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DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.)
ʆɡɛɭɣɧɟɧɧɟ ȻɋɋɊ, ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ 110 ɬɵɫ. ɤɜ. ɤɦ, ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɫɤɥɚɥɚ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɧɚ 4,2 ɦɥɧ. ɱɚɥ. (Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ ȻɋɋɊ ɭɤɥɸɱɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 6 ɩɚɜɟɬɚʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɿ – Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤɿ, Ȼɚɪɵɫɚʆɫɤɿ, ȱɝɭɦɟɧɫɤɿ, Ɇɚɡɵɪɫɤɿ, ɱɚɫɬɤɭ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɋɥɭɰɤɚɝɚ ɡ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹɣ ɭ 52,3 ɬɵɫ. ɤɜ. ɤɦ. ɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɭ 1,5 ɦɥɧ. ɱɚɥ.).
ɍ ɫɧɟɠɧɿ 1926 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ʆɡɛɭɣɧɟɧɧɟ ȻɋɋɊ:Уɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɤɥɸɱɚɧɵ Ƚɨɦɟɥɶɫɤɿ ɿ Ɋɷɱɵɰɤɿ ɩɚɜɟɬɵ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɥɨɲɱɚ ȻɋɋɊ ɫɤɥɚɥɚ 126 ɬɵɫ. ɤɜ. ɤɦ, ɚ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ 5
ɦɥɧ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. |
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ɍ 1927 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ȻɋɋɊ, ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɹɤɨɣ |
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ɡɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɝɟɪɛ ɿ ɫɰɹɝ (ɱɵɪɜɨɧɵ ɡ ɧɚɞɩɿɫɚɦ ȻɋɋɊ) |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɋɋɊ. |
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9.2. ɉɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɹɟ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɿ ɿ ɜɵɧɿɤɿ |
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ɇɚɡɜɭ “ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɹ” ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɿ |
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ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɝɚ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ, ɹɤɚɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɄɉȻ(ɛ) ɭ |
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ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɡ 1924 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ 1920-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ. ɉɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ |
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ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɟɫɿɿ |
ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ ɱɷɪɜɟɧɿй1924 ɝɨɞɚ |
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ɐȼɄ ȻɋɋɊ, ɹɤɚɹ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɚ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɭ ɚɛ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ ɫɩɟɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɿ ɞɥɹ |
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ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ. |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɹɤ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ 1920-ɯ ɝɨɞɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɬɪɵ ɷɬɚɩɵ. |
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1. ɋɤɥɚɞɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨʆ (1921 – ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ 1924 ɝɝ.); |
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2. Ɋɷɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɟɧɧɟо(1924 – 1928 ɝɝ.); |
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3. Ɂɝɨɪɬɜɚɧɧɟ (ɡ 1929 ɝ.). ɉɪɵɱɵɧɚɦɿ ɡɝɨɪɬɜɚɧɧɹ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɟ ɞɚ |
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ɿɞɷɚɥɨɝɿɿ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ, ɚɞɦɨɜɚ ɚɞ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ, |
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ɭɧɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɹ ɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ. |
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ɉɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɚɦɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɪɵɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ ɭ |
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ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɰɵ (ɫɜɚɛɨɞɚ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ, ɝɪɚɲɨɜɵ ɩɚɞɚɬɚɤ, ɚɪɷɧɞɚ ɿ ɧɚɺɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɣ ɫɿɥɵ, |
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еɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɭ ɿ ɝ. ɞ.), ɹɟ ʆɡɞɵɦ, ɲɬɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɚ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɭɸ ɛɚɡɭ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɪɷɮɨɪɦ; ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɚɦɧɿɫɬɵɹ 1923 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɵɯ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɞɡɟɹɱɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɧɟ Рɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɫɚ ɡɛɪɨɹɣ ɭ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɭɥɚɞɵ; ɩɟɪɲɚɟ ʆɡɛɭɣɧɟɧɧɟ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ȻɋɋɊ (ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤ 1924 ɝ.); ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɯ (ȱɧɛɟɥɤɭɥɶɬ) ɿ
ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ (ȻȾɍ ɿ ɿɧɲ.).
Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɵ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɮɚɪɦɭɥɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ VII ɡ’ɟɡɞɚɦ Ʉɉ(ɛ)Ȼ ɭ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1923 ɝɨɞɚ. 15 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ 1924 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɟɫɿɿ ɐȼɄ ȻɋɋɊ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ “Ⱥɛ ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɚɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɚ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ”. Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɪɚɝɪɚɦɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɧɚɛɵɥɚ ɫɿɥɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ. əɧɚ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɿ: ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɲɤɨɥ, ɬɷɯɧɿɤɭɦɚʆ, ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ
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DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.) |
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ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ ɡ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɧɧɹ, ɚɞɤɪɵɰɰɺ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ-ɚɫɜɟɬɧɿɰɤɿɯ |
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ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ. ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ʆ ɦɟɪɚɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ |
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ɚɞɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɟ ɦɨɜɵ. Ⱥɮɿɰɵɣɧɚ ɡɚɹʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ, ɲɬɨ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ȻɋɋɊ |
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ɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɸɰɰɚ ɱɚɬɵɪɵ ɦɨɜɵ – ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ, ɪɭɫɤɚɹ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɿ |
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ɹʆɪɷɣɫɤɚɹ. |
ɍɥɿɱɜɚɸɱɵ |
ɬɨɟ, |
ɲɬɨ |
ʆ |
ȻɋɋɊ |
ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɭ 1926 ɝɨɞɚ |
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ɛɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɶ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ (80,6%), ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɜɚ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɦɨɜɚɣ |
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ɡɧɨɫɿɧɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦɿ ʆɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɦɿ. ɉɚɦɿɠ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɿ ȻɋɋɊ |
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ɿ ɋɋɋɊ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɫɚɸɡɧɵɦɿ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɦɿ ɦɨɜɚɣ ɡɧɨɫɿɧɚʆ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ |
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ɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɜɚ. |
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ȼɵɤɥɸɱɧɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ʆ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɰɵ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɚɞɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɸ |
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ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɵ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ. |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɨʆɤɿ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɚʆ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɫɹ ɲɵɪɨɤɚɹТɫɟɬɤɚ ɤɭɪɫɚʆ |
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ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɡɧɚʆɫɬɜɚ. ɍ 1921 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵʆ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵ ȻȾɍ, ɭ 1922 ɝɨɞɡɟ – ȱɧɛɟɥɤɭɥɶɬ, |
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ɹɤɿ ʆ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿ 1929 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵʆ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ʆ Ⱥɤɚɞɷɦɿɸ ɇɚɜɭɤ ȻɋɋɊ. ɉɟɪɲɵɦ |
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ɪɷɤɬɚɪɚɦ ȻȾɍ ɫɬɚʆ ɜɹɞɨɦɵ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ-ɫɥɚɜɿɫɬ ɍ.ȱ. ɉɿɱɷɬɚ. ɉɟɪɲɵɦ |
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ɩɪɷɡɿɞɷɧɬɚɦ Ⱥɇ ȻɋɋɊ |
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ɍ.Ɇ. ȱɝɧɚɬɨʆɫɤɿ. Ⱦɚ 1928 ɝɨɞɚ ɤɚɥɹ 80% |
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ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɲɤɨɥ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɧɧɹ. |
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Ȼɵɥɚ |
ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ |
ɜɵɲɷɣɲɚɣ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ȻȾɍ, ɩɚɱɚɥɿ |
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ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ Ȼɉȱ, Ƚɨɪɚɰɤɿ ɡɟɦɥɹɪɨɛɱɵйɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬ, ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɿ ɜɟɬɷɪɵɧɚɪɧɵ |
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ɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬ, ɩɟɞɚɝɚɝɿɱɧɵɹ ɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬɵ ʆ ɚɛɥɚɫɧɵɯ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɯ |
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ɉɪɚɤɬɵɤɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɜɵɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɧɚ |
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ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɱɭɸ ɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɭɸ, ɫɚɜɟɰɤɭɸ, ɩɪɚɮɟɫɿɣɧɭɸ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. Ƚɷɬɚ |
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ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚɣ ɤɚɪɷɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ. ɋɬɚɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɚɞɛɿɪɚɰɶ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ |
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оɧɚ ɬɭɸ |
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ɤɚɪɷɧɧɚɝɚ |
ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ |
ɰɿ |
ɿɧɲɭɸ |
ɩɚɫɚɞɭ ɧɟ ɩɚ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ |
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ɩɪɵɤɦɟɰɟ – ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫ-ɧɟ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫ – ɚ ɩɚ ɞɡɟɥɚɜɵɯ ɹɤɚɫɰɹɯ, ɜɟɞɚɧɧɸ ʆɦɨʆ ɿ |
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ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɟɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɞɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɚɦɭ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɧɧɸ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɚɦɿ. |
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Ⱥɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɹʆɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɩɚɪɬɵɣɧɚɝɚ, ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ, |
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ɩɪɚɮɟɫɿɣɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɬɵʆɧɚɝɚ ɚɩɚɪɚɬɚʆ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ. |
Ⱥɝɭɥɶɧɵ |
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ɬɷɪɦɿɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ɞɥɹ ʆɫɿɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ |
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ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚʆɫɹ ʆ 3 ɝɚɞɵ. ɍɠɨ ɞɚ 1927 ɝɨɞɚ ɤɚɥɹ 80% ɫɥɭɠɚɱɵɯ ɭ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ |
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ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɚɣ, ɞɚ 48% ɩɚɜɵɫɿɥɚɫɹ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɚɝɚ |
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ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɝɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɪɚɺɧɧɵɯ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ. ɉɟɪɲɵɦɿ ɡɚ |
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ɚɞɡɿɧ ɝɨɞ (ɞɚ ɥɿɩɟɧɹ 1925 ɝ.) ɩɟɪɚɣɲɥɿ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ |
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еɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɿ ɐȼɄ ɿ ɋɇɄ ȻɋɋɊ, ɇɚɪɤɚɦɚɫɜɟɬɵ ɿ ɇɚɪɤɚɦɡɟɦɚ. |
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ɉɚɲɵɪɵʆɫɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɝɚɡɟɬ, ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɚʆ, ɤɧɿɝ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɜɵɞɚɜɟɰɬɜɚ “ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ”. Ɋɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ. ɉɚɱɚʆ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹʆ, ɚɤɪɚɦɹ ɩɿɫɶɦɟɧɧɿɤɚʆ ɫɬɚɪɷɣɲɚɝɚ ɩɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɹ, ɡ’ɹɜɿʆɫɹ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɦɚɥɚɞɵɯ ɩɚɷɬɚʆ ɿ ɩɪɚɡɚɿɤɚʆ.
142
DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.)
Ⱥɤɬɵɜɿɡɿɪɚɜɚɥɫɹ ɤɪɚɹɡɧɚʆɱɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ. ɍ ɪɚɺɧɚɯ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɤɪɚɹɡɧɚʆɱɵɹ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɵ, ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤ ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɚ “ɇɚɲ ɤɪɚɣ”.
Ⱥɥɟ ɡ 1929 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɡɝɨɪɬɜɚɰɰɚ.
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9.3. Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ |
ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ |
ɿ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ |
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ʆ ȻɋɋɊ |
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ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ |
ɏȱɏ |
ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ |
ɧɚ |
Ɂɚɯɚɞɡɟ |
ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ |
ɞɪɭɝɚɹ ɯɜɚɥɹ |
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“ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ”, ɭɡɧɿɤɥɚ ɤɚɧɜɟɟɪɧɚɹ |
ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ (ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɵ |
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“ɮɚɪɞɵɡɦ”, ɹɤɿ ɡ’ɹɜɿʆɫɹ ɫɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ʆ ɁɒȺ). ɍ ɋɋɋɊ ɭ 20-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ |
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ɧɚɡɿɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɷʆɧɵɹ ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ. |
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Ⱦɚɫɹɝɧɭɬɵ |
ʆ 1926 |
– |
1927 |
ɝɝ. ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɵ ʆɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ |
ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿТɧɟ ɦɨɝ |
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ɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɿɰɶ ɩɚɬɪɷɛɵ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. ɋɋɋɊ ɩɚ ɚɛ’ɺɦɭ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ɧɚ |
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ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ʆ 5 – 6 ɪɚɡɨʆ ɚɞɫɬɚɜɚʆ ɚɞ ɪɚɡɜɿɬɵɯ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ |
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Ɂɚɯɚɞɭ. əɲɱɷ ɝɨɪɲɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ: ɹɧɚ ɩɚ-ɪɚɧɟɣɲɚɦɭ |
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ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɥɚɛɚɪɚɡɜɿɬɚɣ ɭ |
ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɣ. Ⱦɨɥɹ |
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ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ɜɚ ʆɫɺɣ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ |
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ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 23,5% (ɭ ɋɋɋɊ – 39,1%). ɇɟ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɡɦɟɧ ɿ ʆ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ |
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ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ. Ⱥɫɧɨɜɭ ɹɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ |
ɯɚɪɱɨɜɚɹй, ɞɪɷɜɚɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɱɚɹ, ɩɚɩɹɪɨɜɚɹ, |
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ɝɚɪɛɚɪɧɚɹ ɝɚɥɿɧɵ, ɧɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɪɵɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɚɛ’ɺɦɭ |
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ɜɚɥɚɜɨɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ. |
ɉɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚ-ɪɚɧɟɣɲɚɦɭ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ |
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ɞɪɨɛɧɚɣ ɿ ɤɭɫɬɚɪɧɚɣ. ȼɟɥɶɦɿ ɜɨɫɬɪɚ ɫɬɚɹɥɚ ʆ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɚ |
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ɿɧɠɵɧɟɪɧɚ-ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɚʆ, ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ. |
ɍ |
1927 ɝɨɞɡɟ |
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ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɚɝɚ |
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ɿɧɠɵɧɟɪɚʆоɿ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɚʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ 2% ɚɞ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ |
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ɪɚɛɨɬɧɿɤɚʆ, ɡɚɧɹɬɵɯ ɭ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ. Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵ ʆɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɚɣ ɦɚɫɵ |
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ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɹɲɱɷ ɧɿɡɤɿɦ. ɍɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ, ɪɚɡɚɦ ɭɡɹɬɚɟ, ɩɟɪɚɲɤɚɞɠɚɥɚ |
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ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɸ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ. ɍ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ |
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ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɟɥɿɱɷɧɧɹ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɛɚɡɟ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɿɫɹ |
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п |
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ɜɵɱɚɪɩɚɧɵɦɿ. ɉɟɪɚɚɞɨɥɟɰɶ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɭɸ ɚɞɫɬɚɥɚɫɰɶ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɲɵɪɨɤɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɪɬɜɚɧɧɹ ɪɷɤɚɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ |
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Р |
ɿ ɧɨɜɚɝɚ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ. |
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ȱɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɿ ɩɷʆɧɵɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɦɚɬɵɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ |
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ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ. Ʉɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɋɋɋɊ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿɥɚ ɤɭɪɫ ɧɚ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɭɸ |
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еɚʆɬɚɪɤɿɸ, ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɡɦɚ ɩɪɵ ɚɩɨɪɵ ɧɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ. Ɍɚɤɫɚɦɚ |
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ɩɥɚɧɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɰɶ ɛɭɣɧɭɸ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɦɷɬɚɣ |
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ɭɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɬɷɧɰɵɹɥɭ, ɤɚɛ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚɹɰɶ “ɜɚɪɨɠɚɦɭ |
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ɚɤɪɭɠɷɧɧɸ”. ɋɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɹɤ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ |
ʆ |
ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹɯ |
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XIV ɡ’ɟɡɞɚ |
ȼɄɉ(ɛ), |
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɹ |
ʆ |
ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ: |
“ɜɟɫɰɿ |
ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ |
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ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚɞ ɬɚɤɿɦ ɜɭɝɥɨɦ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ, ɤɚɛ ɋɋɋɊ ɡ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ, ɹɤɚɹ ʆɜɨɡɿɰɶ
143
DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.)
ɦɚɲɵɧɵ ɿ ɚɛɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ, ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵɰɶ ɭ ɤɪɚɿɧɭ, ɹɤɚɹ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɟ ɦɚɲɵɧɵ ɿ ɚɛɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ”.
Ⱦɡɟɥɹ ɬɚɝɨ, ɤɚɛ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɩɟɪɚʆɡɛɪɚɟɧɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ, ɩɚɞɧɹɰɶ ɹɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵ ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɵ ʆɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ, ɚɛ’ɹʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɰɹɠɤɚɣ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɿ, ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɬɵɯ ɹɟ ɝɚɥɿɧ, ɲɬɨ ɜɵɪɚɛɥɹɥɿ ɫɪɨɞɤɿ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ.
“ɡɦɵɱɤɿ” ɪɚɛɨɱɚɝɚ ɤɥɚɫɚ ɿ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɭɞɡɟɥɭУɜɺɫɤɿ ʆ
Ɂ’ɟɡɞ ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚʆ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɰɶ “ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɚɜɵɲɚɧɚɝɚ ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ, ɚɞɧɚɤ ɭ ɫɬɪɨɝɚɣ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɹɤ ɡ ɺɦɿɫɬɚɫɰɸ ɪɵɧɤɭ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɚɜɵɦɿ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɹɦɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ”. ɉɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɚɞɤɪɷɫɥɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɫɩɟɯ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɰɶ ɚɞ ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ
ɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɰɟɪɚɡ ɡɛɚɥɚɧɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭТʆ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ ɿ ɰɷɧ ɹɤ ɧɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɭɸ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɭɸ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɸ.
ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɋɚɸɡɚ ɿ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚНɹɤ ɫɚɫɬɚʆɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɭ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ʆɫɺɣ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ. Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ, ɧɚ
ɗɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɚ ȻɋɋɊ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɚɞ’ɟɦɧɚɣ, ɚɪɝɚɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ
Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɦɟɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɫɜɚɟ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ, ɿ ɫɜɚɟ ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɿ. Ⱥɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɿ ʆ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚɯ ɿ |
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ɬɷɦɩɚɯ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɝɚɥɿɧɨɜɵɯ ɿ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɩɨɪɰɵɹɯ ɛɵɥɿ |
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ɚɛɭɦɨʆɥɟɧɵ: ɝɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚɦ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ |
ʆ |
ɦɿɠɜɚɟɧɧɵ |
ɩɟɪɵɹɞ |
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(ɩɪɵɝɪɚɧɿɱɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ, ɚɞɫɸɥɶ |
йɧɟɦɷɬɚɡɝɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɰɹɠɤɚɣ |
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ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ, |
ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ |
ɜɚɟɧɧɚ-ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɝɚ |
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ); |
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ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɸ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɚɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɿɲɱɚʆ ɧɚɮɬɵ, ɝɚɡɚ, ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɜɭɝɚɥɸ, ɪɭɞ |
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ɱɨɪɧɵɯ ɿ |
ɤɚɥɹɪɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɚʆ, ɫɵɪɚɜɿɧɧɚɣ ɛɚɡɵ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɱɵɯ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚʆ; |
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ɚɪɵɟɧɬɚɰɵɹɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɭɸ ɫɵɪɚɜɿɧɭ, ɩɟɪɲɚɱɚɪɝɨɜɵɦ |
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ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺɦ ɥɺɝɤɚɣ ɿ ɯɚɪɱɨɜɚɣоɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ; ɧɟɞɚɯɨɩɚɦ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ |
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ɤɚɞɪɚʆ ɿ ɿɧɲ. |
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ɒɥɹɯɿ ɿ ɦɟɬɚɞɵ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɡ ɭɥɿɤɚɦ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɟɣ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, |
ɧɚɦɟɰɿʆ ɉɥɟɧɭɦ ɐɄ Ʉɉ(ɛ)Ȼ, ɹɤɿ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ 27 – 29 ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɚ |
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1926 ɝɨɞɚ. |
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ɩɚ |
ɜɵɪɚɛɭ |
ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ |
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ɉɥɚɧɭɸɱɵ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ |
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з |
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ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ, ɉɥɟɧɭɦ ɩɪɵɡɧɚʆ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɿ ɯɭɬɤɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɝɚɥɿɧ, ɹɤɿɹ |
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о |
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еɛɚɡɿɪɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɰɵ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɣ ɫɵɪɚɜɿɧɵ: ɤɟɪɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ, ɲɤɥɹɧɨɣ, ɡɚɩɚɥɤɚɜɚɣ, ɞɪɷɜɚɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɱɚɣ, ɿɥɶɧɨɩɪɚɞɡɿɥɶɧɚɣ, ɩɚɩɹɪɨɜɚɣ, ɝɚɪɛɚɪɧɚɣ, Рɯɚɪɱɨɜɚɣ ɿ ɿɧɲ. Ʉɭɪɫ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɝɚɥɿɧ ɚɞɩɚɜɹɞɚʆ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ, ɲɬɨ ɫɤɥɚɥɚɫɹ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚ, ɹɟ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɦ ɿ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɚɜɵɦ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɹɦ, ɫɵɪɚɜɿɧɧɵɦ ɿ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɦ ɪɷɫɭɪɫɚɦ. əɤ ɿ ʆ ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɵ ɱɚɫ, ɩɟɪɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɤɚ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ɜɹɞɭɱɚɟ ɦɟɫɰɚ ʆ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ȻɋɋɊ. ɍ 1927/28 ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɦ ɝɨɞɡɟ ɧɚ ɹɟ ɞɨɥɸ
ɩɪɵɩɚɞɚɥɚ 56,6% ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ.
ɉɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɯ ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ. ɇɚ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ɰɿ ɤɪɷɞɵɬɵ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ ɪɚɡɥɿɱɜɚɰɶ ɧɟ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ, ɭɫɟ ɧɚɞɡɟɿ ʆɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɹ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɚɣ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɣ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɟɧɧɹ
144
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DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.) |
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ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ. Ɇɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɬɚ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɩɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɚɝɚ |
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ɫɤɚɪɚɱɷɧɧɹ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚʆ, ɡɧɿɠɷɧɧɹ ɫɚɛɟɤɨɲɬɭ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ, ɩɚɫɤɚɪɷɧɧɹ |
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ɚɛɚɪɚɱɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ, ɲɵɪɨɤɚɣ ɪɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ, |
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ɭɤɚɪɚɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɣɧɨʆɲɵɯ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ ɿ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɿ, ɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɹ |
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ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɰɵ, ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ |
ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɚɣ ɞɵɫɰɵɩɥɿɧɵ. Ⱦɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵɹ |
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ɫɪɨɞɤɿ ɧɚ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɚɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɲɬ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɿ ɿ ɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɹ |
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ɪɷɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ. |
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ɍ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ ɧɚɤɿɪɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ, ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɵɯ ɚɞ |
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ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɫɬɚɧɤɨʆ ɿ ɚɛɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹ ɤɭɩɥɹɥɿ ʆ |
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ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɯ ɡɚ ɜɚɥɸɬɭ, ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɭɸ ɚɞ ɷɤɫɩɚɪɬɭ ɫɟɥɶɝɚɫɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɚʆ. |
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ȼɚɠɧɚɣ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɣ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ ɞɥɹ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ |
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ɡɛɟɪɚɠɷɧɧɿ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɯ. Ɇɚɫɚɜɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɚ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɤɚ |
Тɧɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ |
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ɩɚɡɵɤɿ. |
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Ɂɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɚɫɿɝɧɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɵ ɡ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɫɚɸɡɧɚɝɚ ɛɸɞɠɷɬɭ. Ɂɚ |
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ɬɪɵ ɝɚɞɵ, ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ 1926/27 ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɝɚ ɝɨɞɚ, ɹɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɥɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ |
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19 ɦɥɧ ɪɭɛɥɺʆ. ɍɫɹɝɨ ɡɚ 1925 – 1927 ɝɝ. ɭ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ʆɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɚ 40 ɦɥɧ. ɪɭɛɥɟɣ. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɚʆɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɧɚɤɿɪɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ |
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ɩɚɥɿʆɧɭɸ, |
ɞɪɷɜɚɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɱɭɸ, ɩɚɩɹɪɨɜɭɸ, ɝɚɪɛɚɪɧɭɸ, ɯɚɪɱɨɜɭɸ ɝɚɥɿɧɵ |
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ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ. ȼɚɠɧɵɹ ɡɦɟɧɵ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿɫɹйʆ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ |
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ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ. Ɂɚ ɬɪɵ ɝɚɞɵ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ʆ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɚ |
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150 ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ. |
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ȼɵɧɿɤɿ, ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɬɵɹ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɸ ȻɋɋɊ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɝɚɞɵ |
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ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɞɭɦɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ |
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ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɥɿɧ. ɉɟɪɲɵоɩɹɰɿɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɩɥɚɧ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɿ |
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ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ȻɋɋɊ (1928 – 1932 ɝɝ.) ɛɵʆ ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɠɚɧɵ ȱɏ ɡ’ɟɡɞɚɦ ɋɚɜɟɬɚʆ |
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ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ʆ ɦɚɿ 1929 ɝɨɞɚ. Ⱥɫɧɨʆɧɚɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɮɚɪɦɭɥɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ |
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ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ: “ɮɚɪɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ ɬɷɦɩ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɋɋɊ, |
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ɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɟ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɚɣ ɜɚɝɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɰɵ”. Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɹ |
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ʆɜɚɝɚ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɝɚɥɿɧ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ, ɹɤ ɞɪɷɜɚɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɱɚɹ, |
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ɯɚɪɱɨɜɚɹ, ɝɚɪɛɚɪɧɚɹ, ɿɥɶɧɹɧɚɹ, ɲɜɟɣɧɚɹ. Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɩɥɚɧɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ |
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ɦɚɲɵɧɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɬɪɷɛ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ. |
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ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ʆ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ɲɬɨɝɨɞ ɭɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɫɬɪɨɣ ɧɨɜɵɹ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɿ ɿ |
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ɡɚɜɨɞɵ. Ɂɚ ɝɚɞɵ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɿ ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɚ 78 ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɿ 460 ɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɿ |
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еɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɯ |
ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ. ɋɹɪɨɞ |
ɿɯ ɲɜɟɣɧɵɹ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɿ “ɋɰɹɝ |
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ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ” ʆ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ, ɿɦɹ Ʉɚɦɿɧɬɷɪɧɚ – ɭ Ƚɨɦɟɥɿ, ɿɦɹ ȼɚɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ – ɭ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɟ, ɿɦɹ Ⱦɡɹɪɠɵɧɫɤɚɝɚ – ɭ Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤɭ, ɩɚɧɱɨɲɧɚ-ɬɪɵɤɚɬɚɠɧɚɹ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɚ ɿɦɹ ɄȱɆ ɭ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ, Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɹ ɮɚɛɪɵɤɚ ɲɬɭɱɧɚɝɚ ɜɚɥɚɤɧɚ, Ƚɨɦɫɟɥɶɦɚɲ, ɛɭɣɧɟɣɲɚɹ ʆ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ȻɟɥȾɊɗɋ ɩɚɛɥɿɡɭ Ɉɪɲɵ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ɍɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ʆ ɫɬɪɨɣ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɡɧɿɡɿɥɚ ʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɜɚɝɭ
145
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DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.) |
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ɞɪɨɛɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ, ɹɤɚɹ ʆ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɿ ɞɚɥɚ ʆɫɹɝɨ 17,3% |
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ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ ȻɋɋɊ. |
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Ⱦɚɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɿ ʆ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɧɚɪɚɞɠɚɥɿ ɿɥɸɡɿɸ |
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ɧɟɛɵɜɚɥɵɯ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɟɣ. Ɂ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ ȱ. ɋɬɚɥɿɧɵɦ |
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ɥɨɡɭɧɝɚ: |
“ɉɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɭ |
– |
ɡɚ |
ɱɚɬɵɪɵ ɝɚɞɵ”, |
ɫɩɪɨɛɚ |
ɚɠɵɰɰɹɜɿɰɶ |
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ɡɜɵɲɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ, “ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɫɤɚɱɨɤ” ɭ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɋɋɋɊ. ɍɠɨ ʆ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ |
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ɩɚɥɨɜɟ 1929 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɥɚɧ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɩɟɪɚɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɵ ʆ ɛɨɤ ɧɨɜɵɯ, |
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ɩɚɜɵɲɚɧɵɯ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɨ ɞɚ ɰɹɠɤɚɫɰɟɣ ɭ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɚɜɵɦ ɿ |
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ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɿ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ, ɡɧɿɠɷɧɧɹ ɬɷɦɩɚʆ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ. |
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Н |
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Ⱥɞɦɨʆɧɵɹ ɜɵɧɿɤɿ ɜɵɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɯɭɬɤɚ. ɍ 1931 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɥɚɧɚɜɵɹ ɩɚɤɚɡɱɵɤɿ |
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ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɸ ȻɋɋɊ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɬɵ. |
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ɍ 1932 ɝɨɞɡɟ XVII ɩɚɪɬɤɚɧɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹ ȼɄɉ(ɛ) ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚТɚɞɦɨɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɚɞ |
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ɧɨɜɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ, ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵʆɲɵ ɹɟ “ɩɨʆɧɭɸ ɧɟɫɭɦɹɲɱɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɡ |
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ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚɣ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ ɿ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɦɿ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɝɚ ɤɥɚɫɚ, ɡ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɧɚ-ɧɷɩɦɚɧɫɤɿɦɿ |
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ɫɤɚɠɷɧɧɹɦɿ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɥɿɤɭ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɪɚɡɛɚɡɚɪɜɚɧɧɿ |
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ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɪɷɫɭɪɫɚʆ ɿ, ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɭ ɡɪɵɜɟ ʆɫɬɚɧɨʆɥɟɧɵɯ |
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и |
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ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɚʆ”. Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɧɚ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɦɭ ɪɚɡɥɿɤɭ ʆ |
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ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɰɵ ɩɪɵɣɲɥɚ ɤɚɦɚɧɞɧɚ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ. |
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йɚɞ 5 ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ 1932 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɚʆɧɚɪɝɚɫ |
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ɇɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɐȼɄ ɋɋɋɊ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵʆ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ʆ ɇɚɪɤɚɦɚɬ ɥɺɝɤɚɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ȻɋɋɊ, ɚ |
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ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ ɰɹɠɤɚɣ ɿ |
ɥɹɫɧɨɣ |
ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ȻɋɋɊ, |
ɹɤɿɹ |
ɹɦɭ |
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т |
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ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ, ɩɟɪɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɵɦ ɫɚɸɡɧɵɦ ɧɚɪɤɚɦɚɬɚɦ. |
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Ɏɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ʆɫɬɚɥɺʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɚɹ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ |
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и |
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ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɸ ɱɚɫɨʆ “ɜɚɟɧɧɚɝɚоɤɚɦɭɧɿɡɦɭ”. |
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ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɟɧɧɟ |
ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ, |
ɷɮɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɟ |
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ɉɚɫɩɹɯɨɜɚɟ |
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ɮɭɧɤɰɵɹɧɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɿɧɠɵɧɟɪɧɚ- |
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о |
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ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɿ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɜɟɞɚɥɿ ɛ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ, ɦɚɝɥɿ ɜɚɥɨɞɚɰɶ |
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ɧɚɜɟɣɲɚɣ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɚɣ, ɪɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ ɹɟ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɰɶ. |
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п |
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ɉɚɞɪɵɯɬɨʆɤɚ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɚʆ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ |
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ʆɫɺ ɩɪɚɡ ɫɟɬɤɭ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɿɣɧɵɯ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ: ɜɭɱɷɛɧɚ-ɩɪɚɤɬɵɱɧɵɹ |
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ɦɚɣɫɬɷɪɧɿ, ɲɤɨɥɵ ɮɚɛɪɵɱɧɚ-ɡɚɜɨɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɿɣɧɚ-ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɵɹ |
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Р |
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ɩɪɚɮɬɷɯɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ |
ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɜɭɱɵɥɿɲɱɵ. ɍ 1930 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɟ |
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96 ɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ. Ɋɚɛɨɱɵɹ ɤɚɞɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ |
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еɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɛɪɵɝɚɞɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɿɧɞɵɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɜɭɱɧɺʆɫɬɜɚ. |
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ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵ ʆɡɞɵɦ ɿ ɜɵɫɨɤɿɹ ɬɷɦɩɵ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ, |
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ɡɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɿ ɩɟɪɲɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɬɪɷɰɹɣ ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɚɤ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɵ. |
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Ⱦɥɹ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɹɤ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɏȱȱ ɡ’ɟɡɞɚ |
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Ʉɉ(ɛ)Ȼ, ɛɵɥɨ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɚ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟ “ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ, ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɚɣ |
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ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɧɚ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɣ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɣ, ɥɹɫɧɨɣ ɿ ɦɿɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ |
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ɫɵɪɚɜɿɧɟ, |
ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ |
ɲɥɹɯɚɦ |
ɪɚɡɦɹɲɱɷɧɧɹ ʆ |
Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ |
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146
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DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.) |
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ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ, ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɜɚɡɧɨɣ ɫɵɪɚɜɿɧɟ, |
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ɩɚʆɮɚɛɪɵɤɚɬɚɯ”. ɉɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ |
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ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɪɷɫɭɪɫɚʆ, ɹɧɚ ʆɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɦɤɿ ɫɬɚɪɵɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ, |
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ɧɚɛɥɿɠɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ ɤɪɵɧɿɰ ɫɵɪɚɜɿɧɵ. ɍ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɪɚɰɭ ʆɰɹɝɜɚɥɚɫɹ |
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ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. |
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ɉɚɫɥɹɞɨʆɧɚɟ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɥɿɧɿɿ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ |
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ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ɡɦɹɧɿɥɚ ɝɚɥɿɧɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ. Ɂɚ ɝɚɞɵ ɞɚɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ |
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ɩɹɰɿɝɨɞɚɤ ɭ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ɧɨɜɵɹ ɝɚɥɿɧɵ ɛɭɣɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ: |
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ɬɨɪɮɚɡɞɚɛɵʆɧɚɹ, ɦɚɲɵɧɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ, ɫɬɚɧɤɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ, ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɶ ɲɬɭɱɧɚɝɚ |
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ɜɚɥɚɤɧɚ, ɰɷɦɟɧɬɧɚɹ, ɬɪɵɤɚɬɚɠɧɚɹ, ɿɥɶɧɨɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɱɚɹ, ɬɥɭɲɱɚɜɚɹ ɿ ɿɧɲ. Ȼɵɥɚ |
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ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɿ ɩɚɥɿʆɧɚɹ ɛɚɡɚ. |
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ɍ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ȻɟɥɚɪɭɫɿТɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɪɨɥɹ |
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ɧɚɥɟɠɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɸ ɿ ɪɷɤɚɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɬɭ. ɉɪɚɤɥɚɞɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɱɵɝɭɧɤɿ. |
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ȼɚɠɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ʆ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɦ ɠɵɰɰɿ ɧɚɛɵɜɚʆ ɧɨɜɵ ɜɿɞ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɬɭ – |
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ɚʆɬɚɦɚɛɿɥɶɧɵ. ɉɚɱɚʆ ɭɜɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ ɚʆɬɨɛɭɫɧɵ ɪɭɯ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɡɤɿ ɩɚɫɚɠɵɪɚʆ. ɍ |
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1935 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɚ ɩɟɪɲɚɹ ʆ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ɚɜɿɹɥɿɧɿɹ Ɇɿɧɫɤ – Ɇɚɫɤɜɚ. ɍ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ |
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ɛɵʆ ɩɚɛɭɞɚɜɚɧɵ ɚɷɪɚɩɨɪɬ. |
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ɍ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ʆɫɺ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɭɤɚɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɹ ɬɷɥɟɮɨɧɧɚɹ ɿ ɬɷɥɟɝɪɚɮɧɚɹ ɫɭɜɹɡɶ. |
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Ⱥɞɧɵɦ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɵɯ ɜɵɧɿɤɚʆ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿйɡ’ɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɿɫɬɨɬɧɚɟ ɡɦɹɧɟɧɧɟ |
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ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ. Ƚɷɬɚ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɭɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ |
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ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɧɵɦ ɪɨɫɬɚɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɝɚ ɤɥɚɫɚ. əɤ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ɍɫɟɫɚɸɡɧɚɝɚ |
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ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɭ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ 1939 ɝɨɞɚ, ɹɝɨ ɞɨɥɹ ʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ȻɋɋɊ |
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ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ 21,9%. |
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ȱɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɚɛɭɦɨɜɿɥɚо |
ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɚɞɭɤɚɰɵɿ, ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɿ |
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ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿɯ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ, ɧɚɜɭɤɿ ɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ⱦɨɥɹ ɿɧɬɷɥɿɝɟɧɰɵɿ, |
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ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɜɵɧɿɤɚʆ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɠ ɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɭ, ɭɡɪɚɫɥɚ ɞɚ 14,5%. |
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Ⱥɞɛɵɥɿɫɹ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɵɹ ɡɦɟɧɵ ɿ ʆ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɵ |
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ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. Ⱥɦɚɥɶ ɭɞɜɚɹ ɩɚɜɵɫɿʆɫɹ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿ ɡɚɪɨɛɚɤ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ ɿ ɫɥɭɠɚɱɵɯ. |
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ɯɚɪɱɨɜɵɹ |
ɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɹ |
ɬɚɜɚɪɵ. |
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ɇɟɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɚ ɡɧɿɠɚɥɿɫɹ ɰɷɧɵ ɧɚ |
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1 ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ 1936 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɞɦɹɧɹɥɿɫɹ ɤɚɪɬɤɿ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɨɜɵɹ ɬɚɜɚɪɵ ɿ ɿɧɲ. |
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ɍɡɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɠɵɰɰɹ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɯɚɰɹ ɿ ɩɚɜɵɲɚʆɫɹ, ɚɥɟ ʆɫɺ ɹɲɱɷ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɧɿɡɤɿɦ, ɹɤ |
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ɿ ʆ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɯ ɋɋɋɊ. ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ, ɧɚ XVIII ɡ’ɟɡɞɡɟ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ |
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(ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤ 1939 ɝ.) ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɧɚ, ɲɬɨ “ɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɚɹ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ ɩɹɰɿɝɚɞɨɜɵɦ |
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еɩɥɚɧɚɦ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɹ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ |
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɝɚ |
ɫɩɚɠɵɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ |
ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɵ |
ɿ |
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ɛɨɥɟɣ… ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɚ”.
Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɩɚɫɤɨɪɚɧɚɹ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ ɡ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɸ ɰɷɥɚɝɚ ɲɷɪɚɝɚ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦ. ɉɚɫɤɨɪɚɧɚɹ ʆɪɛɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ ɡɦɟɲɜɚɧɧɸ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɿ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɵɮɿɱɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɚɬɦɚɫɮɟɪɚ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ, ʆ ɝɚɞɵ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ, ɱɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɿɡɤɚɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɜɚɧɚɣ.
147
DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.) |
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Ƚɷɬɚ, ɭ ɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ, ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɬɷɯɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦ ɭ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ. |
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Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ, ɡɚɦɟɫɬ ɬɚɝɨ, ɤɚɛ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ ɯɿɛɵ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɚɞɪɷɚɝɚɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ |
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ɝɷɬɚ ɤɚɦɩɚɧɿɹɣ ɩɚ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɟ ɫɚ “ɲɤɨɞɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ”. ɋɤɚɠɷɧɧɟ ɪɷɱɚɿɫɧɚɫɰɿ, |
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ɡɚɦɨʆɱɜɚɧɧɟ ɰɚɧɵ ɿ ɫɪɨɞɤɚʆ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɸ |
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ɞɵɪɷɤɬɵʆɧɚɝɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɦɚ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɧɧɹ, ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɸ ɤɭɥɶɬɭ ɚɫɨɛɵ |
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ȱ. ɋɬɚɥɿɧɚ. |
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ȼɟɥɿɡɚɪɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ʆ ɠɵɰɰɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ȻɋɋɊ, 4/5 ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɹɤɨɝɚ |
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ʆ 20 – 30-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɦɟɥɚ ɪɚɞɵɤɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ |
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ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ. ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ 20-ɯ ɝɝ. ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ |
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ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɿɧɞɵɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ |
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ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ ɭ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵʆɧɵɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɸ ɤɚɪɷɧɧɚɝɚ |
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ɩɟɪɚʆɥɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɞɡɟɥɹ ɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɹТɚɛ’ɺɦɚ |
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ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɣ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɡɦɟɧ ɭ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ⱥɥɟ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ |
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ɹɲɱɷ ɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɦɷɬɚ: ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɸ ɧɚɞ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɬɜɚɦ ɩɪɵ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɡɟ |
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ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ ɿ ɫɚʆɝɚɫɚʆ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ ɛ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɿ, |
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ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ, |
ɞɚɥɚ ɛ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ |
ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɟ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɲɵɪɨɤɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɰɚ |
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ɪɷɫɭɪɫɚɦɿ ɜɺɫɤɿ ɩɪɵ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ. |
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Ɍɪɷɛɚ ʆɥɿɱɜɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɞ ɛɚɥɨɬɚɦɿ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ 16% ɭɫɺɣ |
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ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɩɚɞ ɥɹɫɚɦɿ – 25%. ɉɟɪɚɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɚɫɰɶйɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɜɺɫɤɿ ɿ ɯɪɚɧɿɱɧɚɟ |
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ɦɚɥɚɡɹɦɟɥɥɟ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɨɲɭɤɚʆ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɿɧɬɷɧɫɿʆɧɚɝɚ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ |
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ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ. Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ʆɪɚɞ ɫɬɚɜɿʆ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɹ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɟɦɚɣ |
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ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɚɣ |
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ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɿ |
ɧɹʆɞɨɛɿɰ, |
ɦɟɥɿɹɪɚɰɵɿ, |
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ɩɥɨɲɱɵ |
ɲɥɹɯɚɦ |
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ɩɟɪɚɪɚɡɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆɱɚɫɬɤɚʆ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɬɷɦɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ |
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оɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚɦɚɪɭɞɠɜɚɥɿɫɹ, ɚ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚɫɰɶ ɹɟ |
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ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ʆɫɺ |
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ɛɵɥɚ ɧɿɡɤɚɹ. Ⱦɪɨɛɧɚɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɬɷɧɞɷɧɰɵɸ ɞɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚɫɰɿ. |
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ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɹ ʆɥɚɞɚ |
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ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɹ ɩɚɦɤɧɟɧɧɿ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɡɚɚɯɜɨɱɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɲɭɤ ɮɨɪɦ |
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ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɝɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɩɪɚɞɚɫɬɚʆɥɹɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɡɹɦɥɸ ɹɤ |
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Ⱥɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɚɹ ʆ Ɂɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɦ |
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ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵʆɧɵɦ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɚɞɧɚɚɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɚɦ. |
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еɤɨɞɷɤɫɟ ȻɋɋɊ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɚ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ ɮɨɪɦ ɡɟɦɥɟɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɞɚ 1927 ɝɨɞɚ ɿ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɹɤ Рɤɚɥɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɝɚ ɡɟɦɥɟɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ (ɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɚɣ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿ – ɫɟɥɶɝɚɫɚɪɰɟɥɟɣ, ɤɚɦɭɧ, ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚʆ ɩɚ ɫɭɦɟɫɧɚɣ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɰɵ ɡɹɦɥɿ; ɭ ɪɚɡɧɚɫɬɚɣɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɫɰɟɣɲɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿ – ɤɪɷɞɵɬɧɵɯ, ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹɱɷɧɫɤɿɯ, ɡɛɵɬɚɜɵɯ; ɭ ɫɩɟɰɵɹɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɜɿɞɚɯ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɬɵʆɧɵɯ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹʆ – ɦɚɲɵɧɧɵɯ ɿ ɤɨɧɧɚ-ɦɚɲɵɧɧɵɯ, ɦɚɫɥɚɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɿ ɫɵɪɚɜɚɪɧɵɯ, ɠɵɜɺɥɚɝɚɞɨʆɱɵɯ ɿ ɧɚɫɟɧɧɹɜɨɞɱɵɯ ɿ ɝ.ɞ.), ɬɚɤ ɿ ɚɞɧɚɚɫɨɛɧɚɝɚ ɡɟɦɥɟɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ (ɞɜɚɪɵ, ɯɭɬɚɪɵ ɿ
ɚɞɪɭɛɵ).
ɇɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɵɹɬɚɦ ɡɟɦɥɹɪɨɛɫɬɜɚ, ɹɤɿ ɡ 1921 ɞɚ 1929 ɝɝ. ɭɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɜɚʆ Ⱦɡ. Ɏ. ɉɪɵɲɱɷɩɚʆ, ɛɵʆ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟɧɵ “ɉɹɰɿɝɚɞɨɜɵ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵʆɧɵ
148
DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.)
ɩɥɚɧ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɥɹɫɧɨɣ ɿ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ ȻɋɋɊ ɧɚ 1925 – 1929 ɝɚɞɵ”. ɉɥɚɧ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɯɭɬɚɪɨʆ ɿ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɩɚɫɺɥɤɚʆ. ɍ ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚɫɰɿ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɟɪɚɫɟɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɯɭɬɚɪɵ ɿ ʆ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɹ ɩɚɫɺɥɤɿ 130 ɬɵɫ. ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ 20-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɯɭɬɚɪɫɤɚɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɫɤɥɚɥɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 25% ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɟɦɥɟɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ. Ɂ ɩɟɪɲɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ
ɜɹɥɿɤɿɯ ɦɚɫɿɜɚʆ ɜɨɪɧɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɩɪɵɞɚɬɧɚɣ ɞɚ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɤɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚɣУɬɷɯɧɿɤɚɣ,
ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɜɵɬɜɨɪɱɵɹ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɬɵɜɵ, ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵʆɧɵɹ
ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ. Ⱦɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 1927 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɤɚɥɹ 400
ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ ɚɪɰɟɥɟɣ, ɤɚɦɭɧ ɿ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚʆ ɩɚ ɫɭɦɟɫɧɚɣ ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɰɵ
ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ 213 ɫɚʆɝɚɫɚʆ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɜɚ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɩɪɵ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ
ɩɥɚɫɬɨʆ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. ɋɬɜɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ɹɧɵ, ɹɤ ɩɪɚɜɿɥɚ, ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɮɨɧɞɭ. Ⱦɚ ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ 1928 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɧɚ 994 ɤɚɥɝɚɫɵ, ɭ
ɧɿɡɤɿɦ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɿ ɦɟɯɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɧɟɞɚɯɨɩɟ ɚɝɪɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɞɪɚʆ, ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɛɭɣɧɵɯ |
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ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚʆ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɪɷɧɬɚɛɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɿ ɧɹɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ. |
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Ʉɚɥɝɚɫɵ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɹɤ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɛɹɞɧɟɣɲɵɯ |
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ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ 243 ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ (227 ɹʆɪɷɣɫɤɿɯ, 12 ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ, 2 ɥɚɬɵɲɫɤɿɹ, |
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ɰɵɝɚɧɫɤɿ ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɤɿɬɚɣɫɤɿ – 2 ɚɩɨɲɧɿɯ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɣ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɿ). |
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ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɭɸ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɣ |
ɤɚɥɝɚɫɧɚɣ |
ɮɨɪɦɵ |
р |
ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɹ |
ʆɝɨɞɞɡɿ, |
ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɧɧɹ (ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɚɪɷɧɞɧɚɣйɩɥɚɬɵ ɡɚ |
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ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɿɥɶɝɨɬ, ɡɚɛɹɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɟ ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɨɦ, ɪɚɛɨɱɚɣ ɿ
ɧɚɡɿɪɚʆɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɵ ʆɡɞɵɦоɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ, ɹɤɿ ɫɜɟɞɱɵɰɶ ɚɛ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɵɯ ɜɵɧɿɤɚɯ ɧɨɜɚɣ иɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ, ɷɮɟɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿ.зɆɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɬɵʆɧɵ ɪɭɯ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝ ɩɟɪɚɚɞɨɥɟɰɶ ɝɨɥɚɞ ɿ
ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɠɵɜɺɥɚɣ), ɚɫɧɨʆɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɚ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɫɟɪɚɞɧɹɤɿ, ɚɞɞɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɝɭ ɩɪɚɫɰɟɣɲɵɦтɮɨɪɦɚɦ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚɦ. ɍ 20-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ
ɪɚɡɛɭɪɷɧɧɟ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ, ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚʆ ɚɡɞɚɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɸ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɚɜɚɣоɿ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ.
ɉɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ XVпɡ’ɟɡɞɟ ȼɄɉ(ɛ) ɭ ɫɧɟɠɧɿ 1927 ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɟɪɲɵɦ ɩɹɰɿɝɚɞɨɜɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɚɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ
еɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɋɋɋɊ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ 1933 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɯɚɩɿɰɶ ɭɫɿɦɿ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɿ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿ ɤɚɥɹ 85% ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ, ɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 18 – 20% ɡ ɿɯ Рɩɥɚɧɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɜɚɰɶ ɭ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɵ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɵ, ɚɥɟ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ
ɪɷɚɥɶɧɵ, ɡɛɚɥɚɧɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ ɩɥɚɧ.
Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɞɚ ɬɚɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɰɰɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɵɦ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɿɦɤɥɿɜɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɜɚɪɵɹɧɬ ɫɬɪɚɬɷɝɿɿ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ. Ȼɵʆ ɭɡɹɬɵ ɤɭɪɫ ɧɚ ɩɚɫɤɨɪɚɧɭɸ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɸ ʆ ɹɟ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɯ. Ƚɷɬɵɦ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɜɵɪɚɲɵɰɶ ɚɞɪɚɡɭ ɞɡɜɟ ɡɚɞɚɱɵ: ɭ ɤɚɪɨɬɤɿɹ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɵ ɩɪɚɜɟɫɰɿ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɜɺɫɤɿ ɿ ʆɡɹɰɶ ɭ ɹɟ ɫɪɨɞɤɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɚɬɪɷɛ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ.
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DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.) |
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ɉɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɬɚɤɨɝɚ ɤɭɪɫɭ ɩɚɤɥɚʆ ɯɥɟɛɚɧɚɪɵɯɬɨʆɱɵ ɤɪɵɡɿɫ, ɹɤɿ |
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ʆɡɧɿɤ ɭ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɡɿɦɨɣ 1927 – 1928 ɝɝ. ɍ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɧɟɞɚɛɨɪɚɦ ɡɛɨɠɠɚɜɵɯ, |
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ɫɤɚɪɚɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɧɚɪɵɯɬɨɜɚɤ ɯɥɟɛɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɝɪɨɡɚ ɧɟɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ |
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ɩɥɚɧɚʆ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ, ɛɨ ɩɚɫɬɚʆɤɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɝɚ ɚɛɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɹ |
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ʆ ɤɪɚɿɧɭ ɡɚɥɟɠɚɥɿ ɚɞ ɷɤɫɩɚɪɬɭ ɯɥɟɛɚ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ, ɭ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ɩɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɛɨɿ |
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ʆ ɡɚɛɟɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɿ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɚɦɿ, ɞɚɜɹɥɨɫɹ ʆɜɟɫɰɿ ɤɚɪɬɚɱɧɭɸ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɭ. ɍɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɚɫɹ |
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ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɹ ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɚɫɰɶ ɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɟ. |
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ɉɚɪɬɵɣɧɚ-ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɟ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɦɟɥɚ ɪɚɡɵɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɿ ʆ |
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ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹɯ ɜɵɯɚɞɭ ɡ ɤɪɵɡɿɫɭ ɿ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵɜɚɯ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ. |
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Н |
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ȱ. ɋɬɚɥɿɧ ɪɚɡɥɿɱɜɚʆ ɧɚ ɡɥɨɦ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɡɧɿɲɱɷɧɧɹ ɹɝɨ |
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ɡɚɦɨɠɧɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ – ɤɭɥɚɰɬɜɚ. Ɇ. Ȼɭɯɚɪɵɧ, Ⱥ. Ɋɵɤɚʆ, Ɇ. Ɍɨɦɫɤɿ ɛɚɱɵɥɿ ɜɵɯɚɞ ɡ |
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ɤɪɵɡɿɫɭ ʆ ɚɞɦɨɜɟ ɚɞ ɧɚɞɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɵɯ ɦɟɪ, ɩɚɜɵɲɷɧɧɿ ɡɚɤɭɩɚɱɧɵɯТɰɷɧ ɧɚ ɯɥɟɛ, |
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1929 ɝɨɞɚ |
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ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɚ-ɤɪɷɞɵɬɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɿ. ɍ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɡɟ |
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Ɇ. Ȼɭɯɚɪɵɧ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɚɞɧɚɞɭɦɰɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɞɯɿɥɟɧɵ ɚɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ, ɿɯ |
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ɩɨɝɥɹɞɵ ɤɜɚɥɿɮɿɤɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɹɤ ɩɪɚɹɜɚ “ɩɪɚɜɚɝɚ ʆɯɿɥɭ” ʆ ɩɚɪɬɵɿ, ɹɤ ɭɫɬɭɩɤɚ |
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ɤɭɥɚɰɬɜɭ. |
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и |
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ɍ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ “ɩɪɚɜɚɝɚ ʆɯɿɥɭ” ɛɵʆ ɚɛɜɿɧɚɜɚɱɚɧɵ |
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ɧɚɪɤɚɦ ɡɟɦɥɹɪɨɛɫɬɜɚ Ⱦɡ. ɉɪɵɲɱɷɩɚʆ, ɫɬɚɪɲɵɧɹ ɐȼɄ ȻɋɋɊ Ⱥ. ɑɚɪɜɹɤɨʆ ɿ |
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ɿɧɲ. Ȼɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɡ “ɩɪɚɜɵɦ ɭɯɿɥɚɦ”йɫɭɩɪɚɜɚɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ ɮɚɪɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ |
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ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ. 7 ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɚ 1929 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ɝɚɡɟɰɟ “ɉɪɚɜɞɚ” ɡ’ɹɜɿʆɫɹ ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥ |
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ȱ. ɋɬɚɥɿɧɚ “Ƚɨɞ |
ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɥɨɦɭ”. ɍ ɿɦ ɫɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ, ɲɬɨ ʆ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɵ |
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т |
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ɛɵɰɰɚɦ ɭɠɨ ɩɚɣɲɥɿ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ, ɫɟɪɚɞɧɹɰɤɿɹ ɦɚɫɵ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ, ɲɬɨ ʆ |
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ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɩɟɪɚɛɭɞɨɜɟ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ʆɠɨ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɚ “ɪɚɲɚɸɱɚɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɚ”, |
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оʆ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɚɯ ɬɚɞɵ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ 6 – 7% |
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ɯɚɰɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ |
ɫɩɪɚɜɟ |
ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ |
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з |
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ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ. ɉɟɪɚɦɚɝɥɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɥɿɧɿɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɰɷɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɸ. |
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ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ 20 – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 30-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɟɪɚɛɭɞɨɜɚ ɜɺɫɤɿ ɡɝɭɛɿɥɚ ɫɭɜɹɡɶ ɡ |
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о |
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ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɵɦ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɵɪɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɛɪɚɚɯɜɨɬɧɚɝɚ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹ |
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ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ ɿ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɨɜɭɸ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɸ. ɉɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɝɨɧɤɚ |
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п |
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ɡɚ “ɬɷɦɩɚɦɿ”. Ɇɚɫɚɜɚɹ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɤɭɥɚɰɬɜɚ. ɍ |
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ɝɷɬɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɩɚɪɬɵɹ ɩɟɪɚɣɲɥɚ ɚɞ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɜɵɰɹɫɧɟɧɧɹ |
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ɤɭɥɚɰɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɿ ɤɭɥɚɰɬɜɚ ɹɤ ɤɥɚɫɚ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɫɭɰɷɥɶɧɚɣ |
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Р |
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ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ. |
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5 ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ 1930 ɝɨɞɚ ɐɄ ȼɄɉ(ɛ) ɩɪɵɧɹʆ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɭ “Ⱥɛ ɬɷɦɩɟ |
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еɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɦɟɪɚɯ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɤɚɥɝɚɫɧɚɦɭ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɭ”, ɭ ɹɤɨɣ |
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ɬɷɪɦɿɧɵ ɡɚɜɹɪɲɷɧɧɹ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɪɷɡɤɚ ɫɤɚɪɨɱɚɧɵ, ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɚ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ʆ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚɯ ɞɚ ɤɭɥɚɤɚ. ɇɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚɜɹɪɲɵɰɶ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɞɚ 1933 ɝɨɞɚ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɫɚɤɪɚɬɚɪ ɐɄ Ʉɉ(ɛ) Ȼ Ʉ. Ƚɟɣ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɡɚɜɹɪɲɵɰɶ ɫɭɰɷɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ ɞɚ 1931 ɝɨɞɚ. ɍ ɯɭɬɤɿɦ ɱɚɫɟ ɿ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɟɪɚɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɵ: ɭ
150