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DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
Ƚɥɚɜɚ 3 ȿȸɊɈɉȺ ȱ ȻȿɅȺɊɍɋɖ ɍ ɊȺɇɇȱɆ ȱ ȼɕɋɈɄȱɆ
ɋəɊɗȾɇəȼȿɑɑɕ. ɋɌȺɇȺȸɅȿɇɇȿ ȾɁəɊɀȺȸɇȺɋɐȱ ɍ ȸɋɏɈȾɇȱɏ ɋɅȺȼəɇ (VI – ɉȿɊɒȺə ɉȺɅɈȼȺ XIII ɫɬ.)
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3.1. ɍɫɯɨɞɧɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɿɹ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ ɡɚɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɟ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ. Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɚɹ Ɋɭɫɶ. Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɿ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚʆ |
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3.2. ɋɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɩɟɪɲɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ – ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚʆ |
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3.3. Ɏɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɞɪɨɛɥɟɧɧɚɫɰɶ. Ȼɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɡ ɤɪɵɠɚɰɤɚɣ ɚɝɪɷɫɿɹɣ ɿ |
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ɧɚɛɟɝɚɦɿ ɬɚɬɚɪɚ-ɦɚɧɝɨɥɚʆ |
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3.1. ɍɫɯɨɞɧɟɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɿɹ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ ɡɚɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɟ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ. Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɚɹ Ɋɭɫɶ. Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɿ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚʆ |
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ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɟ ɉɪɵɞɡɜɿɧɧɟ, |
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ɞɡɟ ʆ Vȱȱȱ – ɏ ɫɬɫɬ. ɫɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɹɞɪɨ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɦɚɟ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɝɟɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵɯйɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɹʆ. əɤ ɜɹɞɨɦɚ, ɫɭɱɚɫɧɵ |
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ɪɷɥɶɟɮ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɠɧɚ ɩɚɞ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ ɥɟɞɚɜɿɤɨʆ, ɰɹɤɭɱɵɯ |
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ɞɡɟ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɚ |
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ɪɚɫɬɚɥɵɯ ɜɨɞ, ɚɫɚɞɤɚɚɞɥɚɠɷɧɧɹ ɩɪɵɥɟɞɚɜɿɤɨɜɵɯ ɚɡɺɪ. Ɇɟɫɰɚ, |
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ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ, ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ ʆ ɰɷɧɬɪɵ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɟ-Ⱦɡɜɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ |
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ɝɿɞɪɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɺɧɚ, ɹɤɿ ɦɚɟ |
ɲɷɪɚɝ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɹʆ ɚɞ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɿɯ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɣ. |
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Ƚɿɞɪɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵ ɪɚɺɧ ɜɵɥɭɱɚɟɰɰɚ ɩɚɜɵɲɚɧɚɣ ɤɚɧɰɷɧɬɪɚɰɵɹɣ ɚɡɺɪɚʆ. ɍ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ |
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ɪɚɺɧɚɯ (ɍɲɚɰɤɿ ɿ Ȼɪɚɫɥɚʆɫɤɿ) ɚɡɺɪɵ ɡɚɣɦɚɸɰɶ 10% ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ; ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚ ɠ ɭ |
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ɛɚɫɟɣɧɟ Ⱦɡɜɿɧɵ, Ⱦɧɹɩɪɚ ɿ ɇɺɦɚɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 35 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɚɡɺɪ. ɇɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɿ |
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ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɹ ʆɦɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɚɱɱɵɧɟ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɣ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɚɞɡɿɧɤɿ. ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ʆ ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɵɱɧɚɹ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɶ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ |
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ɫɭɩɚɞɚɟ ɡ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚ-ȼɚɥɞɚɣɫɤɚɣ ɮɿɡɿɤɚ-ɝɟɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɜɿɧɰɵɹɣ. ɍ |
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ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɚɛɥɚɫɰɟɣ ɬɭɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɭ ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɧɿɡɤɚɹ |
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ɬɷɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɪɚ. Ƚɷɬɚɹ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɶ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɞɡɜɟ ɩɚɞɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɿ, ɦɹɠɚ |
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ɩɚɦɿɠ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɩɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɭɫɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɧɿɡɿɧɵ. ɍ |
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ɩɚɞɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɿ, ɤɭɞɵ ɬɪɚɩɥɹɟ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ, ɰɹɩɥɟɣ ɿ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɜɿɥɶɝɨɬɧɚ, ɭɫɬɨɣɥɿɜɚɟ |
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еɫɧɟɝɚɜɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚ ʆɫɬɚɥɺʆɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ, ɫɧɟɝ ɫɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɧɚ 15 – 20 ɞɡɺɧ ɪɚɧɟɣ |
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ɿ ɧɚ 7 – 12 ɞɡɺɧ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɰɰɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ȼɿɞɚɜɨɱɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɹ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɹ ʆɦɨɜɵ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ ɞɚɜɨɥɿ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɿɦ ɪɚɺɧɟ.
Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɞɚɞɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɧɚ VIII – ɏIII ɫɬɫɬ. ɩɪɵɩɚɞɚɟ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɵ ɦɚɥɵ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɵɱɧɵ ɨɩɬɵɦɭɦ – ɩɚɰɹɩɥɟɧɧɟ. Ɏɚɤɬɚɪɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ʆɩɥɵɜɚʆ ɧɚ ɡɦɟɧɵ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɚ, ɛɵɥɚ ɫɨɧɟɱɧɚɹ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɶ, ɭɧɭɬɪɵɚɬɦɚɫɮɟɪɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɵ ɿ
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DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
ɩɟɪɚɦɹɲɱɷɧɧɿ ɝɟɚɦɚɝɧɿɬɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɸɫɨʆ Ɂɹɦɥɿ (ɚɩɨɲɧɿ ɪɚɡ ɩɚɦɿɠ 600 ɿ 1000 ɝɝ. ɺɧ ɩɟɪɚɦɹɫɰɿʆɫɹ ɡ ɪɚɺɧɚ ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɣ Ⱥɥɹɫɤɿ ɛɥɿɠɷɣ ɞɚ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ, ɞɡɟ ɧɚɡɿɪɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɰɹɩɥɟɧɧɟ).
Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɚɤ ɡɜɚɧɚɹ "ɷɩɨɯɚ ɜɿɤɿɧɝɚʆ", ɹɤɚɹ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɥɚ |
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ɡɧɚɱɧɵ ɫɥɟɞ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ʆɫɺɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɿ ɹɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. I, ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ, ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɧɚ |
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ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɿ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɩɪɚɫɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɭɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ |
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ɦɧɨɝɿɯ ɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚʆ ɿ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚɟ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɧɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɭɡɪɨʆɧɿ, |
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ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɰɟ ɯɪɵɫɰɿɹɧɫɬɜɚ. |
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Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɛɨɥɶɲɜɚɸɱɵ ɪɨɥɸ ɩɪɵɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɿ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɯ |
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ɮɚɤɬɚɪɚʆ ɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɿ ɝɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚɯ, ɬɪɷɛɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, |
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əɤ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɟ Ƚ. ɒɬɵɯɚʆ, ɭ ɧɚɣɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɥɚɫɬɚɜɚɧɧɹɯ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɿɲɱɚ ɡɧɨɣɞɡɟɧɵ ɥɹɩɧɵ ɩɨɫɭɞ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɚʆ ɛɚɥɰɤɚɣ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɚ-ɞɡɜɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ. Ɂɦɟɧɚ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɚɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɧɨɫɶɛɿɬɚɦɿ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ
ɲɬɨ ɫɭɜɹɡɶ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɿɦɿ, ɧɟɫɭɦɧɟɧɧɚ, ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ. Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɜɵɫɧɨɜɵ ɩɪɵɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɰɷɥɵ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɯɪɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɯ ɫɭɩɚɞɡɟɧɧɹʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɧɟɥɶɝɚБɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɜɵɩɚɞɤɨɜɵɦɿ.
Ȼɚɧɰɷɪɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɬɵɩɭ ɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɿɲɱɚɯиɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɣйȻɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ȱV – V ɫɬɫɬ. ɧ. ɷ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɪɵɩɚɞɚɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɯɚɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ ȱ ɫɬ. ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ. – ȱ ɫɬ. ɧ. ɷ., ɹɤɨɟ ɰɹɝɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɞɚ V ɫɬ. ɧ. рɷ. ɇɚ ɡɦɟɧɭ ɛɚɧɰɷɪɚʆɰɚɦ ɭ Vɒ – ȱX ɫɬɫɬ.
ɩɪɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ, ɛɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɚ, ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ, ɲɬɨ ʆ ɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɫɭɩɚɞɚɟ ɡ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɨɩɬɵɦɭɦɚɦоVɒ – ɏɒ ɫɬɫɬ. Ⱥɩɨɲɧɿ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɡ ɭɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟɦтɧɚ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɡɿɲɱɵ ɿ ɩɨɛɚɱ ɡ ɿɦ
ɩɪɨɬɚɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ʆ ɤɥɚɫɿɱɧɚ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ: ɡɚɦɚɤ – ɩɚɫɚɞ ɿ |
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ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɚɦ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ. |
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Ⱥɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɟ ɫɭɩɚɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɦɵ ɧɚɡɿɪɚɟɦ ɿ ʆ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ. Ȼɵɥɿ ɮɪɚɧɤɿ, ɝɨɬɵ, |
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ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ ɿ ɝ. ɞ.; ɩɨɬɵɦ — ɤɧɹɫɬɜɵ-ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɣɩɟɪɲ ɩɚ |
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ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɦ, ɚ ɡɚɬɵɦ – ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɟ. ȿʆɪɨɩɚ ɩɪɚɣɲɥɚ ɬɪɵ ɫɬɚɞɵɿ |
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ɲɥɹɯɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ. Ɏɪɚɧɤɿ ɹɲɱɷ ʆ |
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ɫɬ. ɧ. ɷ. ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ Ƚɚɥɿɿ ʆɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɵɹ ɫɚɸɡɵ, ɚ ʆ |
V – VI ɫɬɫɬ. ɩɪɵ ɏɥɨɞɜɿɤɭ ɿ ɉɿɩɿɧɟ Ʉɚɪɨɬɤɿɦ ɦɟɥɿ ɫɜɚɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ – еɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚ. ɍ Vȱ ɫɬ. ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɵ ɛɭɪɝɭɧɞɚʆ ɿ ɜɟɫɬɝɨɬɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ Рɬɪɚɩɿɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɭɥɚɞɭ ɮɪɚɧɤɚʆ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɭɬɜɚɪɵɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɛɪɵɬɚɧɫɤɿɹ
ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɵ.
ɋɹɪɨɞ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɚʆ ɩɟɪɲɵɦɿ ɞɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹʆ ɩɪɵɣɲɥɿ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɵ, ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ Vɉ ɫɬ. ɡɚɫɹɥɹɥɿ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɿ ɩɚʆɜɨɫɬɪɚʆ, ɞɚɥɿɧɵ Ⱥɥɶɩɿɣɫɤɿɯ ɝɨɪ ɿ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɵɹ ɪɚɺɧɵ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ Ⱥʆɫɬɪɵɿ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɿ ɷɬɚɩ ɭɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ, ɚɥɟ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿ.
Ɍɪɷɰɹɹ ɫɬɚɞɵɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɭ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɹɤ ɪɚɡ ɿ ɩɪɵɩɚɞɚɟ ɧɚ ɚɩɚɝɟɣ ɦɚɥɨɝɚ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɨɩɬɵɦɭɦɚ ɿ ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɟ ɯɪɚɧɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵ ɚɞɪɷɡɚɤ ɚɞ Vɒ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ X ɫɬɫɬ. Ƚɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɩɿɤɚɦ ɛɵɥɨ, ɛɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɚ, ȱɏ ɫɬ., ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ 814 ɝɨɞɚ
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DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
– ɫɦɟɪɰɿ Ʉɚɪɥɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚ ɹɝɨ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ. Ɋɚɫɩɚɞ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ |
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ɮɪɚɧɤɚʆ ɞɚʆ ɲɬɭɪɲɨɤ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɦɟɧɲɵɯ ɷɬɧɚɫɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ |
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ɧɚɡɚɩɚɫɿɥɿ ʆɧɭɬɪɚɧɵɹ ɪɷɫɭɪɫɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɚɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ. Ⱦɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɞɚɞɚɥɨɫɹ ɬɨɟ, ɲɬɨ |
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ɚɝɪɷɫɿʆɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɧɚɲɱɚɞɤɚʆ Ʉɚɪɥɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɚɟ |
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ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɬɵɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ, ɩɪɚɬɷɤɬɚɪɚɬ ɧɚɞ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɧɚɲɱɚɞɤɿ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ |
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ɡɚɯɚɜɚɰɶ. Ⱦɜɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ |
ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɩɪɚɣɲɥɿ ɩɚɞ ɫɰɹɝɚɦ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ |
У |
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ɫɥɚɜɹɧɚʆ |
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ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɯ ɿ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɿɯ ɤɚɪɚɥɺʆ. ɋɥɚɜɹɧɟ ɡɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɡɪɚɛɿɥɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɿ |
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ɤɪɨɤ ɧɚɩɟɪɚɞ: ɹɧɵ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɥɚɤɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɝɟɚɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɫɬɨɪɵ, ɞɚ |
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ɫɚɸɡɚʆ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɚɦɿ ɿ ɫɚɸɡɚɦɿ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɚʆ. |
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ɉɚɦɿɠ ɋɹɪɷɞɧɿɦ Ⱦɭɧɚɟɦ ɿ ɜɹɪɯɨʆɹɦɿ Ʌɚɛɵ ɿ Ɉɞɪɵ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ |
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IX ɫɬ. ɭɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɦɚɪɚʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ Ɇɚɣɦɿɪɚɦ (818 ɝ.) ɿ |
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Ɋɚɫɰɿɫɥɚɜɚɦ (846 – 880 ɝɝ.). Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɚɟɰɰɚ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ |
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ɯɚɪɜɚɬɚʆ ɿ ɫɥɚɜɟɧɰɚʆ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ Ɍɪɵɦɿɪɚɦ (845 – 864 ɝɝ.), ɫɟɪɛɫɤɿɯ |
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ɡɹɦɟɥɶ – ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚʆ ɩɪɵ ɤɧɹɡɿ ɉɺɬɪɵ Ƚɚɣɧɿɤɨɜɿɱɵ (892 – 917 ɝɝ.). ɍ 877 ɝɨɞɡɟ |
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ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɚɟɰɰɚ ɿ ɩɟɪɲɚɟ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɜɿɫɥɹɧ — ɩɪɚɜɨɛɪɚɡ ɛɭɞɭɱɚɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. Ɂɚ ɦɟɠɚɦɿ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɷɬɧɚɫɭ ʆ ɬɵɦ ɠɚ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɟɰɰɚ |
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ɩɟɪɲɚɟ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ |
ɚɧɝɥɚ-ɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɿɯ ɤɚɪɚɥɟʆɫɬɜɚʆ ɩɪɵ ɤɚɪɚɥɿ ɗɤɛɟɪɰɟ |
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(829 ɝ.), ɇɚɪɜɟɝɿɿ ɩɪɵ |
Ƚɚɪɚɥɶɞɡɟ ɉɪɵɝɨɠɚɜɚɥɨɫɵɦй |
(872 ɝ.). |
ɍ 862 ɝ. |
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ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɡɟ Ɋɭɪɵɤ, ɹɤɿ ɪɚɡɞɚɟ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɜɚɫɚɥɚɦ: "... ɨɜɨɦɭ |
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ɉɨɥɬɟɫɤɶ, ɨɜɨɦɭ Ɋɨɫɬɨɜɬɶ, ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ Ȼɶɥɨɨɡɟɪɨ". |
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Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɭɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɚɞɩɚɜɹɞɚɟ |
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ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɬɭ |
ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɚɣ ɝɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɡ ɬɨɣ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɸ, ɲɬɨ |
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ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɦ ɹɞɪɨɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɟ ɩɥɟɦɹ ɤɪɵɜɿɱɨʆ-ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧ. ɍ |
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ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɯɜɚɥɿ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɉɚɞɡɜɿɧɧɹ ʆ Vɒ – |
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ȱɏ ɫɬɫɬ. ɿ |
з |
ɭɡɚɟɦɚɚɫɿɦɿɥɹɰɵɿ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɚʆ ɿ ɛɚɥɬɚʆ ɭɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ɧɨɜɚɹ |
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ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚʆ |
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ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɹ ɫɭɩɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ, ɹɤɚɹ, ɞɡɹɤɭɸɱɵ ɞɚɦɿɧɿɪɭɸɱɚɣ ɦɨɜɟ, ɛɵɥɚ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɸ. |
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ɍ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɚɦɿ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɹ |
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ɡɦɟɧɵ ɿɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ. ɍ IX – XI ɫɬɫɬ., ɹɤ ɥɿɱɵɰɶ Ƚ. ɒɬɵɯɚʆ, |
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ɭ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɫɭɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɬɪɵ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ʆɤɥɚɞɵ: |
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ɩɟɪɲɚɛɵɬɧɚ-ɚɛɲɱɵɧɧɵ, ɪɚɛɚʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɰɤɿ ɿ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵ. əɧɵ ɰɟɫɧɚ |
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ɩɟɪɚɩɥɹɬɚɥɿɫɹ, ɚɥɟ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ʆɫɺ ɛɨɥɟɣ ɿ ɛɨɥɟɣ ɩɚɱɵɧɚʆ ɩɚɧɚɜɚɰɶ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɵ |
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ɥɚɞ, ɹɤɿ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚɣ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɸ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɚʆ ɧɚ ɡɹɦɥɸ ɿ ɪɷɧɬɚɣ ɭ |
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еɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɚɛɪɨɤɚ, ɹɤɭɸ ɺɧ ɡɛɿɪɚʆ ɡ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ. Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ |
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ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɟ ɚɞɛɵɜɚʆɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɚɞ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɣ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɿ ɞɚ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. Ȭɧ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɚɹ ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɨɣ ʆɥɚɞɵ, ɹɤɚɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɟ ɜɵɤɨɧɜɚɥɚ ɪɨɥɸ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɿ ɿ ɫɚɸɡɚʆ ɩɥɹɦɺɧ ɚɞ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɣ ɧɚɜɚɥɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚɥɚ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɚɛɲɱɵɧɧɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚɧɧɹʆ, ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ ɩɪɵɫɜɨɣɜɚɥɚ ɫɚɛɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ. Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɡ ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɚɫɹɪɨɞɞɡɹ ɿ ɫɬɚɪɷɣɲɵɯ
33
DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
ɪɚɞɨʆ ɭɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɤɧɹɠɚɰɤɚ-ɛɚɹɪɫɤɚɟ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɟ. ɍɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɵɯ ɫɚɸɡɚʆ ɩɚɫɤɚɪɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɤɥɚɫɚʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ, ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚ, ɿ ɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ.
Ⱥɞɧɵɦ ɡ ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɚʆ ɛɵɥɿ ɤɪɵɜɿɱɵ, ɞɚ ɿɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧɟ. Ȭɫɰɶ ɲɦɚɬ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɷɧɧɹʆ ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚɝɚ ʆɠɵɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɷɪɦɿɧɚ "ɤɪɵɜɿɱɵ" ɿ "ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧɟ". Ⱥɩɨɲɧɿɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɞɚɦɿɧɭɟ ɞɭɦɤɚ, ɲɬɨ "ɤɪɵɜɿɱɵ"У– ɝɷɬɚ ɚɛɚɝɭɥɶɧɟɧɚɹ ɧɚɡɜɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɚ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɚʆ, ɤɭɞɵ, ɚɤɪɚɦɹТɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɯ, ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɤɪɵɜɿɱɵ ɫɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɿɹ ɿ ɿɡɛɨɪɫɤɿɹ. Ⱥ "ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧɟ" – ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚɡɜɚ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ, ɝɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɬɷɪɦɿɧ. Ʌɚɝɿɱɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɤɧɹɠɚɧɧɟ ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧ ɭɡɧɿɤɥɚ ɧɟ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɿɧɬɷɝɪɚɰɵɿ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɯНɩɥɹɦɺɧɚʆ, ɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɿɯ ɜɵɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɡ ɛɭɣɧɚɝɚ ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɨɝɚ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹ ɤɪɵɜɿɱɨʆ. ɍ ɝɷɬɚɟ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ, ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɜɟɪɚɝɨɞɧɚ, ɲɬɨ, ɚɤɪɚɦɹ ʆɥɚɫɧɚ ɤɪɵɜɿɱɨʆБ(ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɯ, ɿɡɛɨɪɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɫɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɿɯ), ɭɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɜɹɰɿɱɵ, ɪɚɞɡɿɦɿɱɵ ɿ ɫɟɜɹɪɚɧɟ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɸɰɶ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɟ ɚɪɯɟɚɥɨɝɿɿ ɿ ɬɚɩɚɧɿɦɿɤɿ. Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ, ɬɪɷɛɚ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɭɜɚɝɭ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ, ɲɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɵ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɩɥɹɦɺɧ, ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɪɚɧɧɿɦɿ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɚɦɿ, ʆ
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ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɹɸɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɞɡɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɵ: ɡ ɫɭɮɿɤɫɚɦ "ɚɧ-ɹɧ" (ɩɚɥɹɧɟ, ɞɪɚʆɥɹɧɟ, |
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ɫɟɜɹɪɚɧɟ, ɛɭɠɚɧɟ, ɜɚɥɵɧɹɧɟ, ɦɚɡɚʆɲɚɧɟ, ɩɚɦɚɪɚɧɟ, ɫɥɚɜɟɧɿ-ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ) ɿ ɡ |
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ɫɭɮɿɤɫɚɦ "ɿɱ" (ɤɪɵɜɿɱɵ, ɞɪɵɝɚɜɿɱɵ, ɪɚɞɡɿɦɿɱɵй, ɜɹɰɿɱɵ, ɭɥɿɱɵ, ɥɸɰɿɱɵ). |
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Ʌɟɬɚɩɿɫ ɩɪɚɦɚ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɟ, ɲɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚ ɪɚɞɡɿɦɿɱɚʆ, ɜɹɰɿɱɚʆ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɚɞ ɭɥɚɫɧɵɯ |
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ɿɦɺɧɚʆ ɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ – Ɋɚɞɡɿɦɚ ɿ ȼɹɬɤɿ. Ⱦɪɵɝɚɜɿɱɵ, ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ, ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɭ |
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ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɚɬɪɚɧɿɦ "Ⱦɪɭɝɭɜɿɬ" ɰɿ "Ⱦɪɚɝɚɜɿɬ", ɹɤ ɥɸɰɿɱɵ "Ʌɸɬɚ" ɚɛɨ "Ʌɨɬɚ", ɚ |
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ɧɚɡɜɚ ɤɪɵɜɿɱɵ ʆɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ɚɞ ɿɦɹ ɪɨɞɚɩɚɱɵɧɚɥɶɧɿɤɚ Ʉɪɵɜɚ. |
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Ʌɚɝɿɱɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ɩɚɞ ɱɚɫ ɦɿɝɪɚɰɵɿ – "ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɹ" – ɝɷɬɵɹ ɷɬɧɚɫɵ |
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ɪɭɯɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɚɡɚɦ. ɉɚ ɫɭɫɟɞɫɬɜɭ ɹɧɵ ɿ ɪɚɫɫɹɥɿɥɿɫɹ: ɤɪɵɜɿɱɵ, ɞɪɵɝɚɜɿɱɵ, |
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ɪɚɞɡɿɦɿɱɵ, ɜɹɰɿɱɵ. Ⱥɥɟ ɤɿɪɭɸɱɚɟ ɩɥɟɦɹ ɿ ɪɨɞ ɡɚʆɫɺɞɵ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɰɷɧɬɪɵ. |
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Ɇɚɛɵɰɶ, ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵ ɪɨɞ ɿ ɜɵɛɪɚʆ ɦɟɫɰɚɦ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɫɬɚɥɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤ. |
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Ʉɪɵɜɿɱɵ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɸɰɰɚ ʆ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɚɯ ɩɚɞ 856, 862, 907, 944 ɿ 980 ɝɝ. |
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ȱɩɚɰɶɟʆɫɤɿ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚɟ ɤɪɵɜɿɱɨʆ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ – 1128 ɝ. ɿ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟ |
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ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ ɤɪɵɜɿɰɤɿɦɿ ʆ 1140 ɿ 1162 ɝɝ. Ɍɷɪɦɿɧ "ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧɟ" ɚɛɨ |
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"ɩɚɥɚɬɱɚɧɵ" ɧɟɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɚ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɯ ɏȱ – ɏɉ ɫɬɫɬ. |
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Ȼɟɡɭɦɨɭɧɚ, ɺɧ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɚɞ ɧɚɡɜɵ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ, ɚ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɟɣ – ɪɚɤɿ ɉɚɥɚɬɵ. Ƚɷɬɚ |
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еɝɿɞɪɨɧɿɦ ɛɚɥɰɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɚɞ ɚɫɧɨɜɵ "ɊȺL" ɚɥɶɛɨ "ɪɚlɿɟ" – |
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ɛɚɥɨɬɚ, ɥɭɠɵɧɚ ɡ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɣ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɚɫɿɦɿɥɿɹɰɵɹɣ. ɍ ɫɜɚɿɦ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɵɦ ɛɚɥɰɤɿɦ ɝɭɱɚɧɧɿ ɝɨɪɚɞ ɜɹɞɨɦɵ ɩɚ ɜɚɫɶɦɿ ɫɤɚɧɞɵɧɚʆɫɤɿɦ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɦ. ɑɚɫɰɟɣ ɺɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɰɰɚ Ɋɚliɟsɤɿɚ.
Ⱦɚɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤ Ⱥ. ɇɿɤɿɰɤɿ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɚʆ, ɲɬɨ ʆ ɱɚɫɵ Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɚɣ Ɋɭɫɿ ɩɚɧɹɰɰɿ "ɝɨɪɚɞ" ɿ "ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ" ɛɵɥɿ ɧɟɩɚɞɡɟɥɶɧɵ ɿ ɡɦɟɲɜɚɥɿɫɹ. ɍ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ, ɞɡɟ ʆɡɧɿɤɚɥɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ – ɬɚɦ ɿ ʆɡɧɿɤɚʆ ɝɨɪɚɞ-ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚ; ɰɿ ɧɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ, ɞɡɟ
34
DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
ʆɡɧɿɤɚʆ ɝɨɪɚɞ – ɬɚɦ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɚʆɫɹ ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. ɉɚɱɵɧɚɥɿ ɷɬɪɭɫɤɿ ʆ 1 |
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ɬɵɫ. ɞɚ ɧ.ɷ.: ɹɧɵ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ ʆ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ ȱɬɚɥɿɿ ɜɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɚɧɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɸ |
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ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ: ɉɚɩɭɥɨɧɿɹ, ȼɟɬɭɥɨɧɿɹ, Ɍɚɪɤɜɿɧɿɹ ɿ ɿɧɲ. Ⱥ ɫɤɨɧɱɵɥɿ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɟ: ȼɹɥɿɤɚɹ |
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Ʉɪɷɫɥɚɜɚ (ɍɒ – ȱɏ ɫɬ.ɫɬ.) – ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ Ȼɚɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, Ȼɪɚɧɿɛɨɪ |
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(X ɫɬ.) – ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚ ɝɚɜɨɥɹɧ, Ɋɷɬɪɚ – ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚ ɥɸɰɿɱɚʆ, |
Ɇɿɤɟɥɿɧ – |
ɚɛɚɞɪɵɬɚʆ, |
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ɉɪɚɝɚ – ɱɷɯɚʆ, ɉɨɡɧɚɧɶ, Ƚɧɺɡɧɚ ɿ Ʉɪɚɤɚʆ – ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ, ȿɥɿɧɝɚ – ɞɚɬɱɚɧɚʆ, ɍɩɫɚɥɚ |
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– ɲɜɟɞɚʆ. |
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ɋɤɚɧɞɵɧɚʆɫɤɿɹ ɫɚɝɿ ɮɿɤɫɿɪɭɸɰɶ ɭ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿɭɪɨɩɵ |
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– ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ "Ƚɚɪɞɚɪɵɤɿ" – 11 |
ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ |
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(12-ɬɵ Ʉɿɟʆ). 3 |
ɿɯ ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɚ |
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7 ɡɜɹɡɜɚɸɰɰɚ ɡ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɚɦ, Ʌɚɞɚɝɚɣ, ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɦ, ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚɦ, ɋɭɡɞɚɥɟɦ, |
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Ɇɭɪɚɦɚɦ |
ɿ Ɋɚɫɬɨɜɚɦ, Ȼɟɥɚɜɨɡɟɪɚɦ, ȱɡɛɨɪɫɤɚɦ ɿ ɿɧɲ. |
ɍɫɟ |
ɝɷɬɵɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ |
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ɧɚɥɟɠɚɰɶ ɞɚ ɬɪɨɯ ɛɭɣɧɵɯ ɷɬɧɚ-ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɿ ɝɟɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵɯ ɚɪɷɚɥɚʆ: ɮɿɧɚ- |
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ɜɭɝɨɪɫɤɚ-ɫɥɚɜɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɉɨʆɧɚɱ, ɫɤɿɮɚ-ɫɚɪɦɚɰɤɚ-ɩɚɥɹɧɫɤɚɟ ɉɚɞɧɹɩɪɨʆɟ ɿ ɛɚɥɬɚ- |
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ɤɪɵɜɿɰɤɚ-ɞɪɵɝɚɜɿɰɤɚɟ Ⱦɧɟɩɪɚ-Ⱦɡɜɿɧɧɟ. |
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ɋɚɦɵɦ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɛɵʆ, ɛɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɚ, ɉɨɥɚɰɤ. |
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Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɭ X ɫɬ. ɭɠɨ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɸɰɰɚ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤ ɿ Ɂɚɫɥɚʆɟ, ɚ ʆ ɏȱ ɫɬ. – ɍɫɜɹɬɵ, |
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Ʌɭɤɚɦɥɶ, |
Ⱦɪɭɰɤ, Ȼɪɚɫɥɚʆ, Ɇɿɧɫɤ, Ʌɚɝɨɣɫɤ, Ʉɚɩɵɫɶ, |
ȼɨɪɲɚ, |
Ƚɚɥɚɰɿɱɚɫɤ. |
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Ⱥɪɯɟɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɹ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɵ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɚɤɚɡɜɚɸɰɶй, ɲɬɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɶ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ |
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ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɭɡɧɿɤɥɿ ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ʆ Xȱ ɫɬ. |
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ɛɵɥɿ |
ɪɨɡɧɵɦɿ: |
ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɹ, ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɵɹ, |
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ɒɥɹɯɿ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ |
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ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɵɹ ɿ ɝ.ɞ. Ⱥɥɟ ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɫɬɨɪɵ ɹɧɵ ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿ |
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ɫɬɪɨɝɚɟ ɿɟɪɚɪɯɿɱɧɚɟ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɟ. Ȼɵɥɿ "ɫɬɚɪɷɣɲɵɹ" |
ɿ "ɦɚɥɨɞɲɵɹ" |
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ɝɚɪɚɞɵ. ɉɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɫɬɚɪɷɣɲɵɦ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ ɡɚɭɫɺɞɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɚɥɿɰɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ |
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ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ, |
ɬɨ ɩɚ ɬɵɦ, ɹɤ ɹɧɚ ɚɛɪɚɫɬɚɥɚ "ɦɚɥɨɞɲɵɦɿ" |
ɝɚɪɚɞɚɦɿ, ɭ ɩɷʆɧɚɣ |
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ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɜɚɧɧɟ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɚ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ |
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ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ. 3 ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɜɵɰɹɤɚɟ, ɲɬɨ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɦɟɠɵ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ ʆ IX ɫɬ. |
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ɚɯɨɩɥɿɜɚɥɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɜɚɤɨɥ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ. ɍ X |
ɫɬ. ɭ ɫɮɟɪɭ ʆɩɥɵɜɚ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɹɰɶ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤ ɿ Ɂɚɫɥɚʆɟ, ɲɬɨ, ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ, ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɧɟ ɡ |
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ɤɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɵɦɿ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɚɦɿ, ɚ ɡ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦɿ. ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤ – ɜɭɡɥɚɜɵ |
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ɝɨɪɚɞ ɞɚ ɞɧɟɩɪɚ-ɞɡɜɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɜɨɥɚɤɚʆ ɲɥɹɯɭ "ɡ ɜɚɪɚɝɚʆ ɭ ɝɪɷɤɿ", Ɂɚɫɥɚʆɟ – |
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ɞɪɵɝɚɜɿɰɤɿ ɝɚɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɤɪɵɜɿɰɤɿɦ ɩɚɦɟɠɠɵ. ɍ ɏȱ ɫɬ. ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɵ ɧɨɜɵɯ |
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ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɿɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɭɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɜɚ ʆɠɨ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɵɯ |
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еɦɟɠɚɯ, ɚɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɡ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɵɦ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɟɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɧɿɰ. |
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ɋɹɪɨɞ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ʆɡɧɿɤɥɿ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɚɱɱɵɧɟ ʆ ɏȱ ɫɬ., ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɶ ɡ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɝɥɟɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɡɦɹɲɱɷɧɧɹ ɦɚɸɰɶ Ȼɪɚɫɥɚʆ, Ʉɨɩɵɫɶ, ȼɨɪɲɚ, ɍɫɜɹɬɵ. ɍɫɟ ɹɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɦɟɠɧɵɦɿ. Ȼɪɚɫɥɚʆ – ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɠɠɵ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɩɥɹɦɟɧɚɦɿ, ȼɨɪɲɚ, Ʉɨɩɵɫɶ, ɍɫɜɹɬɵ – ɡ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ, ɩɪɵɝɚɞɚɧɵɹ ɪɚɧɟɣ Ɂɚɫɥɚʆɟ ɿ Ɇɿɧɫɤ – ɧɚ ɩɚɦɟɠɠɵ ɡ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ Ʌɿɬɜɨɣ ɿ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ.
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DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
Ʉɚɥɿ ɦɵ ɡɜɟɪɧɟɦɫɹ ɞɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ, ɬɨ ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵɦ, ɲɬɨ ɡɝɚɞɤɿ ɚɛ ɤɪɵɜɿɱɚɯ ɩɚɞ 882 ɿ 907 ɝɚɞɚɦɿ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɡ ɩɚɯɨɞɚɦɿ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ⱥɥɟɝɚ ɧɚ Ʉɿɟʆ ɿ Ʉɚɧɫɬɚɧɬɵɧɨɩɚɥɶ, ɩɚɞ 944 ɝɨɞɚɦ – ɡ ɩɚɯɨɞɚɦ ȱɝɚɪɚ ɧɚ ȼɿɡɚɧɬɵɸ. ɍ ɪɚɧɧɿɯ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɧɵɯ ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɹɯ ɤɪɵɜɿɱɵ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɰɶ ɹɤ-ɛɵ ɩɚɫɿʆɧɚ: ɿɞɭɰɶ ɭ
ɩɚɯɨɞɵ ɡ ɱɭɠɵɦɿ ɤɧɹɡɹɦɿ, ɚɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɸɰɶ ɤɚɧɬɪɵɛɭɰɵɸ, ɩɥɚɰɹɰɶ |
ɞɚɧɿɧɭ. |
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ȼɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 862 |
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ɝɨɞ, ɤɚɥɿ ɤɪɵɜɿɱɵ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ |
ɿɧɲɵɦɿ |
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ɩɥɹɦɺɧɚɦɿ ɡɚɩɪɚɫɿɥɿ |
ɜɚɪɚɝɚʆ. Ʉɚɥɿ |
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ɩɪɵɝɥɟɞɡɟɰɰɚ ʆɜɚɠɥɿɜɚ, ɬɨ |
ɦɨɠɧɚ |
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ɡɚʆɜɚɠɵɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɜɟɤɬɚɪ ɭɫɯɨɞɧɟɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ȱɏ – ɏ ɫɬ.ɫɬ. ɰɚɥɤɚɦ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿʆ ɩɚ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɚ-ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɚɦɭ ɦɟɪɵɞɵɹɧɭ. Ɂɚɩɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ ɜɚɪɚɝɚʆ, ɿɯ ɡɚɜɚɺɜɵ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɚɠ ɞɚ Ʉɿɟɜɚ, ɩɚɯɨɞɵ ɧɚ ɄɚɧɫɬɚɧɬɵɧɨɩɚɥɶН– ɭɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɿɲɬɨ ɿɧɲɚɟ, ɹɤ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɩɚ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɚ-ɝɟɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚɦɭ ɲɥɹɯɭ " ɡ ɜɚɪɚɝɚʆ ɭ ɝɪɷɤɿ". ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɹ ɡɹɦɥɹ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵɦБɲɥɹɯɭ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɚ ɚɞɧɨ ɡ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɰɚʆ ɿ ɪɚɧɧɹɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɞɧɚɱɚɥɟɧɚ
ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɡɞɚɛɵɱɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɝɚ ɩɪɵɛɵɬɤɭ, ɤɚɪɵɫɰɿ ɫɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɝɟɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ. ɍɞɡɟɥɵ ʆ ɩɚɯɨɞɚɯ ɧɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɚɧɬɵɧɨɩɚɥɶ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ
ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ʆ ɹɟ иɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɵɦ ɧɚɤɿɪɭɧɤɭ. Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ʆ ɬɚɤɿɦ
ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɰɟ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɪɚɡɝɥɹɞɚɰɶ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɶйɩɚɥɚɱɚɧɚʆ ɭ ɏ – ɏȱ ɫɬɫɬ. ɍ "Ⱥɩɨɜɟɫɰɿ ɦɿɧɭɥɵɯ ɱɚɫɨʆр" ɩɚɞ 980 ɝɨɞɚɦ, ɐɜɹɪɫɤɿɦ ɿ Ƚɭɫɬɵɧɫɤɿɦ
ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɚɯ ɩɚɞ 988 ɝɨɞɚɦ, Ʌɚʆɪɷɧɰɶɟʆɫɤɿɦ ɫɩɿɫɭ ɩɚɞ 1128 ɝɨɞɚɦ ɚɩɚɜɹɞɚɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɚ ɫɜɚɬɚɧɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɣоɤɧɹɡɺʆɧɵ Ɋɚɝɧɟɞɵ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ əɪɚɩɨɥɤɚ ɋɜɹɬɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚ ɿ ɧɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɚɝɚт ɤɧɹɡɹ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ ɋɜɹɬɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚ. Ⱥɛɪɚɠɚɧɵ
ɚɞɤɚɡɚɦ Ɋɚɝɧɟɞɵ, ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪ ɫɚɛɪɚʆ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɡ ɜɚɪɚɝɚʆ, ɫɥɚɜɟɧ, ɱɭɞɡɿ ɿ ɿɡɛɨɪɫɤɿɯ |
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ɤɪɵɜɿɱɨʆ ɿ ɪɭɲɵʆ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɚɛɥɨɝɿ ɝɨɪɚɞ ɛɵʆ ɭɡɹɬɵ. Ɋɚɝɜɚɥɨɞ, ɹɝɨ |
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ɠɨɧɤɚ ɿ ɞɜɚ |
ɫɵɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɛɿɬɵɹ, ɚ Ɋɚɝɧɟɞɚ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɚɦ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɠɨɧɤɚɸ |
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ɩɟɪɚɦɨɠɰɵ. |
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ɍ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɦ ɚɩɨɜɟɞɡɟ ɺɫɰɶ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ |
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ɬɭɪɚʆɰɵ ɩɪɚɡɜɚɥɿɫɹ". ɍ Ʌɚʆɪɷɧɰɶɟʆɫɤɿɦ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɭ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɫɬɵɤɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɹɟɰɰɚ ɹɲɱɷ ɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦɿ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɿ: "Ɋɚɝɜɚɥɨɞ ɬɪɵɦɚʆ, ɜɚɥɚɞɚɪɵʆ ɿ
ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɪɷɦɚɪɤɚ – ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɫɬɵɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ɋɚɝɜɚɥɨɞɚ: "Ɋɚɝɜɚɥɨɞ ɠɚ ɩɪɵɣɲɨʆпɡ-ɡɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɿ ɦɟʆ ɭɥɚɞɭ ɫɜɚɸ ʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ. Ⱥ Ɍɭɪ ɭ Ɍɭɪɚɜɟ; ɚɞ ɹɝɨ ɿ
Реɤɧɹɠɵʆ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɚ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪ ɛɵʆ ɭ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɡɟ". Ƚɷɬɵɹ ɪɚɞɤɿ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɚʆ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭɸɰɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɚɫɨɛɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ ɜɹɞɨɦɚɝɚ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ, ɹɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɫɤɚɧɞɵɧɚɜɚɦ, ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ, ɜɵɯɚɞɰɚɦ ɡ ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɇɚɪɜɟɝɿɿ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. Ʉɚɥɿ ʆɥɿɱɵɰɶ, ɲɬɨ, ɩɚ
ɡɜɟɫɬɤɚɯ ȱɚɚɤɿɦɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɭ, ɧɚɩɚɞɭ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɱɚʆ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɫɚɦɨɝɚ Ɋɚɝɜɚɥɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɜɨɥɚɫɰɿ (Ɍɚɬɢɳɟɜ ȼ.), ɬɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɰɰɚ ɡɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɵɦ, ɲɬɨ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɚ ɧɚɦɿɠ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɦ ɿ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɚɦ ɿɲɥɚ ɡɚ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɵɦɿ ɡɟɦɥɹɦɿ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ, ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɟɣ, ɧɚɞ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɚɞɪɷɡɤɚɦ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɚɝɚ ɲɥɹɯɭ "ɡ ɜɚɪɚɝɚʆ ɭ ɝɪɷɤɿ". ɉɟɪɲɚɩɚɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ ɡɚ
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DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
ɩɪɵɹɪɵɬɷɬ ɭ ɬɪɚɧɡɿɬɧɵɦ ɝɚɧɞɥɿ, ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɞɧɟɩɪɚ-ɞɡɜɿɧɫɤɿɦɿ ɜɨɥɚɤɚɦɿ. ɍ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɬɪɨɯɤɭɬɧɿɤɭ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ, ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ ɿ Ʉɿɟʆ, ɛɟɡɭɦɨʆɧɵ ɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬ ɛɵʆ ɭ Ʉɿɟɜɚ, ɹɤ ɚɩɨɲɧɹɝɚ ɿ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɝɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɭ ɧɚ Ⱦɧɹɩɪɵ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɞ "ɝɪɷɤɚɦɿ". ɍ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ ɿ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿ ɞɜɚ ɚɦɚɥɶ
ɪɨʆɧɚɜɚɪɬɚɫɧɵɹ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɿ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɲɥɹɯɭ. ɉɚɦɿɠ ɫɚɛɨɸ ɿɦ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɫɩɪɚɱɚɰɰɚ |
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ɡɚ ɩɪɵɹɪɵɬɷɬ. |
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ɇɹɫɩɪɚʆɞɠɚɧɵ ɫɚɸɡ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ɡ Ʉɿɟɜɚɦ ɩɪɚɡ ɲɥɸɛ ɞɚɱɤɿ |
Ɋɚɝɜɚɥɨɞɚ |
Ɋɚɝɧɟɞɵ ɿ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ əɪɚɩɨɥɤɚ, ɞɚɥɟɣɲɚɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɶ əɪɚɩɨɥɤɚ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ
ɤɧɹɠɚɧɧɹ ʆ Ʉɿɟɜɟ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ ɧɚɧɟɫɥɿ ɦɨɰɧɵ ʆɞɚɪ ɩɚ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɿ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ, ɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɡɞɨɥɟɥɿ ɡɧɿɲɱɵɰɶ ɹɟ ɰɚɥɤɚɦ. ɉɚɫɥɹНɡɚɯɨɩɭ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚɦ
Ʉɿɟɜɚ ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ Ʉɿɟʆ ɿ ɩɚɞɧɚɱɚɥɟɧɵ ɹɦɭ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦɿ ɜɨɪɚɝɚɦɿ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ. XI ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɣɲɥɨ ɩɚɞ ɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ɡ |
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Ʉɿɟɜɚɦ. |
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Ɋɚɝɧɟɞɚ ɧɚɪɚɞɡɿɥɚ ɚɞ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ ɫɵɧɚ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɚ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɹɟ ɡɚɦɚɯɭ ɧɚ |
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ɠɵɰɰɺ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ ȱɡɹɫɥɚʆ ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɦɚɰɿ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɫɥɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɚɱɱɵɧɭ ɿ |
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ɩɚɫɟɥɟɧɵ ʆ ɝɨɪɚɞɡɟ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɟ (ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɟ Ɂɚɫɥɚʆɟ). Ⱥɞ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɚ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ |
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ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɰɰɚ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɹ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ. ȼɟɪɚɝɨɞɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ɡɚɰɿɤɚʆɥɟɧɚɫɰɶ |
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Ʉɿɟɜɚ ʆ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɚɩɚɧɟɧɬɚ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿɥɚйɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɿɰɶ Ɋɚɝɧɟɞɭ |
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ɡ ɫɵɧɚɦ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɚɞɧɚɜɿɰɶ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɿɯ ɪɨɞɚɜɚɣ ɜɨɬɱɵɧɵ. |
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ɉɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ʆ 1000 ɝɨɞɡɟ Ɋɚɝɧɟɞɵ, ɹɤɚɹ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɚ ɦɚɧɚɲɚɫɤɿ ɩɚɫɬɪɵɝ |
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ɩɚɞ ɿɦɟɦ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɿɹ, ɚ ʆ 1001 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɿ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɚ ʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɤɧɹɠɵɰɶ |
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Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚʆ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɚɜɿɱ. Ȭɧ ɛɵʆ ɭ ɩɷʆɧɵɦ |
ɫɷɧɫɟ |
ɩɪɚɞɚʆɠɚɥɶɧɿɤɚɦ ɿ |
и |
ɉɚɫɥɹ |
ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ |
ɚɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɰɚɦ ɛɵɥɨɣ ɦɨɰɵ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ. |
ɋɜɹɬɚɫɥɚɜɚɜɿɱɚ ʆ 1015 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆɫɹ "ɲɦɚɬɤɨɜɚɹ ɿ ɧɟɬɪɵɜɚɥɚɹ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɹ Ɋɭɪɵɤɚɜɿɱɚʆз" ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɹɝɨ ɧɚɲɱɚɞɤɚɦɿ. ɋɹɪɨɞ ɿɯ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɵɦɿоɛɵɥɿ əɪɚɫɥɚʆ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿ, Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚʆ Ɍɦɭɬɚɪɚɤɚɧɫɤɿ ɿ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚʆ
ɉɨɥɚɰɤɿ. ȿɫɰɶ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɵ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɵ ɬɪɵʆɦɜɿɪɚɬ, ɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚɜɚп– ɞɭɭɦɜɿɪɚɬ, ɩɪɚɡ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤɚʆ ɤɿɪɚɜɚʆ ɿ ʆ Ʉɿɟɜɟ.
ɍɥɚɫɧɚ ɡɧɟɲɧɟɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɩɚɞɡɟɹɦ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɚɱɱɵɧɟ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ еXI ɫɬ. ɩɪɵɫɜɟɱɚɧɵ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɚɛɡɚɰ "Ⱥɩɨɜɟɫɰɿ ɦɿɧɭɥɵɯ ɱɚɫɨʆ" ɿ "ɗɣɞɦɭɧɞɚɜɚ Рɫɚɝɚ". "ɉɪɵɣɲɨʆ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚʆ, ɫɵɧ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɚ, ɭɧɭɤ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ ɧɚ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ ɿ ɡɚɯɚɩɿʆ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ, ɿ ɭɡɹʆɲɵ ʆ ɩɚɥɨɧ ɧɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɰɚʆ, ɿ ɞɚɛɪɨ ɿɯ, ɩɚɣɲɨʆ ɞɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ɡɧɨʆ. ȱ ɩɪɵɣɲɨʆ ɺɧ ɞɚ ɋɭɞɨɦɿɪɵ ɪɚɤɿ, ɿ əɪɚɫɥɚʆ ɡ Ʉɿɟɜɚ ɡɞɚɝɧɚʆ ɹɝɨ ɬɭɬ ɭ ɫɺɦɵ ɞɡɟɧɶ. ȱ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝ əɪɚɫɥɚʆ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɚ, ɿ ɧɨʆɝɚɪɨɞɰɚʆ ɜɹɪɧɭʆ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɭ. Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚʆ ɠɚ ɡɛɟɝ ɞɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ.” ɋɚɮɿɣɫɤɿ ɿ ɍɜɚɫɤɪɚɫɟɧɫɤɿ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɵ ɞɚɞɚɸɰɶ, ɲɬɨ əɪɚɫɥɚʆ ɩɚɤɥɿɤɚʆ ɞɚ ɫɹɛɟ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɚ ɿ, ɚɞɞɚʆɲɵ ɹɦɭ ɞɜɚ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ, ɍɫɜɹɬɵ ɿ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤ, ɫɤɚɡɚʆ: "Ȼɭɞɡɶ ɫɚ ɦɧɨɸ ɡɚ ɚɞɡɿɧ". ȱ ɧɟ ɜɚɹɜɚʆ
Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚʆ ɡ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚɦ ɭɫɟ ɞɧɿ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɠɵɰɰɹ".
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DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
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“ɗɣɞɦɭɧɞɚɜɚ ɫɚɝɚ” ɞɚɩɨʆɧɿɥɚ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɿ ɡɝɚɞɤɚɦɿ ɚɛ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɵɦ |
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ɭɞɡɟɥɭ ʆ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɵɧɚɜɚʆ: ɤɚɧɭɧɝɚ ɗɣɞɦɭɧɞɚ ɿ ɤɧɹɝɿɧɿ ȱɧɝɿɝɟɪɞ – |
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ɠɨɧɤɿ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚ. ɗɣɞɦɭɧɞ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɫɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɛɚɤɭ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚ, ɩɨɬɵɦ |
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Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɚ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ȱɧɝɿɝɟɪɞ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɜɚɥɚɞɚɪɚɦ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɿɰɶ |
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ɡɟɦɥɿ: əɪɚɫɥɚɜɭ ɚɞɞɚɰɶ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ /ɏɨɥɶɦɝɪɚɞ/, Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɭ – Ʉɿɟʆ /Ʉɟɧɭɝɚɪɞ/, |
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ɗɣɞɦɭɧɞɭ – |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤ /ɉɚɥɬɷɫɤɶɸ/. ɉɪɵ ʆɫɺɣ ɧɹɩɷʆɧɚɫɰɿ "ɋɚɝɿ" ɜɚɪɬɚ |
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ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɡ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɟ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɚ ʆ Ʉɿɟɜɟ ʆ ɹɤɚɫɰɿ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɦɚɝɥɨ |
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ɦɟɰɶ ɦɟɫɰɚ. 3 ɝɷɬɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɡɜɹɡɜɚɟɰɰɚ, ɭ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɫɰɿ, ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ Ʉɿɟɜɟ |
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"Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɚɜɚ ɞɜɚɪɚ", ɹɤɿ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɚɦ ɩɚɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɚɞɡɟɣ 1068 ɝɨɞɚ. |
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ɉɪɵɱɵɧɵ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚ-ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɮɥɿɤɬɭ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɛɵɰɶ ɪɨɡɧɵɦɿ: ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ |
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ʆɫɿɯ ɤɪɵɜɿɰɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ ɩɚɞ ɭɥɚɞɚɸ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ, ɡɚɯɨɩ ɩɚɥɨɧɭ ɿ ɡɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɜɨɥɶɧɵɯ |
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ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹʆ, ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ Ʉɿɟɜɚ ɩɚɞɧɚɱɚɥɿɰɶ ɫɚɛɟ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ, ɧɚɪɷɲɰɟ, ɩɚɱɭɰɰɺ |
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ɤɪɵʆɞɵ ɩɟɪɲɵɯ Ɋɚɝɜɚɥɨɞɚɜɿɱɚʆ – ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɿɱɚʆ ɡ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɵ ɜɵɤɥɸɱɷɧɧɹ ɿɯ ɡ |
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ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɣ ɞɵɧɚɫɬɵɿ ɿ ɡɚ ɞɚʆɧɸɸ ɚɛɪɚɡɭ Ɋɚɝɧɟɞɵ, ɜɟɪɚɝɨɞɧɟɣ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ, ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ |
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ɡɚ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ “ɡ |
ɜɚɪɚɝɚʆ ɭ ɝɪɷɤɿ". Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ʆɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɲɵɪɵʆ |
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ɍɫɜɹɬɚʆ ɿ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚ ɩɚɞɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɟ ɝɷɬɭɸ ɞɭɦɤɭ. |
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ɫɜɚɸ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵ ɜɵɯɚɞ ɩɪɚɡ ɜɨɥɚɤɿ ɚɞ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚ ɧɚ |
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Ⱦɧɹɩɪɨ. Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɱɚɫɵ ɧɚ ɛɟɪɚɝɚɯйȾɡɜɿɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɵ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ |
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Ʉɭɤɟɣɧɚɫ ɿ Ƚɟɪɰɵɤɚ – ɰɷɧɬɪɵ ɧɟɜɹɥɿɤɿɯ ɜɚɫɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚʆ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɫɩɪɵɹɥɚ |
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ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɸ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɧɚɞ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɵɦ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɧɚɱ ɚɞ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ – ɞɚ |
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ȼɚɪɚɠɫɤɚɝɚ ɦɨɪɚ, ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɸ ɫɮɟɪɵ ʆɩɥɵɜɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɵɞɡɜɿɧɫɤɚɟ ɛɚɥɰɤɚɟ |
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ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. Ƚɷɬɵɦ ɠɚ |
ɦɷɬɚɦ, ɬɪɷɛɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɰɶ, ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɚ ɿɞɷɹ |
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ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɉɚɚɡɟɪ’ɿ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚʆɥɹ – ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɝɚ Ȼɪɚɫɥɚɜɚ. |
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ɍɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɧɟ ɦɚɝɥɨ ɧɟ ɫɩɪɵɹɰɶ ɭɡɜɵɲɷɧɧɸ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɫɰɿ |
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ɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ɏȱ ɫɬ. ɭɠɨ ʆ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ. ɋɬɚɥɿɰɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ – ɉɨɥɚɰɤ – |
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ɬɪɵ ɪɚɡɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɵɲɚɥɚ ɩɚ ɩɚɦɟɪɚɯ ɿ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɝɨɪɚɞ ɱɚɫɨʆ |
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Ɋɚɝɜɚɥɨɞɚ. |
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п |
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Ⱥɥɟ ɚɛɫɚɥɸɬɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɫɬɚɛɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɱɚɫɵ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ. |
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ɉɚɯɨɞɵ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɹɰɜɹɝɚʆ ʆ 1038 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɿ ɥɿɬɜɭ ʆ 1040 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɩɪɚ |
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ɿɦɤɧɟɧɧɟ Ʉɿɟɜɚ ɿ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɣ ɩɚɲɵɪɚɰɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɭɩɥɵʆ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɭ ɞɚɥɺɤɿɯ ɚɞ Ʉɿɟɜɚ |
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ɡɟɦɥɹɯ, ɬɚɦɭ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɟɛɹɫɩɟɱɧɵɦɿ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɉɨɥɚɱɱɵɧɵ. |
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ɍ 1044 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɦɺɪ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚʆ ɿ ʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɤɧɹɠɵɰɶ ɍɫɹɫɥɚʆ |
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еȻɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɿɱ. |
ɉɚ ɡɜɟɫɬɤɚɯ ȼ. |
Ɍɚɰɿɲɱɚɜɚ, ɚɞɪɚɡɭ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɚ |
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əɪɚɫɥɚʆ ɪɨɛɿɰɶ ɫɜɨɣ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɩɚɯɨɞ ɧɚ ɥɿɬɜɭ, ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɡɚɫɧɨʆɜɚɟ ɇɚɜɚɝɚɪɨɞɚɤ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɚɦɵ ɜɵɤɥɿɤ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ, ɭɥɿɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɬɨɟ, ɲɬɨ ɦɚɥɚɞɵ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɍɫɹɫɥɚʆ, ɹɤɨɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ 16 – 17 ɝɚɞɨʆ, ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɫɬɚɹɰɶ Ʉɿɟɜɭ.
ɉɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚ Ɇɭɞɪɚɝɚ ʆ 1054 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɹɝɨ ɫɵɧɵ ȱɡɹɫɥɚʆ, ɋɜɹɬɚɫɥɚʆ ɿ ɍɫɟɜɚɥɚɞ ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɥɿ ɩɨʆɧɭɸ ʆɥɚɞɭ ɿ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɧɚɞ Ʉɿɟʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɡɟɦɥɹɦɿ. Ⱥɞɧɨɫɧɵ ɫɩɚɤɨɣ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ XI ɫɬ. ɛɵʆ ɩɚɞɦɚɧɥɿɜɵɦ.
38
DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
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ɉɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɫɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ȼɹɱɚɫɥɚɜɚ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚ ɿ ʆɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɫɤɚɝɚ |
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ȱɝɚɪɚ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚ ʆ 1060 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɬɪɵʆɦɜɿɪɵ: ȱɡɹɫɥɚʆ, ɋɜɹɬɚɫɥɚʆ ɿ ɍɫɟɜɚɥɚɞ |
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ɩɚɞɡɹɥɿɥɿ ɿɯ ɭɞɡɟɥɵ, ɭ ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤ, ɩɚɦɿɠ ɫɚɛɨɸ. |
Ⱥɥɟ ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ |
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ɡɚɩɚɜɟɬɚɦ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚ Ɇɭɞɪɚɝɚ, ɿɯ ɛɚɰɶɤɿ, ɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɹɧɵ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ. |
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ɉɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ȼɹɱɚɫɥɚɜɚ ɫɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɚɫɬɚʆɫɹ ɹɝɨ ɫɵɧ Ȼɚɪɵɫ. Ⱥɥɟ ɺɧ ɧɟ |
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ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɚɣ ɛɚɰɶɤɚɜɚɣ ɜɨɬɱɵɧɵ, ɹɤɭɸ ɡɚɧɹʆ ɚɞɡɿɧ ɡ ɫɵɧɨʆ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚ |
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Ɇɭɞɪɚɝɚ – ȱɝɚɪ. Ɍɵɦ ɱɚɫɚɦ ɭ ɬɪɵɭɦɜɿɪɚʆ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɪɚɫɥɿ ɞɡɟɰɿ, ɹɤɿɦ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɞɚɜɚɰɶ ɭɞɡɟɥɵ. Ɂɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ ɹɧɵ ɜɵɪɚɲɵɥɿ ɡɚ ɤɨɲɬ ɩɥɹɦɟɧɧɿɤɚʆ-ɫɿɪɨɬ. Ƚɷɬɵɦ |
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ɬɥɭɦɚɱɵɰɰɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚ ɿ ɬɨɟ, ɲɬɨ ʆ 1064 ɝɨɞɡɟ |
ɦɭɫɿʆ ɛɟɝɱɵ ɡ |
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ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɚ ɤɧɹɡɶ Ɋɚɫɰɿɫɥɚʆ. ɍɫɟ ɧɟɡɚɞɚɜɨɥɟɧɵɹ Ʉɿɟɜɚɦ ɤɧɹɡɿ ɡɛɿɪɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ |
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Ɍɦɭɬɚɪɚɤɚɧɿ. |
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ɍɫɹɫɥɚʆ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɿɱ ɩɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɯ ɬɚɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ ɫɬɚɹʆ ɭ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɲɷɪɚɝɭ ɡ ɭɫɿɦɿ |
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ɫɵɧɚɦɿ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɚ ɿ, ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚ, ɦɟʆ ɪɨʆɧɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ʆɥɚɞɭ ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɛɵɥɨɣ |
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ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɚ ɋɜɹɬɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚ. I ɤɚɥɿ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɵ ɩɚɤɪɵʆɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɜɚɿɯ |
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ɩɥɹɦɟɧɧɿɤɚʆ, ɬɨ, ɚɤɪɚɦɹ ɍɫɹɫɥɚɜɚ, ɿɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɞɚ ɤɚɝɨ ɡɜɹɪɧɭɰɰɚ. |
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ȼɨɫɶ ɱɚɦɭ, ɤɚɥɿ ʆ 1064 ɝɨɞɡɟ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɵ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɛɟɝɱɵ ɡ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɚ |
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Ɋɚɫɰɿɫɥɚɜɚ, ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵ ɝɨɞ ɍɫɹɫɥɚʆ "ɩɨɱɚ ɪɚɬɶ ɞɟɪɠɚɬɿ". |
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ɉɟɪɲɵ ɩɚɯɨɞ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɛɵʆйɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɉɫɤɨʆ. ɇɚ ɪɚɰɷ |
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ɑɚɪɷɫɟ ɺɧ ɪɚɡɛɿʆ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚɜɚ – ɫɵɧɚ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɚ, ɹɤɿ ɜɵɣɲɚʆ |
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о |
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ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɡ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɚ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɛɿɬɜɵ Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚʆ ɡɛɟɝ ɭ Ʉɿɟʆ. ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ ɛɵʆ |
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ɚɞɤɪɵɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ, ɚ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɟɣ, ɝɚɬɨɜɵ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɩɪɵɧɹɰɶ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ |
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ɡɚɤɨɧɧɚɝɚ ʆɥɚɞɚɥɶɧɿɤɚ – Ɋɚɫɰɿɫɥɚɜɚ, ɹɤɿ ɯɚɜɚʆɫɹ ʆ Ɍɦɭɬɚɪɚɤɚɧɿ, ɚɥɟ ʆ 1066 |
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ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɞɱɚɫ ɫɭɫɬɪɷɱɵ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤ ɜɿɡɚɧɬɵɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɚ ɩɚɞɫɵɩɚʆ ɭ ɤɭɛɚɤ |
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Ɋɚɫɰɿɫɥɚɜɭ ɚɬɪɭɬɭ. Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɭɦɧɹɜɚɰɰɚ, ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɭɞɡɟɥɭ |
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əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚʆ-ɞɡɹɞɡɶɤɚʆ, ɬɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲ, ɲɬɨ ɬɭɬ ɠɚ ɋɜɹɬɚɫɥɚʆ-ɬɪɵʆɦɜɿɪ ɩɚɫɚɞɡɿʆ |
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о |
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ɡɛɿɪɚʆɫɹ ɡɪɚɛɿɰɶ ɞɥɹ |
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ɭ Ɍɦɭɬɚɪɚɤɚɧɶ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ Ƚɥɟɛɚ. ȼɿɞɚɰɶ, ɬɨɟ ɫɚɦɚɟ |
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ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɫɵɧɚ ɿ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɬɪɵʆɦɜɿɪ ȱɡɹɫɥɚʆ: ɩɚɫɚɞɡɿɰɶ ɫɵɧɚ Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚɜɚ ʆ |
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ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɡɟ. Ⱥɩɹɪɷɞɠɜɚɸɱɵ ɜɨɪɚɝɚʆ, ɍɫɹɫɥɚʆ ɪɭɲɵʆ ɧɚ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ. Ⱥɥɟ ɬɚɦ |
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ɭɠɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚʆ. Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ, ɭ 1067 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ ɛɵʆ |
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ɡɚɯɨɩɥɟɧɵ ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧɚɦɿ. |
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ɍ ɚɞɤɚɡ ɬɪɵ əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɵ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɵɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦ ɪɭɲɵɥɿ ʆ ɛɨɤ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ |
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ɩɪɚɡ Ɇɿɧɫɤ. Ɇɿɧɫɤ ɿɦɿ ɛɵʆ ɚɛɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɵ ɿ ɫɩɚɥɟɧɵ, ɚ 3-ɝɚ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ 1067 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ |
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еɪɚɰɷ ɇɹɦɿɡɟ ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ ɤɪɵɜɚɜɚɹ ɛɨɣɤɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿɦɿ ɿ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿɦɿ ɞɪɭɠɵɧɚɦɿ, |
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ɹɤɚɹ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɚ ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɤɚɯ "ɋɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɚ ɩɚɯɨɞ ȱɝɚɪɚ". ɇɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɩɚɜɟɞɚɦɥɟɧɧɟ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɚʆ, ɲɬɨ "ɍɫɹɫɥɚʆ ɡɛɟɝ", ɜɵɧɿɤɿ ɛɿɬɜɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɹɩɷʆɧɵɦɿ. əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɵ ɧɟ ɚɞɜɚɠɵɥɿɫɹ ɿɫɰɿ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ, ɧɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ, ɡɚɩɪɚɫɿɥɿ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɜɵ ɩɚɞ ȼɨɪɲɭ. ɍɫɹɫɥɚʆ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɿɱ ɩɚɣɲɨʆ ɧɚ ɿɯ, ɩɚɜɟɪɵʆɲɵ ɤɪɵɠɚɰɚɥɚɜɚɧɧɸ, ɚɥɟ ɩɚɞɦɚɧɚɦ ɛɵʆ ɫɯɨɩɥɟɧɵ ɿ ɩɚɫɚɞɠɚɧɵ ʆ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɭɸ ɬɭɪɦɭ-ɩɨɪɭɛ. Ɍɭɬ ɹɦɭ ɞɚɜɹɥɨɫɹ ɩɪɚɫɹɞɡɟɰɶ 14 ɦɟɫɹɰɚʆ
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DZșȎȐȎ 3. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǾǮǻǻIǺ I ǰȉǿǼǸIǺ ǿȍǾȋDzǻȍǰdzȅȅȉ. ǿȀǮǻǮǬǹdzǻǻdz DzǵȍǾǴǮǬǻǮǿȄI ǰǮ ǬǿȃǼDzǻIȃ ǿǹǮǰȍǻ
ɿ 5 ɞɡɺɧ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ ʆ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɍɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ |
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ɧɿɡɨʆ 15 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ 1068 ɝɨɞɚ ɺɧ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɵ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵ |
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ɜɹɥɿɤɿɦ ɤɧɹɡɟɦ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿɦ. ɍ Ʉɿɟɜɟ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɜɚɥɚɞɚɪɵʆ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɫɟɦ ɦɟɫɹɰɚʆ, |
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ɩɚɫɥɹ ɱɚɝɨ ɜɹɪɧɭʆɫɹ ʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɭ ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɭ 1069 ɝɨɞɚ ȱɡɹɫɥɚʆ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɿ |
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ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿʆ |
ɹɝɨ ɡɛɟɝɱɵ ɡ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ. ɉɨɥɚɰɤɿɦ |
ɤɧɹɡɟɦ ɫɬɚʆ ɫɵɧ ȱɡɹɫɥɚɜɚ |
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Ɇɫɰɿɫɥɚʆ. Ⱥɩɨɲɧɿ ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɿ ɧɟɱɚɤɚɧɚ ɩɚɦɺɪ. |
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23 ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ 1069 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞɚɦ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ |
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ɍɫɹɫɥɚɜɚɦ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɿɱɚɦ. Ȼɿɬɜɚ ɡ ɧɚʆɝɚɪɨɞɰɚɦɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɵɫɰɶ |
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ɍɫɹɫɥɚɜɚ. ɉɨɥɚɰɤɿ ɤɧɹɡɶ ɛɵʆ ɪɚɡɛɿɬɵ ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɬɪɚɩɿʆ ɭ ɩɚɥɨɧ. Ⱥɥɟ ɹɝɨ ɬɭɬ ɠɚ |
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ɚɞɩɭɫɰɿɥɿ "ɞɡɟɥɹ Ȼɨɝɚ". Ⱦɜɚ ɝɚɞɵ ɹɝɨ ɿɦɹ ɧɟ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɧɤɚɯ |
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ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɚʆ. ɍ 1071 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɺɧ |
ɡɧɨʆ ɡ’ɹɜɿʆɫɹ ɩɚɞ |
ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɦ ɡ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦ, ɹɤɨɟ |
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ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚʆ, ɷɫɬɚʆ, ɥɿɜɚʆ, ɥɟɩɬɚʆ ɿ ɫɟɦɿɝɚɥɚʆ, ɜɵɝɧɚʆ ɡ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ |
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ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɿɤɚ ɋɜɹɬɚɩɨɥɤɚ. |
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ɍ 1077 – 1078 ɝɝ. ɍɫɹɫɥɚʆ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɿ ɡɧɨʆ ɩɪɵɧɹʆ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɚɯ |
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əɪɚɫɥɚɜɿɱɚʆ ɧɚ ɛɚɤɭ ɦɚɥɨɞɲɵɯ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ. ɍ 1071 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɺɧ ɧɚɩɚʆ ɧɚ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ, ɚ |
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ʆ 1078 ɝɨɞɡɟ – ɧɚ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤ, ɹɤɿ ɧɚɥɟɠɵʆ |
ɫɵɧɭ ɤɿɟʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ ɍɫɟɜɚɥɚɞɚ – |
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ɍɥɚɞɡɿɦɿɪɭ |
Ɇɚɧɚɦɚɯɭ. Ⱥɥɟ ɜɟɫɬɤɚ ɚɛ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɚɣ ɛɿɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɇɹɠɚɰɿɧɚɣ ɧɿɜɟ |
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3 ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ 1078 ɝɨɞɚ ɿ ɩɚɪɚɠɷɧɧɟ ɦɚɥɨɞɲɵɯйɤɧɹɡɺʆ – Ȼɚɪɵɫɚ ɿ Ⱥɥɟɝɚ, |
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ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɡɧɿɡɿɥɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɍɫɹɫɥɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ. Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɬɵɦ ɿ ɩɪɚɡ |
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о |
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ɦɧɨɝɿɹ ɝɚɞɵ Ɇɚɧɚɦɚɯ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɞɚɪɚɜɚɰɶ ɍɫɹɫɥɚɜɭ ɩɚɞɡɟɿ 1077 – 1078 ɝɝ. ɍ 1084 |
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ɝɨɞɡɟ ɺɧ ɡɧɹɧɚɰɤɭ ɧɚɩɚʆ ɧɚ Ɇɿɧɫɤ. Ɂɚɯɚɩɿʆɲɵ ɝɨɪɚɞ, ɩɟɪɚɦɨɠɰɵ ɧɟ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɥɿ |
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ɭ ɿɦ "ɧɿ ɱɷɥɹɞɡɿɧɚ, ɧɿ ɫɤɚɰɿɧɵ". |
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Ⱥɠ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɚɣ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ʆ 1101 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɿɦɹ ɍɫɹɫɥɚɜɚ ɧɟ ʆɩɚɦɿɧɚɟɰɰɚ ɛɨɥɟɣ ɧɚ |
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ɫɬɚɪɨɧɤɚɯ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɚʆ. ɇɚɜɚɬ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɠɚɰɤɿɯ ɡ’ɟɡɞɚɯ 1097 – 1103 ɝɝ. ɧɿ ɍɫɹɫɥɚʆ, |
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ɧɿ ɹɝɨ ɫɵɧɵ ɧɟ ɩɪɵɫɭɬɧɿɱɚɥɿ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɿ ɍɫɹɫɥɚɜɚ Ȼɪɚɱɵɫɥɚɜɚɜɿɱɚ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɟ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɹɝɨ ɫɵɧɚɦɿ ɧɚ 6 ɭɞɡɟɥɚʆ. |
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Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɟ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɚɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɛɚɫɟɣɧɟ |
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ɪ. ɉɪɵɩɹɰɿ. əɧɨ ʆ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɚɞɩɚɜɹɞɚɥɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɪɚɫɫɹɥɟɧɧɹ ɞɪɵɝɚɜɿɱɨʆ. |
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Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɫɬɚʆ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɜɨɥɚɫɰɿ. Ɍɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɿ ɜɚɥɚɫɰɟɣ |
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ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ ɬɚɦ, ɞɡɟ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɡɛɿɪɚɥɿ |
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ɞɚɧɿɧɭ ɿ ɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ ɫɭɞ. ɍ XI – XII ɫɬɫɬ. ɫɥɨɜɚ “ɡɹɦɥɹ” ɡɜɵɱɚɣɧɚ ɡɚɦɹɧɹɥɿ |
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ɬɚɩɚɧɿɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɧɚɡɜɚɣ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ. Ɂɹɦɥɹ ɧɟ ʆɹʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɛɟɡ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɝɚ |
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е«ɫɬɚɪɷɣɲɚɝɚ» ɝɨɪɚɞɚ. ɇɚɡɜɚ |
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ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɝɨɪɚɞɚ ɩɟɪɚɧɨɫɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ |
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ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ʆɫɺɣ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɉɨɥɚɰɤ – ɩɚɥɚɱɚɧɟ, Ɍɭɪɚʆ – ɬɭɪɚʆɰɵ. Ɍɭɪɚʆ ɭɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ɡɝɚɞɜɚɟɰɰɚ ʆ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɭ ɩɚɞ 980 ɝɨɞɚɦ ɭ ɚɩɨɜɟɫɰɿ ɚɛ
ɩɪɵɯɨɞɡɟ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɡɟɦɥɿ ɧɚ ɤɧɹɠɚɧɧɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɚɪɚɝɚʆ – Ɋɚɝɜɚɥɨɞɚ ɿ Ɍɭɪɚ. Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɝɨɪɚɞ ɿ ɡɹɦɥɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɵɹ Ʉɿɟɜɭ. Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɿɹ ɤɧɹɡɿ ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɸɱɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɹ ɫɩɚɞɱɵɧɵ ɬɪɚɩɥɹɥɿ ɧɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɤɧɹɠɚɰɤɿ ɬɪɨɧ ɭ Ʉɿɟɜɟ.
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