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DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
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ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦɿ ɲɱɨɞɪɚ ɪɚɡɞɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɦ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚɦ. Ʉɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ |
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ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɭ ɱɚɫ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɿɯ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ ȼɄɅ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ 27% ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ |
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ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɬɨ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɞɚ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɿɯ |
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ɡɚɫɬɚɥɨɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ 9 %. ɍ 1797 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɉɚɜɟɥ ȱ ɜɵɞɚʆ ɭɤɚɡ, ɹɤɿ ɚɛɦɹɠɨʆɜɚʆ |
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ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɭ ɬɪɵɦɚ ɞɧɹɦɿ ʆ ɬɵɞɡɟɧɶ, ɚɥɟ ɩɪɚɫɚɱɵɰɶ ɡɚ ɹɝɨ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɟɦ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɧɿɹɤɚɣ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ. Ƚɷɬɵ |
ʆɤɚɡ |
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ɡɚɫɬɚʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɩɟɪɵ, ɚ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɩɚɧɲɱɵɧɵ |
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ʆɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɿ. |
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ɍ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɚɞɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɦɚɝɞɷɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ, |
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ɹɝɨ |
ɡɚɦɹɧɿɥɚ |
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“Ⱦɚɪɚɜɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɵ ɿ ɜɵɝɚɞɵ ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ”, ɲɬɨ |
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ɛɵɥɚ ʆɜɟɞɡɟɧɚ ʆ 1785 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɿ ɞɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɫɤɿɦ ɿ ɩɚɜɹɬɨɜɵɦ |
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ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ. Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɺɣ ɝɚɪɚɞɠɚɧɟ ɜɵɛɿɪɚɥɿ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ – ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɭɸ |
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ɞɭɦɭ. əɧɚ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɩɚ ʆɡɪɨʆɧɸ ɛɚɝɚɰɰɹ ɧɚ 6 ɪɚɡɪɚɞɚʆ. Ⱥɞ ɤɨɠɧɚɝɚ |
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ɪɚɡɪɚɞɭ ɜɵɛɿɪɚʆɫɹ 1 ɝɚɥɨɫɧɵ. Ɍɚɦɭ ɞɭɦɚ, ɹɤɚɹ ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɥɚ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ, |
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ɧɚɡɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɲɚɫɰɿɝɚɥɨɫɧɚɣ. Ɏɚɤɬɵɱɧɚɹ ʆɥɚɞɚ ʆ ɝɨɪɚɞɡɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɥɚ |
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ɩɪɵɡɧɚɱɚɧɚɦɭ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɚɪɚɦ ɝɚɪɚɞɧɿɱɚɦɭ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɹ |
ɞɚ |
Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ |
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ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɝɚɪɚɞɵ ɧɚ 2 ɝɚɞɵ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɚɞ ɭɫɿɯ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ, ɚ ɩɨɬɵɦ |
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ɹɲɱɷ 10 ɝɚɞɨʆ ɩɥɚɰɿɥɿ ɩɚɦɟɧɲɚɧɵɹ ɧɚɩɚɥɨɜɭ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɿ. |
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ɇɚ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɧɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɹйʆɥɚɞɵ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɚɫɰɹɪɨɠɧɭɸ |
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ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɣɧɭɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ. Ⱦɚ 1831 ɝɨɞɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɹ ɤɚɫɰɺɥɵ, ɤɥɹɲɬɚɪɵ ɿ |
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ɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵɹ ʆɫɬɚɧɨɜɵ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚ. Ɂɟɦɥɿ, ɲɬɨ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɥɿ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɣ |
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ɰɚɪɤɜɟ, ɡɚɯɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɡɚ ɺɣ ɩɪɵ ʆɦɨɜɟ, ɲɬɨ ɤɚɬɨɥɿɤɿ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭɰɶ ɚɛɚɪɚɱɚɰɶ ʆ |
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ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɵɯ. ɍɩɥɵʆ ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɵɡɦɭ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɿʆɫɹ, ɲɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɧɚ ʆɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɣ ɟɡɭɿɬɚʆ. ɍ 1773 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɩɚ Ɋɵɦɫɤɿ ɪɚɫɩɭɫɰɿʆ |
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ɨɪɞɷɧ ɟɡɭɿɬɚʆ. ɇɚɫɭɩɟɪɚɤ ɹɝɨ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɸ Ʉɚɰɹɪɵɧɚ ȱȱ ɜɵɞɚɥɚ ʆɤɚɡ, ɹɤɿ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɿʆ |
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ɟɡɭɿɬɚɦ ɫɹɥɿɰɰɚ ɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɰɶ ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ. ɐɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɞɵɫɥɚɤɚɰɵɿ |
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ɨɪɞɷɧɚ ɫɬɚʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ, ɞɡɟ ɡ 1812 ɩɚ 1820 ɝɝ. ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ɟɡɭɿɰɤɚɹ ɚɤɚɞɷɦɿɹ. ɍ |
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1820 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆɤɚɡɚɦ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ȱ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɟɡɭɿɬɚʆ ʆ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɛɚɪɨɧɟɧɚ. |
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п |
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ɍ ɞɚɱɵɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ ʆɧɿɹɬɚʆ ɜɹɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ, ɫɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɚɹ ɧɚ “ɞɨɛɪɚɚɯɜɨɬɧɚɟ |
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ɜɹɪɬɚɧɧɟ” ɿɯ ɭ ɥɨɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɹ, ɡ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɚɣ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɭ ɩɪɵɯɚɠɚɧ ɿ ɩɨɞɤɭɩɭ |
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ɿɟɪɚɪɯɚʆ ɭɧɿɹɰɤɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ. |
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ɒɦɚɬɥɿɤɚɟ ɹʆɪɷɣɫɤɚɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɹ ɞɵɫɤɪɵɦɿɧɚɰɵɿ. ɍ |
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1794 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɚɛ ɭɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ ɦɹɠɵ ɹʆɪɷɣɫɤɚɣ ɚɫɟɞɥɚɫɰɿ. |
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еɁɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ ɹʆɪɷɿ ɦɚɝɥɿ ɫɹɥɿɰɰɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɛɵɥɨɣ Ɋɷɱɵ |
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ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɿ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ ɿ ɦɹɫɬɷɱɤɚɯ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ, ɹʆɪɷɹɦ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɡɚɣɦɚɰɰɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɪɚɦɹɫɬɜɨɦ ɿ ɝɚɧɞɥɟɦ. ɒɥɹɯ ɭ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɿ ɞɚ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɫɚɞɚʆ ɭ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɞɥɹ ɿɯ ɛɵʆ ɡɚɱɵɧɟɧɵ. ɇɚ ɹʆɪɷɹʆ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɿ ɪɷɤɪɭɰɤɚɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɶ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ, ɧɨɪɦɚ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚʆ ɞɥɹ ɹʆɪɷɹʆ ɛɵɥɚ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɵ ɜɵɲɷɣɲɚɹ, ɱɵɦ ɞɥɹ ɯɪɵɫɰɿɹɧ.
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DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
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ɉɚɫɥɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ 1830 – 1831 ɝɝ. ɰɚɪɫɤɿ ʆɪɚɞ ɪɷɡɤɚ ɦɹɧɹɟ ɫɜɚɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ |
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ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. Ȭɧ ɛɹɪɷ ɤɭɪɫ ɧɚ ɚɫɥɚɛɥɟɧɧɟ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ, ɜɵɤɚɪɚɧɟɧɧɟ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ |
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ɩɚɫɥɹɞɨʆɧɭɸ ɪɭɫɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɸ ɤɪɚɸ. ɍ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ 1831 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɵ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɵ ɛɵʆ |
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ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ɞɚɪɚɞɱɵ ɨɪɝɚɧ “Ⱥɫɨɛɧɵ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬ ɩɚ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹʆ”, ɹɤɿ |
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ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɚɜɚʆ ɿ ɚɠɵɰɰɹɜɿʆ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɦɟɪɚɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɦɷɬ. |
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ɉɚ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɟ Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɫɤɨɪɚɧɵ |
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ɪɚɡɛɨɪ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ. ɍ 1831 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɚɞɦɟɧɟɧɚ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɟ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ 1588 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ |
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Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɣ ɿ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹɯ, ɚ ʆ 1840 ɝɨɞɡɟ – ɧɚ ɚɫɬɚɬɧɹɣ ɱɚɫɬɰɵ Ʌɿɬɜɵ |
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ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɍ 1832 ɝɨɞɡɟ, ɭ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ 2/3 ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɚʆ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɿ ʆɞɡɟɥ ɭ |
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ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɿ, ɛɵʆ ɡɚɱɵɧɟɧɵ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ʆɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬ. Ɂ 1836 ɝɨɞɚ |
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ɜɵɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ ɜɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɧɚɜɭɱɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɯ ɤɪɚɸ ɩɟɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɭɸ |
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ɦɨɜɭ, ɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɜɭ ɡɚɛɚɪɚɧɹɥɚɫɹ ɜɵɜɭɱɚɰɶ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɹɤ ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɲɤɨɥɶɧɵ |
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ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬ. ɍ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɯ, ɲɤɨɥɚɯ, ɫɭɞɚɯ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɹ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɿ |
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ɡɜɚɥɶɧɹɥɿɫɹ, ɧɚ ɿɯ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɹ. Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɦ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɚɦ ɞɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ |
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ɿɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɩɪɵ |
ɧɚɛɵɰɰɿ ɤɚɧɮɿɫɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ, ɪɚɛɿɥɿɫɹ ɡɚɯɚɞɵ ɩɚ |
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ɩɟɪɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɸ ɫɸɞɵ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ. |
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Ʉɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɿɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɵɪɵ, ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɦɚɧɚɯɚʆ, ɛɵɥɿ |
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ɥɿɤɜɿɞɡɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɹ, ɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɵɪɫɤɿɹ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɿйɩɟɪɚɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɤɚɡɧɟ. ɍ 1841 ɝɨɞɡɟ |
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ɤɚɬɚɥɿɰɤɚɟ ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɦɟɰɶ ɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɭɸ ʆɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɶ. ɍ |
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ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɡɦɟɧ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ 100 ɬɵɫ. |
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ɪɷɜɿɡɫɤɿɯ ɞɭɲ. Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɜɹɥɨɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ ɧɚ ʆɧɿɹɰɤɭɸ ɰɚɪɤɜɭ. ɍɥɚɞɵ |
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ɩɟɪɚɰɹɝɧɭɥɿ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɣ ɛɨɤ ɜɹɪɯɿ ʆɧɿɹɰɤɚɝɚ ɞɭɯɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɟɩɿɫɤɚɩɚɦ |
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ȱ. ɋɹɦɚɲɤɚɦ. Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɺɧ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɿ ʆ 1839 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɫɤɥɿɤɚɥɿ ʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɭ |
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ɰɚɪɤɨʆɧɵ ɫɚɛɨɪ. ɇɚ ɿɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ ɚɛ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɿ ʆɧɿɹɰɤɚɣ ɰɚɪɤɜɵ |
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ɡ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɣ. |
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6.2. Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɭ ɜɚɣɧɟ 1812 ɝɨɞɚ. Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɪɭɯ ɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ |
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ɩɚɥɨɜɟ XIX ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ |
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ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɏVIII ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ʆ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ ɞɚ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɩɪɵɣɲɨʆ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧ |
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Ȼɚɧɚɩɚɪɬ, ɹɤɿ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿʆ ɫɹɛɟ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɚɦ ɿ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚʆ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɭɫɸ ȿʆɪɨɩɭ. |
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еɄɚɛ ɫɩɵɧɿɰɶ |
ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɭɸ ɚɝɪɷɫɿɸ |
ɿ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜɚɧɧɟ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ, |
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ɛɭɣɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɹ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɰɶ ɚɧɬɵɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɿɹ ɤɚɚɥɿɰɵɿ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɹɧɵ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɧɿɹɤɚɝɚ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɭ ʆ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɟ ɡ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɣ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɹɣ. ɍ 1806 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ ɫɤɥɚɥɚɫɹ ɱɚɰɜɺɪɬɚɹ ɤɚɚɥɿɰɵɹ, ɭ ɹɤɭɸ ʆɜɚɣɲɥɿ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹ, ɉɪɭɫɿɹ, ɒɜɟɰɵɹ ɿ Ɋɚɫɿɹ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɿ ɹɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɚ ɩɨɫɩɟɯɭ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɹɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɭ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧ ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿʆ ɫɚɸɡɧɿɤɚʆ ɞɚɥɭɱɵɰɰɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɬɵɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɛɥɚɤɚɞɵ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɿ. ɍ 1807 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɭ ɚʆɫɬɪɚ-ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɩɚɞ
82
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
Ⱥʆɫɬɷɪɥɿɰɚɦ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧ ɜɵɦɭɫɿʆ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɰɚɪɚ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɰɶ Ɍɵɥɶɡɿɰɤɿ ɦɿɪ, ɩɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɹɤɨɝɚ Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚɥɭɱɵɰɰɚ ɞɚ ɤɚɧɬɵɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɛɥɚɤɚɞɵ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ, Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɞɚɰɶ ɡɝɨɞɭ ɧɚ ʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɡ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɭ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ, ɹɤɿɹ ɪɚɧɟɣ ɧɚɥɟɠɵɥɿ ɉɪɭɫɿɿ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɚɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ
ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ – ɝɟɪɰɚɝɫɬɜɚ ȼɚɪɲɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ. |
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Ʉɚɧɬɵɧɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɛɥɚɤɚɞɚ |
ɰɹɠɤɚ |
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ɚɞɛɿɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɰɵ Ɋɚɫɿɿ, ɛɨ |
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Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɹɟ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɝɚɧɞɥɺɜɵɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɺɪɚɦ ɭ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ. Ɍɚɦɭ ɩɪɚɡ |
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ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵ ɱɚɫ Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɩɚɪɭɲɚɰɶ ɭɦɨɜɵ Ɍɵɥɶɡɿɰɤɚɝɚ ɦɿɪɭ ɿ ʆɡɧɚɜɿɥɚ |
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ɝɚɧɞɚɥɶ ɡ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɹɣ. Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ |
ɝɷɬɚ |
ɫɬɚɥɚ ɮɚɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɞɥɹ |
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ɧɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚʆɫɤɚɣ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚɰɶ ʆ 1812 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɜɚɣɧɭ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ Ɋɚɫɿɿ. |
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12 ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ 1812 ɝɨɞɚ 600-ɬɵɫɹɱɧɚɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɟ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɩɟɪɚɩɪɚɜɿɥɚɫɹ |
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ɩɪɚɡ ɇɺɦɚɧ ɿ ʆɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ʆ ɦɟɠɵ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ. ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧ ɪɚɡɥɿɱɜɚʆ |
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ɪɚɡɝɪɚɦɿɰɶ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɭ ɩɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɛɿɬɜɚɯ ɿ ɩɪɚɞɵɤɬɚɜɚɰɶ ɪɭɫɤɚɦɭ |
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ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɭ ɫɜɚɟ ʆɦɨɜɵ ɦɿɪɭ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ ɹɦɭ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɥɨɫɹ. Ɍɪɵ |
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ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɹ ɚɪɦɿɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɪɨɰɿɫɬɚɹɥɿ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚɦ, ɪɚɡɚɦ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɿ ɤɚɥɹ 200 ɬɵɫɹɱ |
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ɫɚɥɞɚɬ. |
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Ƚɚɥɨʆɧɚɤɚɦɚɧɞɭɸɱɵ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɿ ɤɚɦɚɧɞɭɸɱɵ 1-ɣ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ |
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Ȼɚɪɤɥɚɣ ɞɷ Ɍɨɥɿ ɚɞɞɚʆ ɡɚɝɚɞ 1-ɚɣ ɿ 2-ɨɣ ɚɪɦɿɹɦйɚɞɫɬɭɩɚɰɶ ɭɝɥɵɛ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɡ ɬɵɦ, |
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ɤɚɛ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɰɰɚ ʆ ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɵ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ ɿɦɤɥɿɜɚ: 16 ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ |
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ɹɧɵ ɡɚɧɹɥɿ ȼɿɥɶɧɸ, ɚ ɩɪɚɡ 8 ɞɡɺɧ – Ɇɿɧɫɤ. Ɍɚɦɭ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɚɪɦɿɣ ɭ |
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ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɭ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵɦɵɦ ɿ 2-ɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɉ. Ȼɚɝɪɚɰɿɺɧɚ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɚ |
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ɛɵɥɚ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɚɰɶ ɩɪɚɡ ɋɥɨɧɿɦ, ɋɥɭɰɤ, Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ ɿ ɞɚɥɟɣ ɧɚ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤ. |
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Ⱥɞɫɬɭɩɚɸɱɵ, ɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɜɹɥɿ ɰɹɠɤɿɹ ɚɪ’ɟɪɝɚɪɞɧɵɹ ɛɚɿ. Ⱥɪɦɿɹ |
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Ȼɚɝɪɚɰɿɺɧɚ ɧɚɧɟɫɥɚ ɩɚɪɚɠɷɧɧɿ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚɦ ɤɚɥɹ ɦ. Ɇɿɪ ɿ ɜ. ɋɚɥɬɚɧɚʆɤɚ ɩɚɞ |
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Ɇɚɝɿɥɺɜɚɦ. 1-ɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ Ȼɚɪɤɥɚɹ ɞɷ Ɍɨɥɿ ɧɚɧɟɫɥɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚɦ ɩɚɪɚɠɷɧɧɿ ɩɚɞ |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɦ ɤɚɥɹ ɜ. Ʉɥɹɫɰɿɰɵ, ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɤɚɥɹ ɦ. Ⱥɫɬɪɨʆɧɚ ɿ ɜ. Ʉɭɤɚɜɹɱɵɧɚ ɩɚɞ |
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ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɦ. Ʉɚɛ ɩɪɵɤɪɵɰɶ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚɦ ɞɚɪɨɝɭ ɧɚ ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝ, ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɟɣ |
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п |
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ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚ ɛɵʆ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɬɵ 25-ɬɵɫɹɱɧɵ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɉ. ȼɿɬɝɟɧɲɬɷɣɧɚ. ɉɚɫɥɹ |
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ɬɚɝɨ, ɹɤ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɵ ɡɚɧɹɥɿ Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆ, ɹɧɵ ɩɚɫɩɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ʆɡɹɰɶ Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤɭɸ |
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ɤɪɷɩɚɫɰɶ, ɚɞɧɚɤ ɝɷɬɚ ɫɩɪɨɛɚ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɟɡɜɵɧɿɤɨɜɚɣ. ɍ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ ɥɿɩɟɧɹ ʆ |
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ɛɚɹɜɵɹ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ ɡ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚɦɿ ʆɤɥɸɱɵɥɚɫɹ ɿ 3-ɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ɍɚɪɦɚɫɚɜɚ, ɲɬɨ |
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ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ȼɚɥɵɧɿ. əɧɚ ɧɚɧɟɫɥɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚɦ ɩɚɪɚɠɷɧɧɟ ɩɚɞ Ʉɨɛɪɵɧɚɦ, |
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еɚɞɧɚɤ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɶ ɩɨɫɩɟɯ ɧɟ ɡɦɚɝɥɚ ɿ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɧɨʆ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɿɰɶ ɧɚ ȼɚɥɵɧɶ. |
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22 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ ɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɡɥɭɱɵɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚɦ ɿ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɿ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɤɚɦɚɧɞɭɸɱɵɦ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɫɬɚʆ ɮɟɥɶɞɦɚɪɲɚɥ Ɇ. ȱ. Ʉɭɬɭɡɚʆ. Ȭɧ ɜɵɪɚɲɵʆ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɰɶ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ ʆɝɥɵɛ Ɋɚɫɿɿ, ɩɚɡɛɹɝɚɰɶ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɛɿɬɜɵ ɡ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚɦ ɿ ɡɧɿɲɱɚɰɶ ɫɿɥɵ ɹɝɨ ɚɪɦɿɿ ʆ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɯ ɫɭɬɵɱɤɚɯ.
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DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
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ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɦɧɨɝɿɹ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɥɿ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚ ɿ |
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ɹɝɨ ɚɪɦɿɸ ɹɤ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɿɰɟɥɹʆ. ɒɥɹɯɬɚ ɫɩɚɞɡɹɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ Ɋɷɱɵ |
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ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ, ɚ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ – ɧɚ ɚɞɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɍ ɦɧɨɝɿɯ ɦɟɫɰɚɯ ɹɲɱɷ ɞɚ |
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ɩɪɵɯɨɞɭ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚʆ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɿɫɹ ʆɡɛɪɨɟɧɵɹ ɚɬɪɚɞɵ ɡ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ, ɹɤɿɹ |
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ɩɟɪɚɲɤɚɞɠɚɥɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɪɷɤɜɿɡɿɰɵɿ. |
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1 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ 1812 ɝɨɞɚ ɡ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɣ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ʆɪɚɞ – ɑɚɫɨɜɚɹ |
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ɤɚɦɿɫɿɹ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ Ʉɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ, ɹɤɨɣ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɹ, |
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Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɹ, Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɹ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɿ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɫɬɨɰɤɚɹ ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɶ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ ɭ |
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ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɿɹɤɿɯ ɩɚʆɧɚɦɨɰɬɜɚʆ, ɚ ɹɝɨ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɚɦ ɫɬɚɥɚ |
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ɡɚɛɹɫɩɹɱɷɧɧɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɚɣ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɯɚɪɱɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ, ɮɭɪɚɠɨɦ ɿ ɪɷɤɪɭɬɚɦɿ. ɑɚɫɨɜɵ |
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ʆɪɚɞ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɵʆ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɿ ɿ ɚɛ’ɹɜɿʆ ɪɷɤɪɭɰɤɿɹ ɧɚɛɨɪɵ, ɲɬɨ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ |
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ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɿ ʆ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɲ ɹɦɭ |
ʆɞɚɥɨɫɹ ɦɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɜɚɰɶ ɭ |
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ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɭɸ ɚɪɦɿɸ ɤɚɥɹ 33 ɬɵɫ. ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɇɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚ ɚɞɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, |
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ɲɬɨ ɩɟɪɚɞ ɜɚɣɧɨɣ ɭ ɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɚɪɦɿɸ ɛɵɥɨ ɦɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɥɹ 180 ɬɵɫ. |
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ʆɪɚɞɠɷɧɰɚʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ ɦɭɫɿɥɿ ɡɦɚɝɚɰɰɚ ɹɤ ɡɚ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ |
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Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɡɚ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɵ Ɋɚɫɿɿ. |
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ɋɹɥɹɧɟ ɯɭɬɤɚ ɡɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɿ, ɲɬɨ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧ ɧɟ ɞɚɫɰɶ ɿɦ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲ |
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ɬɚɝɨ, ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɿɹ ɫɚɥɞɚɬɵ ɜɹɥɿ ɫɹɛɟ ɧɟйɹɤ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɿɰɟɥɿ, ɚ ɹɤ ɪɚɛɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɿ |
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ɝɜɚɥɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ. Ɂɧɚɱɧɚ ɜɵɪɚɫɥɿ ɿ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɿ. Ɍɚɦɭ ʆ ɦɧɨɝɿɯ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɫɰɹɯ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ |
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ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚʆ ɪɚɫɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ |
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ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɫɤɚɹ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɚ. ɉɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɫɤɭɸ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɭ |
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ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ, ɹɧɚ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɚɫɹ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧ |
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ɭɡɛɪɚɟɧɧɟɦ. ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ |
ɜɹɞɨɦɵɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɵ ɱɚɫɨʆ ɜɚɣɧɵ |
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1812 ɝɨɞɚ – ɝɷɬɚ Ⱦɡɹɧɿɫ ɡ – ɩɚɞ ɋɬɨʆɛɰɚʆ, ɹɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɩɪɚɜɚɞɧɿɤɨɦ ɞɵɜɿɡɿɿ |
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ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɉɥɚɬɚɜɚ; Ɏɹɞɨɪɚ Ɇɿɪɨɧɚɜɚ ɡ ɜɺɫɤɿ ɉɚɝɭɪɲɱɵɧɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɚ, |
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ɹɤɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɟɞɱɵɰɚɣ ɿ ɯɚɞɡɿɥɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɿ ʆ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ, ɡɚ ɲɬɨ ʆɡɧɚɝɚɪɨɞɠɚɧɚ |
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ɫɹɪɷɛɪɚɧɵɦ ɦɟɞɚɥɺɦ; ɚɬɪɚɞ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ɜɺɫɤɿ ɀɚɪɰɵ ɩɚɞ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ Ɇɚɤɫɿɦɚ |
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Ɇɚɪɤɚɜɚ ɿ ɤɚɡɚɤɚ Ʌɶɜɚ Ƚɪɭɲɵɧɚ. |
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26 ɠɧɿʆɧɹ 1812 ɝɨɞɚ Ɇ. ȱ. Ʉɭɬɭɡɚʆ ɞɚʆ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɿɬɜɭ ɧɚ |
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Ȼɚɪɚɞɡɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɩɨɥɿ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɹɟ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ ɩɚɧɟɫɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ. Ʉɚɛ |
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ɩɚɡɛɟɝɧɭɰɶ ɝɿɛɟɥɿ ɚɪɦɿɿ, Ʉɭɬɭɡɚʆ ɚɞɞɚʆ ɡɚɝɚɞ ɡɞɚɰɶ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚɦ Ɇɚɫɤɜɭ. |
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1 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ ɧɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ ʆɫɬɭɩɿɥɚ ʆ Ɇɚɫɤɜɭ, ɹɤɭɸ ɚɞɪɚɡɭ ɠ |
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ɚɯɚɩɿɥɿ ɩɚɠɚɪɵ. Ȼɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɹɰ ɱɚɤɚʆ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨʆ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ȱ ɚɛ |
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еɦɿɪɵ. ɍ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ ɪɚɡɥɚɠɷɧɧɟ. Ȭɧ ɩɪɵɦɚɟ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ ɪɭɲɵɰɶ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɞɡɟɧɶ |
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Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɡ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɬɚɦ ɩɟɪɚɡɿɦɚɜɚɰɶ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ ɜɵɦɭɫɿɥɚ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚ ɩɚɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɧɚ ɡɪɭɣɧɚɜɚɧɭɸ ɿɦ ɠɚ ɫɬɚɪɭɸ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɭɸ ɞɚɪɨɝɭ. ɏɭɬɤɚ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɭɰɺɤɿ, ɚ ʆ ɧɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɝɨɥɚɞ. ɇɚ ɦɨɦɚɧɬ ɩɟɪɚɩɪɚɜɵ ɩɪɚɡ Ȼɹɪɷɡɿɧɭ ʆ ɪɚɫɩɚɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɿ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɤɚɥɹ 80 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɿɯ ɫɚɥɞɚɬ ɿ ɪɷɲɬɤɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɩɚɞ ɤɚɦɚɧɞɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ⱦɚɦɛɪɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ.
84
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɡ ɝɷɬɵɦɿ ɪɷɲɬɤɚɦɿ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧ ɩɚɞɵɲɨʆ ɞɚ Ȼɚɪɵɫɚɜɚ, ɞɡɟ ɹɝɨ ʆɠɨ ɱɚɤɚɥɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɩɚɞ ɤɚɦɚɧɞɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɉ. ȼɿɬɝɟɧɲɬɷɣɧɚ ɿ ɚɞɦɿɪɚɥɚ Ⱥ. ɑɵɱɚɝɨɜɚ, ɹɤɿɹ ɞɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɡɚɧɹɥɿ ɚɦɚɥɶ ɭɫɸ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. Ɍɭɬ ɩɪɵ ɩɟɪɚɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɚɡ ɪ. Ȼɹɪɷɡɿɧɭ ɪɭɫɤɚɟ
ɤɚɦɚɧɞɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɿɪɚɜɚɥɚ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚ ɪɚɡɛɿɰɶ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɚʆ ɿ ʆɡɹɰɶ ɭ ɩɚɥɨɧ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚ Ȼɚɧɚɩɚɪɬɚ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧ ɩɟɪɚɯɿɬɪɵʆ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚʆУ. Ȭɧ ɡɚɝɚɞɚʆ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɦɭ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɭ Ⱦɚɦɛɪɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɱɚɰɶ ɞɷɦɚɧɫɬɪɚɰɵɸТɩɟɪɚɩɪɚɜɵ
ɥɹ ɜɺɫɤɿ ɍɯɚɥɨɞɵ, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ ɡɚ 8 ɤɦ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɞɡɟɧɶ ɚɞ Ȼɚɪɵɫɚɜɚ. Ɍɭɞɵ ɪɭɲɵɥɿ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɫɿɥɵ. Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɺɧ ɧɚɥɚɞɡɿʆ ɩɟɪɚɩɪɚɜɭ ɤɚɥɹ ɜ. ɋɬɭɞɡɺɧɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ɡɚ 11 ɤɿɥɚɦɟɬɪɚʆ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɟɣ ȻɚɪɵɫɚɜɚН. Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɞ ɜɟɱɚɪ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɞɧɹ ɩɟɪɚɩɪɚɜɵ ɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɞɚɜɟɞɚɥɿɫɹ ɚɛ ɝɷɬɵɦ. Ⱦɚ ɜ. ɋɬɭɞɡɺɧɤɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɤɿɧɭɬɵ ʆɫɟ ɫɿɥɵ, ɚɥɟ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɝɜɚɪɞɵɹ ɛɵɥɿБʆɠɨ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɚɞ Ȼɚɪɵɫɚɜɚ.
Ɋɷɲɬɤɿ ɧɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɪɚɡɛɿɬɵɹ ɰɿ ɬɪɚɩɿɥɿ ʆ ɩɚɥɨɧ. 24 ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɚ ʆ ɋɦɚɪɝɨɧɿ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧ ɩɚɤɿɧɭʆ ɫɜɚɺ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ ɿ ɡ’ɟɯɚʆ ɭ ɉɚɪɵɠ. ɍ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɸ ɜɹɪɧɭɥɚɫɹ ʆɫɹɝɨ 35 ɬɵɫ. ɫɚɥɞɚɬ ɹɝɨ ɛɵɥɨɣ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɣ ɚɪɦɿɿ.
ȼɚɣɧɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɥɚɫɹи ɞɚ 1815 ɝɨɞɚ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɩɟɪɚɦɨɝɿ
Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɞɚɫɬɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ |
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ɪɚɡɚɦ ɡ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚɣ. |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɜɚɣɧɚ ɩɪɵɧɟɫɥɚ ɰɹɠɤɿɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ: ɛɵɥɿ ɪɚɡɛɭɪɚɧɵ ɞɡɟɫɹɬɤɿ |
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ɝɚɪɚɞɨʆ ɿ ɫɨɬɧɿ ɜɺɫɚɤ, ɫɤɚɪɚɰɿɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɫɹʆɧɵɹ ɩɥɨɲɱɵ ɿ ɩɚɝɚɥɨʆɟ ɠɵɜɺɥɵ. |
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Ⱦɡɟɫɹɬɤɿ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ ɡɚɝɿɧɭɥɿ ʆ ɛɚɹɯ, ɩɚɦɟɪɥɿ ɚɞ ɝɨɥɚɞɭ ɿ ɯɜɚɪɨɛ. ɉɚɫɥɹ |
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ɜɚɣɧɵ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɟ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɫɤɚɪɚɰɿɥɚɫɹ ʆɞɜɚɹ. ɐɚɪɵɡɦ ɛɵʆ ɦɿɥɚɫɷɪɞɧɵɦ |
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ɞɚ ɲɥɹɯɬɵ, ɹɤɚɹ ɫɥɭɠɵɥɚ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɭ: Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪ ȱ ɿɦ ɭɫɺ ɞɚɪɚɜɚʆ. Ⱦɥɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, |
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ɹɤɿ ɡɦɚɝɚʆɫɹ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ ɇɚɩɚɥɟɨɧɚ, ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪ ɡɪɚɛɿʆ ɧɹɦɧɨɝɚ. ɇɚɜɚɬ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɫɤɚɝɚзɪɭɯɭ ɡ ɜ. ɀɚɪɰɵ, ɹɤɿɹ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ʆɡɧɚɝɚɪɨɞɵ, ɛɵɥɿ ɜɵɤɭɩɥɟɧɵ ɡ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɣоɧɹɜɨɥɿ ʆɪɚɞɚɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ 1819 ɝɨɞɡɟ.
ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɹɤ ʆ ɚɞɡɿɧɫɬɜɟ ɿɞɷɚɥɚʆ, ɡɚ ɹɤɿɹ ɡɦɚɝɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɡɟɹɱɵ еɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɱɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɚʆ ɭ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɯ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ʆ
Рɩɚɞɚɛɟɧɫɬɜɟ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ, ɭ ɹɤɿɯ ɹɧɵ ɩɪɚɹʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ.
Ƚɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɪɭɯ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆɩɿɫɜɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɭɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɭɸп ɫɿɬɭɚɰɵɸ ɿ ɛɵʆ ɹɟ ɧɟɚɞ’ɟɦɧɚɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ
ɍ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɣ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ ɛɵɥɿ ɬɚɣɧɵɹ ɿ ɩɚʆɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɵ. ɍ ɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɯ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɯ ɦɚɫɚɜɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɧɚɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚʆ: ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ, ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚ-ɚɫɜɟɬɧɿɰɤɿɯ, ɫɚɦɚʆɞɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ɒɦɚɬ ɯɬɨ ɡ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚʆ ɛɚɱɵɰɶ ɭ ɝɷɬɵɦ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɚɣ ɭ ɬɭɸ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ – ɦɚɫɨɧɫɬɜɚ. ɐɟɫɧɚ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɡ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɬɜɚɦ ɛɵɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɬɚɣɧɵɹ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɵ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɰɤɚɣ ɿ ɜɭɱɧɺʆɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɱɜɷɪɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ., ɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɞɡɟɤɚɛɪɵɫɰɤɿɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ. ɍ
85
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɪɚɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɹɤ ɪɭɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɪɨɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɟɣ ɿ ɜɟɪɚɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹʆ ɩɚɞ ɷɝɿɞɚɣ ɩɨɲɭɤɭ ɫɚɩɪɚʆɞɧɵɯ ɲɥɹɯɨʆ ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɝɚ ɚɛɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɏVȱȱȱ – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɫɬ. ɦɚɫɨɧɫɤɿɹ ɥɨɠɵ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɛɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɚɫɨɛɵ
ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ʆ ɰɷɥɵɦ. |
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ɍ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɱɜɷɪɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɿ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ 1812 ɝɨɞɚ ɹɧɵ ʆɠɨ |
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ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ʆ ɦɧɨɝɿɯ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. Ʉɿɪɭɸɱɵɦ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɦ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɬɜɚ ʆ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵʆ ɦɚɥɵ Ʉɚɩɿɬɭɥ “ɋɜɹɬɵɧɹ ɫɩɚɤɨɸ”, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ ʆ ɇɹɫɜɿɠɵ ɿ
ɛɵʆ ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɵ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɥɨɠɵ “Ⱦɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɚɟ ɚɞɡɿɧɫɬɜɚ”, ɚ ɩɪɚɡ ɹɟ “ȼɹɥɿɤɚɦɭ ɍɫɯɨɞɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ”. ɉɪɚɰɚɜɚɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɤɿɹНɥɨɠɵ “ɒɱɚɫɥɿɜɚɟ
ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ” ʆ ɇɹɫɜɿɠɵ, “ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɉɚɯɨɞɧɹ” ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ, “ɋɹɛɚɪ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɰɬɜɚ” |
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ʆ Ƚɪɨɞɧɟ ɿ ɿɧɲ. |
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ɋɹɪɨɞ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɤɿɯ ɥɨɠɚʆ ɜɵɥɭɱɚɥɚɫɹ “Ɋɭɩɥɿɜɵ ɥɿɰɜɿɧ” ʆ
ȼɿɥɶɧɿ, ɱɥɟɧɚɦɿ ɹɤɨɣ ɛɵɥɿ ʆ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɵ ɿ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɱɵɤɿ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ. ɍ 1818 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɥɨɠɵ ɫɩɪɚɛɚɜɚɥɿ ɡɦɹɧɿɰɶ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɤɿ
ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɭ. “ɉɟɪɲɵɦ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɤɚɦ ɥɨɠɵй, – ɝɚɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɰɟ, ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵɦ ɧɚ ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ ɹɟ ɩɚɫɟɞɠɚɧɧɹʆр, – ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɭ
ɫɬɚɬɭɬ, ɚɞɦɨɜɿɰɰɚ ɚɞ ɬɚɹɦɧɿɱɚɫɰɿ ɿиɩɪɵɫɜɹɰɿɰɶ ɫɹɛɟ ɚɞɤɪɵɬɚɦɭ ɫɥɭɠɷɧɧɸ
ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɧɚɜɭɱɷɧɧɹ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɦɺɫɬɜɚɦ, ɭɞɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɬɷɯɧɿɤɿ, ɜɵɤɚɪɚɧɟɧɧɹ |
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ɩɪɵɱɵɧ ɝɚɥɟɱɵ ɿ ɡɚɝɚɧ, ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɹ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ”. Ⱥɥɟ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɹ |
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ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɧɟɡɞɚɜɚɥɶɧɟɧɧɟ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ. ɍ ɯɭɬɤɿɦ ɱɚɫɟ ɥɨɠɚ |
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“Ɋɭɩɥɿɜɵ ɥɿɰɜɿɧ” ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɚ ɫɩɵɧɿɰɶ ɫɜɚɸ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ. |
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Ⱥɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ɰɚɪɫɤɿɯ ʆɥɚɞ ɞɚ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɤɿɯ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɟɚɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɧɵɦɿ. |
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ɋɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɰɚɪɵɡɦ ɩɚɞɚɡɪɨɧɚ ɚɞɧɨɫɿʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɦɚɫɨɧɚʆ, ɚɥɟ ɠɨɪɫɬɤɚ ɧɟ |
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ɩɪɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚʆ ɿɯ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɜɚɣɧɵ 1812 ɝɨɞɚ ɺɧ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɪɷɤɚɦɟɧɞɚɜɚʆ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɰɶ |
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ɦɚɫɨɧɫɤɿɹ ɥɨɠɵ, ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ʆ ɜɨɣɫɤɭ, ɪɚɡɥɿɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɟ, ɲɬɨ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɵ, |
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ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɛɚɪɨɧɟɧɵ.
ɬɪɚɩɿʆɲɵ ʆ ɩɚɥɨɧ, ɡɦɨɝɭɰɶ ɫɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɰɚ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɚɣ ɿɧɲɚɡɟɦɧɵɯ ɫɹɛɪɨʆ – ɦɚɫɨɧɚʆп. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ʆ 1822 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɫɩɟɰɵɹɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɚɝɚɞɚɦ ɰɚɪɚ ʆɫɟ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɤɿɹ ɥɨɠɵ
еȺɦɚɥɶ ɭɫɟ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɚɛɨ ɚɤɬɵʆɧɵɹ ɞɡɟɹɱɵ ɬɚɣɧɵɯ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚʆ ɭ ɝɷɬɵ Рɱɚɫ ɛɵɥɿ ɦɚɫɨɧɚɦɿ. ɋɹɪɨɞ ɿɯ – Ⱥ. ȱ. ȼɹɝɟɥɿɧ, Ʉ. Ƚ. ȱɝɟɥɶɫɬɪɨɦ, ə. ɑɚɱɨɬ, Ɍ. Ɂɚɧ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ɍɫɹɝɨ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɱɜɷɪɰɿ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɧɚɥɿɱɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 500 ɦɚɫɨɧɚʆ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ɜɚɣɧɵ 1812 ɝɨɞɚ ɲɵɪɨɤɚɟ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɬɚɣɧɵɹ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɵ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɰɤɚɣ ɿ ɜɭɱɧɺʆɫɤɚɣ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ ɿ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɵ ɜɚɣɫɤɨʆɰɚʆ. ɋɹɛɪɚɦɿ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚʆ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɹɞɨɦɵɹ ʆ ɞɚɥɟɣɲɵɦ ɬɚɥɟɧɚɜɿɬɵɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɹ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɞɡɟɹɱɵ – ɩɚɷɬɵ Ⱥ. Ɇɿɰɤɟɜɿɱ,
Ɍ. Ɂɚɧ, ə. ɑɚɱɨɬ, ɝɟɨɥɚɝ ȱ. Ⱦɚɦɟɣɤɚ, ɦɚɫɬɚɤ Ɇ. Ʉɭɥɟɲɚ ɿ ɿɧɲ.
ɍ 1817 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɰɟ ɩɚ ɿɧɿɰɵɹɬɵɜɟ ɫɬɭɞɷɧɬɚʆ Ɍ. Ɂɚɧɚ, Ⱥ. Ɇɿɰɤɟɜɿɱɚ, Ⱥ. ɉɟɬɪɚɲɤɟɜɿɱɚ, ə. ɑɚɱɨɬɚ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɚ ɬɚɣɧɚɟ
86
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
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ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɮɿɥɚɦɚɬɚʆ. Ⱥɞɧɚɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɡ ɿɦɿ ɿ ɤɪɵɯɭ ɩɚɡɧɟɣ ɭɬɜɚɪɵɥɿɫɹ ɬɚɣɧɵɹ ɿ |
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ɩɚʆɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ʆ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɰɟ ɿ ɝɿɦɧɚɡɿɹɯ: “Ɂɚɪɚɧɟ” ʆ |
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ɛɟɥɚɫɬɨɰɤɚɣ ɿ ɫɜɿɫɥɚɰɤɚɣ ɝɿɦɧɚɡɿɹɯ, “ɉɪɚɦɹɧɿɫɬɵɹ” ʆ ɜɿɥɟɧɫɤɿɦ ɭɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɰɟ, |
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ɬɚɣɧɚɟ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɝɿɦɧɚɡɿɫɬɚʆ ɭ Ʉɪɨɠɚɯ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ɍɫɟ ɝɷɬɵɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ |
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ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ɩɚɞ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ ɚɛɨ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɮɿɥɚɦɚɬɚʆ. ɍ 1820 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲ |
ɲɵɪɨɤɚɟ |
ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ |
ɮɿɥɚɪɷɬɚʆ, ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ |
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ɩɚɞɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɚɟ |
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ɮɿɥɚɦɚɬɚɦ. |
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Ⱦɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ “ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɮɿɥɚɦɚɬɚʆ” ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɩɚɞ ɞɷɜɿɡɚɦ “Ⱥɣɱɵɧɚ. |
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ɇɚɜɭɤɚ. Ƚɨɞɧɚɫɰɶ”. |
ɋɹɛɪɵ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿɫɹ |
ʆɞɚɫɤɚɧɚɥɟɧɧɟɦ |
ɫɜɚɿɯ |
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Н |
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ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɟɞɚʆ, ɦɚɫɬɚɰɤɿɯ ɝɭɫɬɚʆ, ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɣ ɬɜɨɪɱɚɫɰɿ. Ɏɿɥɚɦɚɬɵ ɧɟ |
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ɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɭɡɛɪɨɟɧɚɟ ɡɜɹɪɠɷɧɧɟ ɿɫɧɭɸɱɚɝɚ ɥɚɞɭ. Ƚɚɥɨʆɧɵɦ ɫɪɨɞɤɚɦ |
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ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɡɚ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɟ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɧɟ ɹɧɵ ɥɿɱɵɥɿ ɚɫɜɟɬɭ ɿ |
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ɜɵɯɚɜɚɧɧɟ ʆ ɩɚɞɪɚɫɬɚɸɱɚɝɚ ɩɚɤɚɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɚɦɚɫɜɹɞɨɦɚɫɰɿ. ɇɚ |
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ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɚʆ ɮɿɥɚɦɚɬɚʆ ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɚɤɚɡɚʆ ȱɚɯɿɦ Ʌɹɥɟɜɟɥɶ, ɹɤɿ |
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ɛɵʆ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪɚɦ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ |
ʆɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ. ɉɚɪɚɥɟɥɶɧɚ ɡ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚɦ |
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ɮɿɥɚɦɚɬɚʆ ɿ ɮɿɥɚɪɷɬɚʆ ɭ |
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и |
ɝɭɪɬɤɿ ɬɚɣɧɚɝɚ |
ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ |
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“ɉɚɬɪɵɹɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ |
ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ”. |
ɍ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ |
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р |
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ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ Ɇ. Ɋɨɦɟɪ, Ʉ. ɉɪɨɡɚɪ ɿ ɿɧɲ. əɧɵйɫɬɚɜɿɥɿ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɚɞɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɟ Ɋɷɱɵ |
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ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ 1772 ɝɨɞɚ ɿ ɬɚɣɧɚ ɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ. |
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о |
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ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 1820-ɯ ɝɝ. ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɿɞɷɿ ɪɭɫɤɿɯ |
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т |
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ɞɜɚɪɚɧɫɤɿɯ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹɧɟɪɚʆ – ɞɡɟɤɚɛɪɵɫɬɚʆ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ |
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ɩɟɪɚɦɹɲɱɷɧɧɟɦ ɡ ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɚ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɝɜɚɪɞɡɟɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ. ɍ ɿɦ |
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и |
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ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɦɧɨɝɿɹ ɞɡɟɹɱɵ ɞɡɟɤɚɛɪɵɫɰɤɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ. Ʉɿɪɚʆɧɿɤ ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɝɚ |
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ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ Ɇ. Ɇɭɪɚʆɺʆ ɭ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ ʆ 1821 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɧɚɩɿɫɚʆ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɜɚɪɵɹɧɬ |
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з |
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ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ. ȼɹɥɿɤɚɹ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɚʆ-ɞɡɟɤɚɛɪɵɫɬɚʆ ɫɥɭɠɵɥɚ ʆ |
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о |
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Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤɚɣ ɤɪɷɩɚɫɰɿ: ɋ. ȱ. Ɇɭɪɚʆɺʆ-Ⱥɩɨɫɬɚɥ, Ɇ. ɉ. Ȼɹɫɬɭɠɚʆ-Ɋɭɦɿɧ ɿ ɿɧɲ. Ɂ |
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ɿɯ ɭɞɡɟɥɚɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚʆɫɹ ɩɥɚɧ ɚɪɵɲɬɭ ɰɚɪɚ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɫɜɿɬɵ ʆ Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤɭ ʆ ɱɚɫ |
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п |
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ɚɝɥɹɞɭ ɜɨɣɫɤɚʆ ɭ 1823 ɝɨɞɡɟ. Ɂ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɚɦ ɡɜɹɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ Ɋɚɫɿɿ |
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ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɣ ɿ ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɭ. Ⱥɥɟ ɩɥɚɧ ɚɠɵɰɰɹɜɿɰɶ ɧɟ |
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Р |
ʆɞɚɥɨɫɹ. |
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Ⱦɡɟɤɚɛɪɵɫɬɵ |
ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɿ |
ɡɚ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɟ |
ɚɛɨ ɩɨʆɧɭɸ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɸ |
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ɫɚɦɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɹ, ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ, ɚɞɦɟɧɭ |
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еɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡ ɧɚɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ. əɧɵ ɿɝɧɚɪɵɪɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ |
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ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɫɚɦɚɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ Ɋɚɫɿɿ. ɉɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ |
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ɩɪɵɡɧɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɡɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɣ. ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 1823 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ɇɨʆɝɚɪɚɞ-ȼɚɥɵɧɫɤɭ |
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(ɍɤɪɚɿɧɚ) ɛɪɚɬɚɦɿ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɚɦɿ Ⱥ. ȱ. ɿ ɉ. ȱ. Ȼɚɪɵɫɚɜɵɦɿ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɚ |
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Ɍɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɡ’ɹɞɧɚɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ. əɧɨ ɦɟɥɚ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, |
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ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɸ ɫɚɦɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɹ, ɭɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ |
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ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɱɚɝɚ |
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ɩɪɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ |
ʆ |
Ɋɚɫɿɿ, |
ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɟ |
ʆɫɿɯ |
ɫɥɚɜɹɧ |
ʆ |
ɚɞɧɭ |
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87
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɭɸ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɬɵʆɧɭɸ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɭ. ɍ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ 1825 ɝɨɞɚ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɉɚʆɞɧɺɜɵɦ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚɦ ɞɡɟɤɚɛɪɵɫɬɚʆ. əɝɨ 12 ɱɥɟɧɚʆ ɭɜɚɣɲɥɿ ʆ ɚɬɪɚɞ ɰɚɪɚɡɚɛɨɣɰɚʆ, ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ Ɇ. ɉ. Ȼɹɫɫɬɭɠɚɜɵɦ-Ɋɭɦɿɧɵɦ.
ɍ 1825 ɝɨɞɡɟ ʆ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ, ɪɚɫɤɜɚɬɷɪɚɜɚɧɵɦ ɭ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ |
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ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹɯ, ɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɤɚɧɫɩɿɪɚɬɵʆɧɚɟ “Ɍɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɹɛɪɨʆ”. əɝɨ |
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ɱɥɟɧɚɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɮɿɥɚɦɚɬ Ɇ. ȱ. Ɋɭɤɟɜɿɱ, ɤɚɩɿɬɚɧ Ʉ. Ƚ. ȱɝɟɥɶɫɬɪɨɦ, ɩɚɪɭɱɧɿɤ |
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Ⱥ. ȱ. ȼɹɝɟɥɿɧ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ɍ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ ʆɜɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɿ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ “Ɍɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɡɝɨɞɵ”, |
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ɹɤɨɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɰɵɜɿɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɫɨɛ, ɿ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ “Ɂɚɪɚɧɟ”, ɹɤɨɟ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ʆ |
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Ȼɟɥɚɫɬɨɰɤɚɣ ɝɿɦɧɚɡɿɿ. |
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ɍ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɫɚ ɫɦɟɪɰɸ Ⱥɥɹɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ ȱ 14 ɫɧɟɠɧɹ 1825 ɝɨɞɚ ɞɡɟɤɚɛɪɵɫɬɵ |
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ɉɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɝɚ Ɍɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɜɵɜɟɥɿ ɧɚ ɋɟɧɚɰɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɲɱɭ ʆ ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɭ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ |
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ɩɚɞɧɚɱɚɥɟɧɵɯ ɿɦ ɩɚɥɤɨʆ ɡ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɚɠɵɰɰɹɜɿɰɶ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵ ɩɟɪɚɜɚɪɨɬ. Ⱥɥɟ |
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ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɚ. |
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24 ɫɧɟɠɧɹ 1825 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ȼɪɚɧɶɫɤɭ ɤɚɥɹ Ȼɟɥɚɫɬɨɤɚ “ɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɫɹɛɪɵ” ɚɞɦɨɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɩɪɵɫɹɝɧɭɰɶ ɧɨɜɚɦɭ ɿɦɩɟɪɚɬɚɪɭ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɸ ȱ, ɚɥɟ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɜɚɣɫɤɨɜɵɹ
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ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɿɯ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ ɿ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɚ. Ⱥɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɬɚɪɵ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹ Ɇ. ȱ. Ɋɭɤɟɜɿɱ, Ⱥ. ȱ. ȼɹɝɟɥɿɧ, Ʉ. |
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Ƚ. ȱɝɟɥɶɫɬɪɨɦ ɛɵɥɿ ɚɫɭɞɠɚɧɵ ɧɚ 10 ɝɨɞ ɤɚɬɚɪɝɿйɡ ɩɚɠɵɰɰɺɜɵɦ ɩɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɭ |
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ɋɿɛɿɪɵ. |
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ɍ ɥɸɬɵɦ 1826 ɝɨɞɚ ɋ. ɉ. Ɍɪɭɫɚʆ, ɱɥɟɧ “Ɍɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ ɡ’ɹɞɧɚɧɵɯ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ”, |
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ɫɩɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɩɚɞɧɹɰɶ ɧɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɪɚɫɤɜɚɬɚɪɚɜɚɧɵ ʆ Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤɭ ɉɚɥɬɚʆɫɤɿ |
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ɩɹɯɨɬɧɵ ɩɨɥɤ, ɚɞɧɚɤ ɬɭɬ ɠɚ ɛɵʆ ɚɪɵɲɬɚɜɚɧɵ. |
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ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ 1830 – 1831 ɝɝ. ɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɣ ɩɚɞɡɟɹɣ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ- |
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ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɦ ɪɭɯɭ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ. ɉɪɵɱɵɧɚɣ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ |
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ʆɡɦɚɰɧɟɧɧɟ ɪɷɚɤɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɤɭɪɫɚ ɰɚɪɵɡɦɭ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ. ɍɪɚɞ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɹ ȱ ɩɚɱɚʆ |
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ɝɪɭɛɚ ɩɚɪɭɲɚɰɶ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɸ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ, ɚɛɦɹɠɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ |
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ɫɨɣɦɚ, ɚɪɵɲɬɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɞɷɩɭɬɚɬɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɤɪɵɬɵɤɚɜɚɥɿ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿ ʆɪɚɞ. Ɂ 1828 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ |
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ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ɬɚɣɧɚɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ, ɚɫɧɨʆɧɚɣ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɹɤɨɣ ɛɵɥɨ |
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ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ. əɧɚ ɦɟɥɚ ɲɵɪɨɤɿ еʆɩɥɵʆ ɭ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ. ȼɨɫɟɧɧɸ 1830 ɝɨɞɚ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɣ ȱ ɩɥɚɧɿɪɚɜɚʆ Рɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɰɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ ʆ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ. ɍ ɚɞɤɚɡ ɭ ɧɨɱ ɡ 29 ɩɚ 30 ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɚ 1830 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɜɵɛɭɯɧɭɥɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ.
əɝɨ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɤɭɪɫɚɧɬɵ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɩɚɞɯɚɪɭɧɠɵɯ, ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɩɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɚɰ ɜɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɡɹ Ʉɚɧɫɬɚɧɰɿɧɚ ɉɚʆɥɚɜɿɱɚ.
Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɿɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɜɵɦɭɲɚɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɭ. ɋɹɪɨɞ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɚʆ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɚɞɡɿɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɿ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɦɷɬ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ, ɧɿ ɚɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɬɚɤɬɵɤɿ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɡɚ ɩɨʆɧɭɸ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɚʆ ɛɵɥɿ ɿ ɬɵɹ, ɯɬɨ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚʆ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ 1815 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼɵɲɷɣɲɵɦ ɤɿɪɭɸɱɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ
88
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɛɵʆ ɑɚɫɨɜɵ ɭɪɚɞ, ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤɨɦ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɫɬɚʆ Ⱥ. ɑɚɪɬɚɪɵɣɫɤɿ, ɹɤɿ ʆɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɜɚʆ ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚɬɵʆɧɭɸ ɩɥɵɧɶ. əɝɨ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɿ ʆ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɪɚɡɥɿɱɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɫɤɿɯ ɤɪɚɿɧ, ɱɵɦ ɧɚ ʆɥɚɫɧɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ. Ɋɚɞɵɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɥɵɧɶ ɭ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɿ ʆɡɧɚɱɚɥɶɜɚʆ ȱ. Ʌɟɥɹɜɟɥɶ, ɹɤɿ ɿɦɤɧɭʆɫɹ
ɩɟɪɚɚɞɨɥɟɰɶ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɿ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɩɪɵɰɹɝɧɭɰɶ ɞɚ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɨʆ |
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ɭɫɿɯ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɹʆ. |
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ɐɚɪɫɤɿ ʆɪɚɞ ɪɚɛɿʆ ɭɫɺ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɟ, ɤɚɛ ɧɟ ɞɚɩɭɫɰɿɰɶ ɩɚɲɵɪɷɧɧɹ |
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ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɿ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɭ. əɲɱɷ 1 ɫɧɟɠɧɹ 1830 ɝɨɞɚ ɺɧ ɚɛɜɹɫɰɿʆ ɚɛ ɭɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ ɜɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ, ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚʆ ɫɸɞɵ ɡɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɜɨɣɫɤɚʆ. ɍ ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹНɤɚɧɮɿɫɤɚɰɵɹ ɡɛɪɨɿ ʆ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ, ɡ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɡɜɚɥɶɧɹɰɶ ɱɵɧɨʆɧɿɤɚʆɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ, ɭɩɥɵɜɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ ɛɪɚɥɿБɩɚɞ ɯɚɬɧɿ ɚɪɵɲɬ. Ɍɵɦ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɲ, ɩɪɚɞɭɯɿɥɿɰɶ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɧɟ ʆɞɚɥɨɫɹ. ɍ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɿ – ɥɸɬɵɦ 1831 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟɦ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɟ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɿ ɰɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɤɿ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬ. Ⱥɥɟ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬɚ
ɩɪɚɰɹɤɚɥɚ ɫɬɵɯɿɣɧɚ, ɿɡɚɥɹɜɚɧɚ, ɯɜɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɿ ɧɚɫɿɥɿ ɥɚɤɚɥɶɧɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ. ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ |
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ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ – ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɭ 1831 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɹ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɿй |
ɚɯɚɩɿɥɿ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɹ |
ɧɟ ɡɦɚɝɥɨ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɵɰɶ ɤɚɚɪɞɵɧɚɰɵɸиɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɤɿɯ ɫɿɥ. ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ
ɩɚɜɟɬɵ Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɿ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹʆ. ɍ ɱɚɬɵɪɨɯ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɚ-ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɩɚɜɟɬɚɯ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶоʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɤɚɥɹ 10 ɬɵɫ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. ɍ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦтɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɲɥɹɯɟɰɤɚɹ ɦɨɥɚɞɡɶ. ɋɹɥɹɧɟ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɧɟ
ɤɚɥɿ ɹɧɵ ɞɨɛɪɚɚɯɜɨɬɧɚ ɩɚɤɿɞɚɥɿ ɚɬɪɚɞɵ ɿ ɜɹɪɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɚɞɨɦɭ. ɒɥɹɯɰɿɱɵ – ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹзɩɚɞɜɹɪɝɚɥɿɫɹ ɫɭɞɭ, ɚ ɿɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɿ ɤɚɧɮɿɫɤɨʆɜɚɥɿɫɹ.
ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɥɿ. Ƚɷɬɚɦɭ ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɰɚɪɵɡɦɭ. Ɂɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɍɤɚɡɚɦ Ɇɿɤɚɥɚɹ ȱ ɚɞ 22иɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ 1831 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦ ɞɚɪɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɿɯ ɭɞɡɟɥ ɭ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɿ,
ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ɪɚɲɚɸɱɵ ɛɨɣ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɵɦɿ ɫɿɥɚɦɿ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɚʆ ɿ ɰɚɪɫɤɿɦɿ еɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɿ. ɉɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɪɚɡɝɪɨɦɥɟɧɵ. ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɠɧɿʆɧɹ 1831 ɝɨɞɚ Рɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ʆɠɨ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ʆɫɺɣ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɚ ʆ ɜɟɪɚɫɧɿ
ɍоɤɚɧɰɵ ɦɚɹ 1831 ɝɨɞɚ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ʆ Ʌɿɬɜɭ ɩɪɵɛɵʆ 12-ɬɵɫɹɱɧɵ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ⱥ. Ƚɟɥɝɭɞɚ ɿ ɚɬɪɚɞ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ⱦ. ɏɥɚɩɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ ʆ 820 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. Ⱦɚ ɿɯ ɞɚɥɭɱɵɥɚɫɹпɤɚɥɹ 5 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɰɚʆ. 19 ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ 1831 ɝɨɞɚ ɤɚɥɹ
ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ ɚɜɚɥɨɞɚɥɚ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚɣ.
ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɩɚɪɚɠɷɧɧɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɟ, ɹɝɨ ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ, ɚɫɨɛɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ ɿ ɫɨɣɦ ɛɵɥɿ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɜɚɧɵɹ. ɇɚ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɛɵʆ ɭɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɰɵɣɧɚ-ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɵ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ. ɇɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɣ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɹɰɰɚ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɪɭɫɿɮɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɜɵɧɿɲɱɷɧɧɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɩɥɵɜɭ.
ɉɚɫɥɹ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ 1830 – 1831 ɝɝ. ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɷɦɿɝɪɚɰɵɹ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɿ, ɤɚɛ ɡɧɨʆ ɩɚɞɧɹɰɶ ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɟ. Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɦɷɬɚɣ ɧɚ
89
DZșȎȐȎ 6. dzǬǾǼǽǮ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǸǮǻȄȉ XVIII – ǽdzǾȆǮǷ ǽǮǹǼǰdz XIX ǿȀǮDZǼDzDzǵȍ. ǽǮȅǮȀǮǸ IǻDzȁǿȀǾȉȍǹȊǻǮǷ ȄȉǰIǹIǵǮȄȉI
ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɫɵɥɚɥɿɫɹ ɷɦɿɫɚɪɵ. ɗɦɿɫɚɪɚɦ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ “Ɇɚɥɚɞɚɹ |
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ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ”, ɹɤɚɹ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ʆ ɷɦɿɝɪɚɰɵɿ ɩɚɞ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ȱ. Ʌɹɥɟɜɟɥɹ, ɛɵʆ |
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ɒ. Ʉɚɧɚɪɫɤɿ. Ɋɚɡɚɦ ɡ ɛɪɚɬɚɦɿ Ɂɚɥɟɫɤɿɦɿ ɺɧ ɛɵʆ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɭ, Ʌɿɬɜɭ |
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ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ɲɵɪɨɤɚɣ ɫɟɬɤɿ ɤɚɧɫɩɿɪɚɬɵʆɧɵɯ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣ. əɲɱɷ |
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ʆ 1835 ɝɨɞɡɟ |
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ɒ. Ʉɚɧɚɪɫɤɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɵʆ |
ɬɚɣɧɭɸ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ |
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“ɋɚɞɪɭɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ”, ɭɩɥɵʆ ɹɤɨɣ ɭ ɯɭɬɤɿɦ ɱɚɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɚʆɫɸɞɡɿʆɫɹ |
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ɧɚ ɉɪɚɜɚɛɹɪɷɠɧɭɸ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɭ, Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɭ. Ⱦɚ ɹɟ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɞɚɥɭɱɚɰɰɚ ɬɚɣɧɵɹ |
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ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɵ, ɲɬɨ ʆɠɨ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ. ɇɚɣɛɭɣɧɟɣɲɵɦ ɡ ɿɯ ɛɵɥɨ |
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“Ⱦɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɟ |
ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ”, |
ɹɤɨɟ |
ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ |
ʆ |
ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɦɟɞɵɤɚ- |
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ɯɿɪɭɪɝɿɱɧɚɣ ɚɤɚɞɷɦɿɿ. “Ⱦɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɚɟ ɬɚɜɚɪɵɫɬɜɚ” ɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ʆ |
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1836 ɝɨɞɡɟ |
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ɩɚ |
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ɿɧɿɰɵɹɬɵɜɟ |
Ɏ. |
Ⱥ. ɋɚɜɿɱɚ. ɋɬɚɬɭɬ |
ɝɷɬɚɣ |
ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ – |
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“ɉɪɵɧɰɵɩɵ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɡɦɭ”, ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ ɞɚɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɟ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ |
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ɫɩɪɚɜɹɞɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ, ɚɞɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɵɝɨɧɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɚɜɚɠɥɿɜɵɹ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ ɞɚ ʆɫɿɯ |
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ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ. ɍ 1838 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɩɚɥɿɰɵɹ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɥɚ ɝɷɬɭ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ. ɒ. Ʉɚɧɚɪɫɤɿ ɛɵʆ |
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ɚɫɭɞɠɚɧɵ |
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ɞɚ |
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ɫɦɹɪɨɬɧɚɝɚ |
ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɧɹ, |
Ɏ. ɋɚɜɿɱ |
ɿ |
ɹɝɨ |
ɩɚɦɨɱɧɿɤɿ ɛɵɥɿ |
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и |
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ɚɞɩɪɚʆɥɟɧɵ ʆ ɫɫɵɥɤɭ ɧɚ Ʉɚʆɤɚɡ, ɚɫɬɚɬɧɿɹ ɚɞɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ʆ ɫɚɥɞɚɬɵ. |
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ɍ 1840-ɹ ɝɝ. ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɹɤ ɿ ʆ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɚɯ Ɋɚɫɿɿ, ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵ ɿ |
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ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɪɭɯ ɧɚɛɵʆ |
ɪɚɡɧɚɱɵɧɧɵйɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪ. ɍɠɨ ʆ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ |
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Ɏ. ɋɚɜɿɱɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɞɜɚɪɚɧɟ-ɲɥɹɯɰɿɰɵ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɦɹɲɱɚɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ |
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ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɹʆ. |
о |
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ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ 1840-ɯ ɝɝ. ɫɤɥɚɥɚɫɹ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ “Ȼɪɚɬɧɿ ɫɚɸɡ ɥɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ |
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ɦɨɥɚɞɡɿ” ɚɛɨ |
“ɋɚɸɡ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɛɪɚɬɨʆ”. əɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɚɦɿ |
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Ɏ. ɿ Ⱥ. Ⱦɚɧɿɥɟʆɫɤɿɦɿ. ɐɷɧɬɪ ɹɟ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ ʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ, ɚɞɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɿ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɿ ʆ |
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Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ, Ƚɪɨɞɧɟ, Ʌɿɞɡɟ, ɇɚɜɚɝɪɭɞɤɭ, Ⱥɲɦɹɧɚɯ, ɋɥɨɧɿɦɟ, Ʉɨʆɧɟ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ɝɚɪɚɞɚɯ. |
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ɦɷɬɚɣ |
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ɡɜɹɪɠɷɧɧɟ ɫɚɦɚʆɥɚɞɞɡɹ, |
ɚɠɵɰɰɹʆɥɟɧɧɟ |
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Ⱥɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɫɬɚɜɿɥɚ |
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о |
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ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹʆ ʆ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ, ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɧɚɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɣ |
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ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɣ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ. Ⱦɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ “ɋɚɸɡɚ” ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚ ɚɤɬɵɜɿɡɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ |
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п |
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ɤɚɥɿ |
ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ |
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ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɹ ʆ ɤɪɚɿɧɚɯ ȿʆɪɨɩɵ. |
ɍɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɿ |
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1848 ɝɨɞɡɟ, |
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ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ |
ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɥɿ |
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ɩɥɚɧɵ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɨʆɤɿ |
ɩɚʆɫɬɚɧɧɹ, |
ɭɡɛɪɚɟɧɧɹ |
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“ɩɪɨɫɬɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ”. ȼɹɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɚɩɚɝɚɧɞɚ ɫɹɪɨɞ ɫɚɥɞɚɬ ɿ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɚʆ. ɍ 1849 ɝɨɞɡɟ, |
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Р |
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ɚɞɦɨɜɿɥɿɫɹ |
ɤɚɥɿ ɚɮɿɰɷɪɵ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɚɪɧɿɡɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɧɚɦ Ⱥ. Ƚɭɫɟɜɵɦ |
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ɟɯɚɰɶ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ ʆ ȼɟɧɝɪɵɸ, ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɤɪɵɬɚ, ɞɚ |
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еɫɭɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɵɰɹɝɧɭɬɚ ɤɚɥɹ 200 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. Ʉɚɩɿɬɚɧ Ⱥ. Ƚɭɫɟʆ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɩɚɩɥɟɱɧɿɤɿ |
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ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɤɚɪɚɧɵɹ ɫɦɟɪɰɸ.
Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɪɭɯ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚʆɫɹ ʆ ɪɷɱɵɲɱɵ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɜɵɡɜɚɥɟɧɱɚɝɚ ɪɭɯɭ. ɍ ɿɦ ɡɧɚɣɲɥɿ ɚɞɛɿɬɚɤ ɭɫɟ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɵɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɠɵɰɰɹ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɩɟɪɲɚɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ ɏȱɏ ɫɬ.ɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ.
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