ ɿ ɥɸɞɫɤɿɯ ɪɷɫɭɪɫɚʆ ɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɰɶ ɜɹɥɿɤɭɸ ɿ ɛɚɹɡɞɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɪɦɿɸ. Ʉɚɛ |
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ɫɩɪɚɜɿɰɰɚ ɡ ɺɸ, Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɫɤɨɪɵɰɶ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟ ɦɿɪɧɚɝɚ |
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Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɿ ɿ ɉɪɭɫɿɿ. 10 ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ 1794 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ɛɿɬɜɟ ɩɚɞ Ɇɚɰɹɺɜɿɰɚɦɿ еɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɵ ɩɚɰɹɪɩɟɥɿ ɩɚɪɚɠɷɧɧɟ, ɚ ɰɹɠɤɚ ɩɚɪɚɧɟɧɵ Ɍ. Ʉɚɫɰɸɲɤɚ ɬɪɚɩɿʆ ɭ Рɩɚɥɨɧ. 16 ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɚ ɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ ɩɚɞ ɤɚɦɚɧɞɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ Ⱥ. ȼ. ɋɭɜɨɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɧɹɥɚ
ɞɚɝɚɜɨɪɚ ɡ Ɍɭɪɰɵɹɣ, ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ ɫɜɚɸ ɚɪɦɿɸ ɩɟɪɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɭ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶпɚɬɪɚɞɚʆ Ʉɚɫɰɸɲɤɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ Ɋɚɫɿɿ,
ȼɚɪɲɚɜɭ. ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɚ.
əɲɱɷ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ 24 ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ 1795 ɝɨɞɚ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɹ, ɉɪɭɫɿɹ ɿ Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɚɠɵɰɰɹɜɿɥɿ ɚɩɨɲɧɿ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɹɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɩɵɧɿɥɚ ɫɜɚɺ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ. ɉɪɭɫɿɹ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ Ɇɚɡɨɜɿɸ ɡ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚɣ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɚ ɇɺɦɚɧɚ, Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɹ – ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɚɣ ɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɡ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɦɿ Ʉɪɚɤɚɜɚɦ, ɋɚɧɞɚɦɿɪɚɦ ɿ Ʌɸɛɥɿɧɚɦ, Ɋɚɫɿɹ – Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɸɸ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɿ Ʉɭɪɥɹɧɞɵɸ, ɭɫɹɝɨ 120 ɬɵɫ. ɤɜ. ɤɦ. ɡ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ʆ 1,2 ɦɥɧ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ.
79
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
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ɍ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ ɰɚɪɫɤɿ ʆɪɚɞ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿʆ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɭɸ, ɚɥɟ |
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ɚɫɰɹɪɨɠɧɭɸ ɿ ɩɚɦɹɪɤɨʆɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɧɵɯ |
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ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɛɵʆ ɭɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ɧɨɜɵ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚ-ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɵ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ. |
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ɋɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ-ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ |
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ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɣ ɿ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹʆ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ |
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ɞɚ ɹɝɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɧɚ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɬɪɷɰɹɝɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɧɵɯ |
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ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɭɸ, Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɿ Ʉɨɜɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɿ ɿ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɥɿ ɿɯ |
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ɭ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ-ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɚ ɹɝɨ ʆ ɯɭɬɤɿɦ ɱɚɫɟ ɞɚɥɭɱɵɥɿ ɿ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭɸ |
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ɝɭɛɟɪɧɸ. |
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Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɿɥɿ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚɦ ɦɟɰɶ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɹ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɿ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿɥɿ |
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ɿɯ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɵɰɶ |
ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɹ ɤɪɷɩɚɫɰɿ. Ɇɹɫɰɨɜɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɧɚ |
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ɩɪɵɫɹɝɧɭɰɶ Ʉɚɰɹɪɵɧɟ ȱȱ. Ɍɵɦ, ɯɬɨ ɧɟ ɠɚɞɚʆ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɚɰɶ, ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɚɞɚɰɶ |
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ɦɚɺɧɬɤɿ ɿ ɡ’ɟɯɚɰɶ ɡɚ ɦɹɠɭ. Ɍɵɹ, ɯɬɨ ɩɪɵɧɺɫ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɭ, ɚɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿ |
ɩɪɚɜɵ |
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ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɦɧɨɝɿɯ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɲɥɹɯɰɿɰɚʆ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɿ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ, ɧɿ |
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ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɧɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɚɛ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɬɜɚ. Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɬɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɡ |
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ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɱɚɫ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ “ɪɚɡɛɨɪ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ”, ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɝɷɬɚɣ |
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ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚɣ |
ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɚ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɞɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ |
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ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ ɭ |
ɫɩɟɰɵɹɥɶɧɭɸ |
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ɤɚɦɿɫɿɸ йɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɹɤɿɹ |
ɩɚɞɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɸɰɶ |
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ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɟ |
ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ. Ʉɚɥɿ ɬɚɤɿɹ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɿɱɚɥɿ, ɬɨ ɲɥɹɯɬɭ |
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ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ʆ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵɹ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɿ. ɇɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɞɚ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɝɚ |
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ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ 1830 – 1831 ɝɝ. ɝɷɬɵ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɧɟ ɮɚɪɫɿɪɚɜɚʆɫɹ, ɱɚɫɬɚ ɚɛɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ |
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ɱɭɬɤɚɦɿ ɿ ɪɚɡɦɨɜɚɦɿ, ɚɥɟ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɹɥɿ ɧɚɞɡɜɵɱɚɣ ɯɭɬɤɚ, ɿ ʆ |
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ɩɚɞɚɬɧɵɹ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 10 ɬɵɫ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. |
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ɇɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɟ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ |
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Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ 1588 ɝɨɞɚ. Ȭɧ ɭɠɵɜɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɫɭɞɚɯ ɩɪɵ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɿɯ |
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о |
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ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɿ ɦɚɺɦɚɫɧɵɯ ɫɩɪɷɱɚɤ. Ʉɪɵɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɥɿɫɹ |
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ɩɚ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɦɭ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɫɬɜɭ ɿ ɫɥɭɯɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɯ ɫɭɞɚɯ. |
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п |
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ɉɚɥɹɤɚɦ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɲɵɪɨɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ-ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ |
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ɚʆɬɚɧɨɦɿɹ. ɇɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚʆ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ʆɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬ ɿ ɝɿɦɧɚɡɿɿ. |
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ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɜɚ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɯ. ɉɚɫɥɹ |
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ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ ʆ 1815 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɚ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɝɟɪɰɚɝɫɬɜɚ ȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɥɹɤɿ |
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ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ |
ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɚʆɬɚɧɨɦɿɸ ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ “ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɸ”, ɹɤɭɸ ɞɚɪɚɜɚʆ ɿɦ |
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еȺɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪ ȱ. ɍ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɺɣ ɹɧɵ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɫɤɥɿɤɚɰɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɩɷʆɧɚɝɚ |
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ɤɨɥɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹʆ ɫɨɣɦ. Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɬɚ ɩɚɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɹ |
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ɧɚɣɦɚɰɧɟɣɲɚɦɭ ɚɩɚɥɹɱɜɚɧɧɸ. |
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ɋɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɚʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɚɝɨɪɲɵɥɚɫɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɿɯ ɭ |
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1790 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɚ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɪɷɤɪɭɰɤɚɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɶ, ɹɤɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɭ Ɋɷɱɵ |
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ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɧɟ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ. Ɂɚɦɟɫɬ ɩɚɞɵɦɧɚɝɚ ʆɜɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɩɚɞɭɲɧɵ ɩɚɞɚɬɚɤ, ɲɬɨ |
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ɜɹɥɨ ɞɚ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɟɥɿɱɷɧɧɹ |
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ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɟɣ. Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ |
ɡɟɦɥɿ |
ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ |
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