БНТУ / ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛ / ГIСТОРЫЯ БЕЛАРУСI курс лекцый

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɚɞɦɹɧɿʆ ɭɫɟ ɡɚɝɚɞɵ ɿ ɪɚɫɩɚɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɿ ɚɤɭɩɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɭɥɚɞɚʆ, ɚɛ’ɹɜɿʆ

ɩɚ-ɡɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɪɚɞɭ.

У

Т

5 ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɑɚɫɨɜɵ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚ-ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿ ʆɪɚɞ ɋɋɊȻ,

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

Н

Ɂɜɟɪɧɟɦ ɭɜɚɝɭ, ɲɬɨ Ɇɚɧɿɮɟɫɬ

ɚɞ 1 ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ

1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɚʆ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɣ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ

ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɣ.

Ɍɚɤɨɦɭ

ɧɟɱɚɤɚɧɚɦɭ

Б

“ɩɚɞɚɪɭɧɤɭ” ɚɞ ɦɚɫɤɨʆɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞ ɦɨɠɚ ɛɵɰɶ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɚɟ ɬɥɭɦɚɱɷɧɧɟ.

ɋɋɊȻ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɞɫɬɚɜɟ

ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɐɄ

ɊɄɉ(ɛ) ɚɛ

и

ɛɭɮɟɪɚ, ɹɤɭɸ ɦɚɝɥɚ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɰɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɹ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚ.

Ɍɚɤ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɧɚ ɿ ɫɭɩɹɪɷɱɥɿɜɚ ɿɲɨʆ ɩɪɚɰɷɫ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɨʆɤɿ ɿ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɹ

р

ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɋɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿй(ɋɋɊȻ). Ɂɧɚɱɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɸ ʆ ɿɦ

ɚɞɵɝɪɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɧɚɰɤɚɦɚ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɫɟɤɰɵɣ ɊɄɉ(ɛ). əɧɵ

о

ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɥɿ ʆɥɚɫɧɭɸ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɸ ɜɵɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɹ,

т

ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɶ ɹɤɨɣ ɛɵɥɚ ʆ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɧɿ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ

ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɹɤ ɫɚɫɬɚʆɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ, ɿ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɥɿ

и

ɲɦɚɬ ɧɚɦɚɝɚɧɧɹʆ, ɤɚɛ ɹɟ ɚɠɵɰɰɹɜɿɰɶ. Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥ-ɤɚɦɭɧɿɫɬɵ ɲɱɵɪɚ

ɜɟɪɵɥɿ, ɲɬɨ ɡ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɚɣ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ Ɋɚɫɿɿ ɿ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɦɭɧɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ ɞɚɤɬɪɵɧɵ

з

ɦɨɠɧɚ ɛɭɞɡɟ ɚɞɪɚɞɡɿɰɶ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɿ ɥɟɩɲ, ɱɵɦ ɧɚ

о

ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɿɧɲɵɯ

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɣ. əɤ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ ɮɚɤɬɵ, ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ

ɧɟ ɝɚɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ) ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ-Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ, ɹɤɚɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɚɰɶ ɛɭɮɟɪɚɦ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ɋɚɫɿɹɣ ɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɣ.

Ɂ ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɣ ɐɄ ɊɄɉ(ɛ) ɚɞ 16 ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ ɧɟ ɩɚɝɚɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ

ʆɪɚɞɚ ɋɋɊȻ. Ɂ. ɀɵɥɭɧɨɜɿɱ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɚɞɧɚɞɭɦɰɵ ɥɿɱɵɥɿ, ɲɬɨ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ

ɧɟɦɷɬɚɡɝɨɞɧɵ.

əɧɵ

ɧɟɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɚ ɡɜɹɪɬɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ

ɐɄ ɊɄɉ(ɛ) ɡ

ɩɪɚɩɚɧɨɜɚɣ

У

ɚɞɦɹɧɿɰɶ ɝɷɬɚ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ, ɚɥɟ ɛɟɡɜɵɧɿɤɨɜɚ. ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ ɫɬɭɞɡɟɧɹ ʆ ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬɭ

Т

ʆɪɚɞ ɋɋɊȻ ɩɚɤɿɧɭɥɿ ɬɪɵ ɧɚɪɤɚɦɵ – Ɏ. ɒɚɧɬɵɪ, ɍ. Ɏɚɥɶɫɤɿ ɿ ə. Ⱦɵɥɚ.

2 – 3 ɥɸɬɚɝɚ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ ʆ ɩɚɦɹɲɤɚɧɧɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝɚ ɬɷɚɬɪɚ

ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ȱ ɍɫɟɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɡ’ɟɡɞ ɋɚɜɟɬɚʆ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɯ, ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɿ ɱɵɪɜɨɧɚɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɿɯ

Н

ɞɷɩɭɬɚɬɚʆ, ɹɤɿ ɩɪɵɧɹʆ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ Ⱦɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵɿ: ɞɚ ʆɫɿɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ ɿ ɿɯ ɭɪɚɞɚʆ, ɞɡɟ

ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ ɋɋɊȻ ɿ ʆɫɬɚɧɚɜɿɰɶ ɡ ɺɸ ɞɵɩɥɚɦɚɬɵɱɧɵɹ

Б

ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɵ; ɚɛ ɭɫɬɚɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɬɵʆɧɵɯ ɫɭɜɹɡɹʆ ɡ ɊɋɎɋɊ; ɚɛ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɿ

ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ʆ ɚɞɡɿɧɭɸ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɭ.

3 ɥɸɬɚɝɚ ɡ’ɟɡɞ ɩɪɵɧɹʆ ɩɟɪɲɭɸ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɸ ɋɋɊȻ, ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ ɝɟɪɛ ɿ ɫɰɹɝ

ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ.

и

ɍ

ɫɤɥɚɞ

(ɐȼɄ), ɚɛɪɚɧɚɝɚ ɧɚ

ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɜɵɤɚɧɚʆɱɚɝɚ

ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬɚ

ȱ ɍɫɟɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɡ’ɟɡɞɡɟ ɋɚɜɟɬɚʆ, ɭɜɚɣɲɥɨ

50

ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ

(ɫɬɚɪɲɵɧɹ

р

Ⱥ. Ɇɹɫɧɿɤɨʆ). Ɏɭɧɤɰɵɿ ɩɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɚйɋɋɊȻ ɩɚɜɿɧɟɧ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɤɨɧɜɚɰɶ

ȼɹɥɿɤɿ ɉɪɷɡɿɞɵɭɦ ɐȼɄ,

ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɛɟɥɧɚɰɤɚɦɚʆɰɵ ɿ ɱɥɟɧɵ ɛɵɥɵɯ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ

ɤɚɦɭɧɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ

ɫɟɤɰɵɣ

о

– ɱɥɟɧɵ ɪɚɧɟɣɲɚɝɚ ɑɚɫɨɜɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɚ ɋɋɊȻ, ɛɵɥɿ

т

ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɟɧɵ ɩɚɫɚɞ ɧɚɪɤɚɦɚʆ.

27 ɥɸɬɚɝɚ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ȼɿɥɶɧɿ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɚɟ ɩɚɫɹɞɠɷɧɧɟ ɐȼɄ

и

Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɋɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤ, ɹɤɨɟ ɩɪɵɧɹɥɨ

ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ ɚɛ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɋɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ʌɿɬɜɵ ɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

з

(ɅɿɬȻɟɥ). Ⱥɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɵ ɐȼɄ ɅɿɬȻɟɥ ɭɡɧɚɱɚɥɿʆ Ʉ. Ƚ. ɐɵɯɨʆɫɤɿ, ɚ ɋɇɄ –

о

ȼ. ɋ. Ɇɿɰɤɹɜɿɱɭɫ-Ʉɚɩɫɭɤɚɫ. ɍ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɅɿɬȻɟɥ ɭɜɚɣɲɥɿ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɣ,

Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɣ, ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ, Ʉɨɜɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɋɭɜɚɥɤɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɹʆ ɡ ɛɨɥɶɲ

п

ɹɤ ɱɚɬɵɪɨɯɦɿɥɶɺɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ. ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɹ, Ɇɚɝɿɥɺʆɫɤɚɹ ɿ ɋɦɚɥɟɧɫɤɚɹ

ɝɭɛɟɪɧɿ ɩɚ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɿ ȱ ɍɫɟɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɡ’ɟɡɞɚ ɚɞɵɲɥɿ ɞɚ ɊɋɎɋɊ.

Р

Ʉɿɪɭɸɱɵɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɅɿɬȻɟɥ ɩɪɚɜɹɥɿ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɦɟɪɚɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɭ ɝɚɥɿɧɟ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ. Ȼɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ ɿɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɿ ɚɛ ɜɚɥɚɫɧɵɯ, ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɯ ɿ

ɩɚɜɹɬɨɜɵɯ ɋɚɜɟɬɚɯ, ɞɷɤɪɷɬɵ ɚɛ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɦɿɥɿɰɵɿ ɿ ɫɭɞɚ,

еɪɚʆɧɚɩɪɚʆɿ ʆɫɿɯ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɵɯ ɦɨʆ, ɭɪɚʆɧɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɠɚɧɱɵɧ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɡ ɦɭɠɱɵɧɚɦɿ,

ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɧɿ ɫɚɫɥɨʆɹʆ ɿ ɬɵɬɭɥɚʆ. ȼɹɞɭɱɚɣ ɩɚɪɬɵɹɣ

ɭ

ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɰɵ ɛɵɥɚ

Ʉɉ(ɛ)ɅɿȻ, ɭɬɜɨɪɚɧɚɹ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɧɧɹ Ʉɉ(ɛ)Ȼ ɿ Ʉɉ(ɛ)Ʌ ɭ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ

1919 ɝɨɞɚ. Ɇɟɪɚɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ ʆ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɿ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ

ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ “ɜɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɤɚɦɭɧɿɡɦɭ”. Ɂɹɦɟɥɶɧɵ ɮɨɧɞ, ɥɹɫɵ, ɧɟɬɪɵ, ɜɨɞɵ

ɛɵɥɿ ɚɛɜɟɲɱɚɧɵ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ ɭɥɚɫɧɚɫɰɸ. 16 ɥɸɬɚɝɚ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɋɇɄ

ɩɪɵɧɹʆ

ɩɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɭ

ɚɛ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɵɯ

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ.

ɧɹɪɷɞɤɚ ɚɞɛɿɪɚɥɿ ʆ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɧɚɫɟɧɧɵ ɮɨɧɞ ɿ

ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɵ, ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵɹ ɞɥɹ

У

ɯɚɪɱɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɫɬɚɥɿ ɚɞɧɨɣ ɡ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɵɯ ɩɪɵɱɵɧ ɚɧɬɵɫɚɜɟɰɤɿɯ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹʆ ɭ

Т

ɋɥɭɰɤɿɦ, Ɇɚɡɵɪɫɤɿɦ, ɇɹɫɜɿɠɫɤɿɦ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ ɩɚɜɟɬɚɯ. ɍɪɚɞ ɅɿɬȻɟɥ ɚɞɦɨɜɿʆɫɹ ɚɞ

ɩɟɪɚɞɚɱɵ ɫɹɥɹɧɚɦ ɤɚɧɮɿɫɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɿ ɿɦɤɧɭʆɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɛɵɥɵɯ

ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɿɯ ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ

ɫɬɜɚɪɚɰɶ

ɫɚʆɝɚɫɵ, ɤɚɦɭɧɵ ɿ ɫɟɥɶɝɚɫɚɪɰɟɥɿ. Ɍɚɤɚɹ

Н

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɩɚɡɛɚʆɥɹɥɚ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɧɫɤɿɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɿ.

28 ɥɸɬɚɝɚ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɐȼɄ ɅɿɬȻɟɥ ɩɪɵɧɹʆ Ⱦɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵɸ ɚɛ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɣ

Б

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɰɵ, ɭ ɹɤɨɣ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚʆ ɭɫɿɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ ɿ ɿɯ ɭɪɚɞɚɦ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɰɶ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ-

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɋɋɊ ɿ ʆɫɬɭɩɿɰɶ ɡ ɺɣ ɭ ɡɧɨɫɿɧɵ, ɞɷɤɥɚɪɚɜɚʆ ɝɚɬɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ “ɜɵɪɚɲɵɰɶ

ɭɫɟ ɫɩɪɷɱɧɵɹ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ ɩɚɥɸɛɨʆɧɚ ɿ ɦɿɪɚɥɸɛɿɜɚ”.

й

ɍ ɥɸɬɵɦ – ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɭɥɚɞɵ ɅɿɬȻɟɥ ɿɦɤɧɭɥɿɫɹ ɩɪɚɞɭɯɿɥɿɰɶ

и

ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɣ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ ɿ ɜɹɞɭɱɵɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ Ɂɚɯɚɞɭ

ɧɟ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɥɿ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ-Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ ɋɋɊ ɹɤ ɫɭɛ’ɟɤɬ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ.

8.4. ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚ-ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ

р

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɿ.

ɜɚɣɧɚ ɿ

ɩɪɚɛɥɟɦɵ

о

Ⱦɪɭɝɨɟ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ ɋɋɊȻ. Ɋɵɠɫɤɿ ɦɿɪɧɵ ɞɚɝɚɜɨɪ (ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤ 1921 ɝ.)

т

ɍ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɡɟ 1918 ɝɨɞɚ ɚɞɪɚɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ. əɟ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɤ

и

ɘ. ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɿ ɚɛ’ɹɜɿʆ ɚɛ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ Ɋɷɱɵ ɉɚɫɩɚɥɿɬɚɣ ɭ ɦɟɠɚɯ 1772 ɝɨɞɚ.

Ⱥɬɪɵɦɚʆɲɵ ɜɹɥɿɤɭɸ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɝɭ ʆɡɛɪɚɟɧɧɟɦ ɿ ɯɚɪɱɚɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɚɞ Ɂɥɭɱɚɧɵɯ

з

ɒɬɚɬɚʆ Ⱥɦɟɪɵɤɿ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɿ ɿ Ⱥɧɝɥɿɿ, ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ ɩɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɵɯɬɚɜɚɰɰɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɯɨɩɭ

о

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɿ ʆɤɪɚɿɧɫɤɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ. ɍ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ Ʉɚɦɿɬɷɬ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ

ɤɪɷɫɚʆ, ɩɚɞ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵɦ ɤɿɪɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ ɹɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɬɚɤ

п

ɡɜɚɧɚɣ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚ-ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɞɵɜɿɡɿɿ. ɇɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ

ɚɬɪɚɞɵ “ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɣ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɵ” ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɤɚʆ ɿ ɲɥɹɯɰɿɱɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɫɥɹ

ɚɞɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɿɯ ɜɨɣɫɤɚʆ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ʆɡɹɰɶ ɭɥɚɞɭ ʆ ɫɜɚɟ ɪɭɤɿ. ɍ ɤɚɧɰɵ

Р

ɫɧɟɠɧɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ɥɟɝɿɹɧɟɪɵ ɡɚɧɹɥɿ Ⱦɡɹɪɷɱɵɧ, Ɋɭɠɚɧɵ, ɉɪɭɠɚɧɵ. ɍ ɥɸɬɵɦ –

ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɿɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɧɹɬɵ Ȼɪɷɫɬ, Ʉɨɛɪɵɧ, Ȼɟɥɚɫɬɨɤ, ȼɚʆɤɚɜɵɫɤ,

еɋɥɨɧɿɦ, ɉɿɧɫɤ. ɍ ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɭ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɡɚɯɚɩɿɥɿ Ʌɿɞɭ ɿ ȼɿɥɶɧɸ.

Ȼɚɪɵɫɚʆ, Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤ, ɀɥɨɛɿɧ, Ɋɚɝɚɱɨʆ, Ɋɷɱɵɰɭ. ȼɨɫɟɧɧɸ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɮɪɨɧɬ

ɫɬɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɩɚ ɥɿɧɿɿ ɉɨɥɚɰɤ, ɪ.Ȼɹɪɷɡɿɧɚ ɿ Ⱦɧɟɩɪ, ɧɚ ɹɤɨɣ ɬɪɵɦɚʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɜɹɫɧɵ

1920 ɝɨɞɚ.

Ɂɚɯɨɩɥɟɧɚɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɚɤɭɩɚɧɬɚɦɿ ʆɫɯɨɞɧɹɣ

ɜɨɛɥɚɫɰɸ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ (“ɍɫɯɨɞɧɿɦɿ ɤɪɷɫɚɦɿ”). Ⱦɥɹ ɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɺɸ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ

Ⱦɷɩɚɪɬɚɦɟɧɬ

ɩɚ

ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ

ɭɫɯɨɞɧɿɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ

У

ɧɚ ɱɚɥɟ ɡ ȿɠɵ

Ⱥɫɦɚɥɨʆɫɤɿɦ. Ⱥɤɭɩɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɵ

Т

ɧɚ ɬɪɵ ɚɤɪɭɝɿ –

ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɭɸ, Ȼɪɷɫɰɤɭɸ ɿ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭɸ, ɹɤɿɹ, ɭ ɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ, ɞɡɹɥɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɚɜɟɬɵ.

ɉɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ

ɥɿɤɜɿɞɡɿɪɚɜɚɥɿ

ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɦɹɫɰɨɜɚɝɚ ɫɚɦɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤ

Н

ɛɚɥɶɲɚɜɿɰɤɿɹ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɬɵɹ, ɲɬɨ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ Ɋɚɞɚɣ ȻɇɊ, ɚ ɿɯ ɚɤɬɵɜɿɫɬɚʆ

ɠɨɪɫɬɤɚ ɩɪɚɫɥɟɞɜɚɥɿ. Ȼɵɥɿ

ɡɚɛɚɪɨɧɟɧɵ ɩɪɚɮɫɚɸɡɵ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɵɹ

Б

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɚɛ’ɹʆɥɟɧɵ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦɿ ʆɫɟ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ.

Ⱥɞɧɚʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɚɟ ɡɟɦɥɟʆɥɚɞɚɧɧɟ. ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɚɪɦɿɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚ

ɧɟɩɚɦɟɪɧɵɹ ɪɷɤɜɿɡɿɰɵɿ, ɩɚʆɫɸɞɧɚ ʆɱɵɧɹɥɚ ɪɚɛɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɿ ɝɜɚɥɬ.

Ɂɵɯɨɞɡɹɱɵ

ɡ ɿɞɷɿ ɜɵɤɚɧɚɧɧɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɣ “ɚɫɨɛɚɣ ɦɿɫɿɿ” ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞɡɟ

и

ȿʆɪɨɩɵ, ɘ. ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɿ ɩɪɚɩɚɧɚɜɚʆ ɿɞɷɸ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ʆ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɟ

ɦɚɤɫɿɦɚɥɶɧɚ

ɲɵɪɨɤɚɣ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɰɵɿ

ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ ɩɚɞ ɝɟɝɟɦɨɧɿɹɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ. ɍ

р

йɩɥɚɧɵ. ɍ

1919 ɝɨɞɡɟ

ɺɧ ɮɚɤɬɵɱɧɚ

ɦɟʆ

ɞɜɚ

ɩɟɪɲɵɦ,

“ɛɨɥɶɲɵɦ”,

ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆɫɹ

ɚɧɬɵɛɚɥɶɲɚɜɿɰɤɿ ɫɚɸɡ ɭɫɿɯ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɫɰɹʆ ɡɚɯɨɞɧɿɯ

о

ɚɤɪɚɿɧ ɛɵɥɨɣ ɰɚɪɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ ɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɵɜɚɣ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɫɚɦɚɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ

т

ɤɨɠɧɚɣ ɡ ɿɯ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɷɧɧɹ ɜɚɣɧɵ. ɍ ɞɪɭɝɿɦ, “ɦɟɧɲɵɦ”, ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɥ

ɫɩɪɷɱɧɵɯ ɡɹɦɟɥɶ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɣ ɿ Ɋɚɫɿɹɣ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɥɟɛɿɫɰɵɬɭ, ɹɤɿ ɛ ɛɵʆ

и

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦ

ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɵ ɩɚɞ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ. ɍ “ɛɨɥɶɲɵɦ” ɩɥɚɧɟ

ɞɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɲɚɧɫ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɚɜɵɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ, ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚ ɚɞ ɫɤɟɩɬɵɰɵɡɦɭ, ɡ ɹɤɿɦ

з

ɘ. ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɿ

ɫɬɚɜɿʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɿɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɡɞɨɥɶɧɚɫɰɹʆ. ɍ “ɦɚɥɵɦ” ɥɿɱɵɥɚɫɹ

о

ɜɚɪɬɵɦ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɧɧɟ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɿɞɷɿ, ɚɥɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ɇɿɧɲɱɵɧɵ, ɹɤ

ɩɪɨɰɿɜɚɝɭ ɪɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɦɭ ʆɩɥɵɜɭ. Ʉɚɛ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ ɮɟɞɷɪɚɥɿɫɰɤɿɹ ɿɥɸɡɿɿ ɫɹɪɨɞ

п

ɱɚɫɬɤɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ, ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɿ ʆ ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɵɦ ʆ ɠɧɿʆɧɿ

1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɿʆ ɡ ɚɞɨɡɜɚɦɿ ɞɚ ɠɵɯɚɪɨʆ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ. ɍ ɿɯ

ɺɧ ɚɛɹɰɚʆ ɞɚɰɶ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦ ɿ ɥɿɬɨʆɰɚɦ ɫɚɦɿɦ ɜɵɪɚɲɚɰɶ

Р

ɤɚɧɮɟɫɿɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɿ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ.

ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɭɩɿɪɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɹɤɚɦɿ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ

еɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɩɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ. Ȼɵɥɚ ɡɚɱɵɧɟɧɚ Ȼɪɚɫɥɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɝɿɦɧɚɡɿɹ,

ɚɞɚɛɪɚɧɵ ɛɭɞɵɧɤɿ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɟɞɿɧɫɬɵɬɭɬɚ, Ƚɪɨɞɡɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ

ɩɪɚɝɿɦɧɚɡɿɿ, ɩɪɵɩɵɧɿɥɿ ɞɡɟɣɧɚɫɰɶ ɇɹɫɜɿɠɫɤɚɹ ɿ Ȼɚɪɵɫɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɫɬɚʆɧɿɰɤɿɹ

ɫɟɦɿɧɚɪɵɿ. ɋɚ 150 ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɲɤɨɥ, ɹɤɿɹ ɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɜɚ ʆɦɨɜɚɯ ɧɹɦɟɰɤɚɣ

ɚɤɭɩɚɰɵɿ, ɞɚ ɜɨɫɟɧɿ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɧɟ ɛɨɥɶɲ 20. Ɇɧɨɝɿɹ ɞɡɟɹɱɵ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ

ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ

ɪɭɯɭ,

ɧɚɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ

ɲɤɨɥ ɛɵɥɿ

ɚɪɵɲɬɚɜɚɧɵ. Ɂ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ, ɮɚɛɪɵɤ ɿ ɡɚɜɨɞɚʆ ɡɜɚɥɶɧɹɥɿɫɹ ɚɫɨɛɵ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ, ɥɸɞɡɿ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɥɚʆɧɚɝɚ ɜɟɪɚɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹ.

ɉɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɯ ɭɥɚɞ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɚ ɪɚɲɭɱɚɟ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ. Ȼɚɪɚɰɶɛɭ ʆɡɧɚɱɚɥɿɥɿ ɤɚɦɭɧɿɫɬɵ ɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɷɫɷɪɵ. ɐɄ Ʉɉ(ɛ)

ɅɿȻ ɫɬɜɚɪɵʆ ɫɩɟɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɟ

ɛɸɪɨ ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ȼ. Ɇɿɰɤɹɜɿɱɭɫ-

Ʉɚɩɫɭɤɚɫ,

У

ȼ. Ʉɧɨɪɵɧ, ȼ. Ȼɚɝɭɰɤɿ). ɉɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɦɚɫɚɜɵ ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɫɤɿ ɪɭɯ, ɹɞɪɨɦ

Т

ɹɤɨɝɚ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɟ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɚɟ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɬɜɚ. ɉɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɫɤɿɹ ɚɬɪɚɞɵ, ɡɧɚɱɧɚɹ

ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɹɤɿɯ ɮɚɪɦɿɪɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɪɵɮɪɚɧɬɚɜɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ, ɰɟɫɧɚ ʆɡɚɟɦɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɿ ɡ

ɱɵɪɜɨɧɚɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɿɦɿ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɦɿ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɝɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ. ɒɬɚɛ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ ɤɚɚɪɞɵɧɚɜɚʆ ɿɯ

Н

ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ, ɞɚɩɚɦɚɝɚʆ ɧɚɛɵɜɚɰɶ ɭɡɛɪɚɟɧɧɟ, ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɛɚɹɜɵɯ

ɚɩɟɪɚɰɵɣ.

Б

ɍ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɡɟɹɱɚʆ ɩɚɞ ɭɩɥɵɜɚɦ

ɞɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɡɚɹʆ ɘ. ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɚɣɲɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɦɿ

ɚɤɭɩɚɰɵɣɧɵɦɿ ʆɥɚɞɚɦɿ. Ʉɚɥɿ 18 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ

1919 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤ ɩɪɵɟɯɚʆ

ɘ. ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɿ, ɬɨ ɹɝɨ ɜɿɬɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ʆɫɿɯ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɬɵɣ,

и

ɚɩɪɨɱ Ȼɉɋ-Ɋ. ɋɬɚɪɲɵɧɹ Ɋɚɞɵ ȻɇɊ ə. Ʌɺɫɿɤ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɿɤ Ⱥ. ɋɦɨɥɿɱ, ɿɧɲɵɹ

ɞɡɟɹɱɵ Ɋɚɞɵ ȻɇɊ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɥɿ

ɉɿɥɫɭɞɫɤɚɦɭ ɥɿɫɬ, ɭ ɹɤɿɦ ɩɪɚɫɿɥɿ ɡɝɨɞɵ ɧɚ

р

ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɩɪɚɰɵ ȻɇɊ, ɩɚɫɬɭɩɨɜɭɸ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɱɭйɰɵɜɿɥɶɧɚɣ ɭɥɚɞɵ ʆɪɚɞɭ ȻɇɊ ɿ

ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɸ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɜɨɣɫɤɚ.

о

12 ɫɧɟɠɧɹ 1919 ɝɨɞɚ ɡ ɞɚɡɜɨɥɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɚ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɤɥɿɤɚɧɚ

т

Ɋɚɞɚ ȻɇɊ. Ⱥɤɭɩɚɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɿɱɜɚɥɿ, ɲɬɨ ɹɧɚ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɚɟ ɞɚɥɭɱɷɧɧɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɞɚ

ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ.

Ⱥɥɟ ɮɪɚɤɰɵɹ Ȼɉɋ-Ɋ

ɞɚɛɿɥɚɫɹ ɩɟɪɚɜɵɛɚɪɚʆ ɩɪɷɡɿɞɵɭɦɚ Ɋɚɞɵ,

и

ɡɚɦɟɧɵ ɫɤɥɚɞɚ ɋɚɜɟɬɚ Ɇɿɧɿɫɬɪɚʆ (Ⱥ. Ʌɭɰɤɟɜɿɱɭ ɛɵʆ ɜɵɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɧɟɞɚɜɟɪ, ɹɤ ɿ

ɫɬɚɪɲɵɧɿ

Ɋɚɞɵ ə. Ʌɺɫɿɤɭ). ɇɚ

ɱɚɥɟ ɋɚɜɟɬɚ ɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚʆ ɛɵʆ

ɩɚɫɬɚʆɥɟɧɵ

з

ȻɇɊ, ɩɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆɲɵ ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɚɫɰɶ ɬɪɷɰɹɣ

ȼ. Ʌɚɫɬɨʆɫɤɿ. Ⱥɛɧɨʆɥɟɧɚɹ Ɋɚɞɚ

о

ɍɫɬɚʆɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɦɚɰɟ ɚɞ 25 ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ 1918 ɝɨɞɚ, ɜɵɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɬɷɫɬ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɥɹɤɚʆ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

п

ɍ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ 1920 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ɜɨɣɫɤɿ ɩɪɚɞɨʆɠɵɥɿ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ ɿ

ʆ ɤɪɚɫɚɜɿɤɭ ɡɚɧɹɥɿ Ʉɿɟʆ, ɚ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ – Ɇɚɡɵɪ, Ʉɚɥɿɧɤɚɜɿɱɵ, Ɋɷɱɵɰɭ. Ʉɚɛ

ɞɚɩɚɦɚɝɱɵ ɉɚʆɞɧɺɜɚ-Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɦɭ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ, Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɿ ɮɪɨɧɬ (ɤɚɦɚɧɞɭɸɱɵ

Р

Ɇ. Ɍɭɯɚɱɷʆɫɤɿ) 14 ɦɚɹ ɩɟɪɚɣɲɨʆ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ, ɹɤɨɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɹʆɞɚɥɵɦ. ɉɚɫɥɹ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɿ ɮɪɨɧɬ, ɚɬɪɵɦɚʆɲɵ

ʆ ɩɚɞɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɟ

170 ɬɵɫɹɱ

еɱɵɪɜɨɧɚɚɪɦɟɣɰɚʆ, ɭ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɟ ɱɷɪɜɟɧɹ ɡɧɨʆ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ. 11 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ ɛɵʆ

ɝɭɛɪɷʆɤɚɦɚ ʆ

ɫɤɥɚɞɡɟ

Ⱥ. ɑɚɪɜɹɤɨɜɚ, Ⱥ. Ⱥɞɚɦɨɜɿɱɚ, Ⱥ. ȼɚɣɧɲɬɷɣɧɚ ɿ

ɍ. ȱɝɧɚɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ, ɚ 31 ɥɿɩɟɧɹ 1920 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ

У

ɩɚʆɬɨɪɧɚɟ

Т

ɚɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɟ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɣ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɋɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɣ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɹ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɧɚɰɵɿ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɹ

ɩɚɞɡɟɥɟɧɚɣ ɧɚ ɬɪɵ

ɱɚɫɬɤɿ. əɤ ɫɭɜɟɪɷɧɧɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɚ ɋɋɊȻ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɚɫɥɹ

Н

ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɹ ʆ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɲɚɫɰɿ ɩɚɜɟɬɚʆ (Ȼɚɛɪɭɣɫɤɿ, Ȼɚɪɵɫɚʆɫɤɿ,

ȱɝɭɦɟɧɫɤɿ, Ɇɚɡɵɪɫɤɿ, ɱɚɫɬɤɨɜɚ Ɇɿɧɫɤɿ ɿ ɋɥɭɰɤɿ) ɛɵɥɨɣ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɿ. əɟ

Б

ɩɥɨɲɱɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ 52,3 ɬɵɫ.ɤɜ.ɤɦ, ɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ 1 544 000 ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ.

Ɂ ɩɟɪɚɧɨɫɚɦ ɛɚɹɜɵɯ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɹʆ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɡ ɚɛɚɪɨɧɱɚɣ ɡ

ɛɨɤɭ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɚ ɜɚɣɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɫɪɨɞɚɤ ɷɤɫɩɚɪɬɭ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɣ

ɩɪɚɥɟɬɚɪɫɤɚɣ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ. 30

ɥɿɩɟɧɹ 1920 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɫɬɨɤɭ ɛɵʆ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɵ

и

ɑɚɫɨɜɵ ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵ ɤɚɦɿɬɷɬ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ (ɉɨɥɶɪɷʆɤɚɦ).

Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɿɤ

ɧɚ

ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɤɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɩɪɚɥɟɬɚɪɵɹɬɭ,

ɧɚ ʆɡɞɵɦ

р

ɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɯɜɚɥɿ ʆ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɧɟ ɚɩɪɚʆɞɚʆɫɹй. ɇɚɚɞɜɚɪɨɬ, ɚɞɤɚɡɚɦ ɧɚ

ɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɣ Ⱥɪɦɿɿ ɛɵʆ ɦɚɝɭɬɧɵ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɩɚɬɪɵɹɬɵɱɧɵ ʆɡɞɵɦ

о

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ⱥɪɦɿɹ Ɇ.

Ɍɭɯɚɱɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ ɫɭɫɬɪɷɥɚ ʆɩɚɪɬɚɟ ɫɭɩɪɚɰɿʆɥɟɧɧɟ

т

ɩɪɚɰɿʆɧɿɤɚ, ɹɤɿ 16 ɠɧɿʆɧɹ ɩɟɪɚɣɲɨʆ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɧɚɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟ. ɑɵɪɜɨɧɚɹ Ⱥɪɦɿɹ

ɚɞɤɚɰɿɥɚɫɹ ɚɞ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɵ ɞɚ Ɇɿɧɫɤɚ, ɚɥɟ ɧɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ, ɧɿ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɹ Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ

и

ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɰɶ ɜɚɣɧɭ. 12 ɤɚɫɬɪɵɱɧɿɤɚ 1920 ɝɨɞɚ ɛɵɥɿ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɧɵ

ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɹ ʆɦɨɜɵ ɦɿɪɭ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɊɋɎɋɊ ɿ ɍɤɪɚɿɧɚɣ ɡ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɛɨɤɭ ɿ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚɣ –

з

ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ, ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ ɹɤɿɦɿ ɜɚɟɧɧɵɹ ɞɡɟɹɧɧɿ ɫɩɵɧɹɥɿɫɹ.

о

ɇɚ ȱȱ ɍɫɟɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɡ’ɟɡɞɡɟ ɋɚɜɟɬɚʆ, ɹɤɿ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ 13 – 17 ɫɧɟɠɧɹ

1920 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ Ɇɿɧɫɤɭ, ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɧɹɬɵ ɞɚɩɚʆɧɟɧɧɿ ɞɚ Ʉɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɿ ɋɋɊȻ, ɭ ɹɤɿɯ

п

ɜɵɲɷɣɲɵɦɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɿ ʆɥɚɞɵ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɡ’ɟɡɞ ɋɚɜɟɬɚʆ, ɚ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɡ’ɟɡɞɚɦɿ –

ɐȼɄ ɋɋɊȻ, ɜɵɤɚɧɚʆɱɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ – ɋɇɄ ɋɋɊȻ. ɋɬɚɪɲɵɧɺɣ ɐȼɄ ɿ ɋɇɄ

ɋɋɊȻ ɛɵʆ ɚɛɪɚɧɵ Ⱥ. ɑɚɪɜɹɤɨʆ. Ɂ’ɟɡɞ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɿʆ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɭɸ ɦɚɧɚɩɨɥɿɸ ɧɚ

Р

ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɜɿɞɵ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɿ, ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵʆ ɡɚɞɚɱɵ ɋɚʆɧɚɪɝɚɫɚ ɋɋɊȻ ɭ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɿ

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɿ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɬɚ, ɡɚɰɜɟɪɞɡɿʆ “Ɍɷɡɿɫɵ ɚɛ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɦ ɩɵɬɚɧɧɿ”, ɭ ɹɤɿɯ

еɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚʆ

ɧɚɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ ɛɟɡɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɿ ɦɚɥɚɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ,

ɚɛɨɞɜɭɯ ɛɚɤɨʆ ɩɪɚɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ ɡ ɩɨʆɧɚɱɵ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɞɡɟɧɶ: ɡ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɚɝɚ ɛɨɤɭ

ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɚɝɚ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ ɍɲɚɱɵ, ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞ ɚɞ ɉɚɫɜɿɥɥɹ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɤɲɵɰɵ, ɤɚɥɹ

Ɋɚɞɚɲɤɨɜɿɱ, ɇɹɫɜɿɠɚ, ɋɬɚɪɨɛɿɧɚ, ɧɚ ʆɫɯɨɞ ɚɞ

Ɇɿɤɚɲɷɜɿɱ, ɤɚɥɹ Ɍɭɪɚɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɿɦ

ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɞɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ ɚɞɵɯɨɞɡɿɥɚ Ɂɚɯɨɞɧɹɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ ɹɤɨɣ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɥɚ

113 ɬɵɫ. ɤɜ. ɤɦ ɡ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚɦ 4,6 ɦɥɧ. ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ. ɉɚɜɨɞɥɟ ɞɚɝɚɜɨɪɭ, ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ

У

ɚɛɚɜɹɡɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɞɚɰɶ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚɦ, ɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɿ ɭɤɪɚɿɧɰɚɦ ɭɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɵ, ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɜɚɥɿ

Т

ɛ ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɟ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɦɨɜɵ ɿ ɜɟɪɚɜɵɡɧɚɧɧɹ. Ȼɚɤɿ ʆɡɚɟɦɧɚ

ɚɞɦɚʆɥɹɥɿɫɹ ɚɞ ɩɚɬɪɚɛɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɜɹɪɧɭɰɶ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɿ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ, ɩɚɧɟɫɟɧɵɹ ʆ ɱɚɫ

ɜɚɣɧɵ. ɉɨɥɶɲɱɚ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɚɞ ɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɫɰɿ ɡɚ ɞɚʆɝɿ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɚɛɚɜɹɡɚɰɟɥɶɫɬɜɵ

Н

ɛɵɥɨɣ Ɋɚɫɿɣɫɤɚɣ ɿɦɩɟɪɵɿ. Ɋɚɫɿɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɵɩɥɚɰɿɰɶ ɉɨɥɶɲɱɵ 30 ɦɥɧ.

ɪɭɛɥɺʆ ɡɨɥɚɬɚɦ ɡɚ ʆɤɥɚɞ ɚɩɨɲɧɹɣ ɭ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɚɟ ɠɵɰɰɺ ɰɚɪɫɤɚɣ Ɋɚɫɿɿ.

Б

ɇɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ, ɹɤɿɹ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɥɿɫɹ ɜɚɤɨɥ ȻɇɊ, ɧɟ

ɩɪɵɡɧɚɥɿ Ɋɵɠɫɤɿ ɦɿɪɧɵ ɞɚɝɚɜɨɪ. 26 – 30 ɜɟɪɚɫɧɹ 1921 ɝɨɞɚ ʆ ɉɪɚɡɟ ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ

ɤɚɧɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɩɚɪɬɵɣ ɿ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɣ, ɹɤɚɹ ɚɞɤɚɡɧɚɫɰɶ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɪɵʆ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆɫɤɥɚɥɚ ʆ ɩɟɪɲɭɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɿɹ ʆɥɚɞɵ. ɉɚɰɜɹɪɞɠɚɥɚɫɹ

и

ɍɫɬɚʆɧɚɹ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɚ ɚɞ 25 ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɚ 1918 ɝɨɞɚ. Ⱥɞɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ, ɲɬɨ Ʌɿɝɚ ɇɚɰɵɣ ɛɟɡ

ɞɚɫɬɚɬɤɨɜɵɯ ɩɚɞɫɬɚʆ ɩɚɥɿɱɵɥɚ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ

ȼɿɥɟɧɲɱɵɧɵ ɷɬɧɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɚɣ

р

ɦɟɧɲɚɫɰɸ ɿ ɜɵɪɚɲɵɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɞɚɰɶ ɝɷɬɵ ɤɪɚɣйɅɿɬɜɟ. Ʉɚɧɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɹ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɚɬɨɪɵ

ɱɚɫ ɚɛ’ɹɞɧɚɥɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚ-ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɫɿɥɵ ɧɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ

о

ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ “ɧɿ ɡ ɩɚɧɚɦɿ, ɧɿ ɡ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪɚɦɿ, ɚ ɡ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɦ”.

т

ɍ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ, ɧɹɝɥɟɞɡɹɱɵ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɹ ɫɬɪɚɬɵ ʆ ɝɚɞɵ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɿ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɣ ɿɧɬɷɪɜɟɧɰɵɿ, ɛɵɥɚ ʆɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɚ “ɞɷ-

и

ɸɪɷ” ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɫɰɶ. ɇɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɥɿɫɬɚɩɚɞɡɟ – ɫɧɟɠɧɿ

1920 ɝɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɣɲɥɿ ɜɵɛɚɪɵ ʆ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɿɹ,

з

ɜɚɥɚɫɧɵɹ, ɩɚɜɹɬɨɜɵɹ ɿ ɝɚɪɚɞɫɤɿɹ ɋɚɜɟɬɵ. Ɋɷʆɤɚɦɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɫɤɚɫɚɜɚɧɵ. ɍ ɫɤɥɚɞ

о

ɋɚɜɟɬɚʆ ɭɜɚɣɲɥɿ ʆ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɦ ɛɚɥɶɲɚɜɿɤɿ. ȱȱ ɍɫɟɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɡ’ɟɡɞ ɋɚɜɟɬɚʆ

ɡɜɹɪɧɭʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡ ɡɚɤɥɿɤɚɦ ɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɰɶ ɭɫɟ ɫɿɥɵ ɧɚ

п

ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɣ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ.

е

Р

9.1. ȻɋɋɊ ɭ ɝɚɞɵ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ

9.2. ɉɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɹɟ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɹ ɧɚɩɪɚɦɤɿ ɿ ɜɵɧɿɤɿ

9.3. Ⱥɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɿɧɞɭɫɬɪɵɹɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ ɿ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵɜɿɡɚɰɵɿ ʆ

ȻɋɋɊ

9.4. ɍɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟ ɤɚɦɚɧɞɧɚ-ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɵʆɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ ʆ ɋɋɋɊ, ɭ

ɬɵɦ ɥɿɤɭ ɿ ʆ ȻɋɋɊ

У

9.1. ȻɋɋɊ ɭ ɝɚɞɵ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ

Т

ɉɟɪɲɚɹ

ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɜɚɣɧɚ, ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɚɹ

ɜɚɣɧɚ,

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ

Н

ɿɧɬɷɪɜɟɧɰɵɹ,ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɯɚ ɜɵɤɥɿɤɚɥɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵ ɿ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵ ɤɪɵɡɿɫ

ɭ ȻɋɋɊ. ɋɬɚɧɨɜɿɲɱɚ ɩɚɝɚɪɲɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɫɭɜɹɡɿ ɡ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɚɦ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ “ɜɚɟɧɧɚɝɚ

Б

ɤɚɦɭɧɿɡɦɭ” (ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɛɚɥɶɲɚɜɿɤɨʆ ɭ ɝɚɞɵ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɡɹɧɫɤɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ɿ ʆɡɛɪɨɟɧɚɣ

ɿɧɬɷɪɜɟɧɰɵɿ ɡɚɦɟɠɧɵɯ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆ, ɞɥɹ ɹɤɨɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɵ ɚɞɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɝɚ

ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ɿ ɚɛɦɟɠɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚ-ɝɪɚɲɨɜɵɯйɚɞɧɨɫɿɧɚʆ, ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ

ɪɚɡɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ʆ ɪɭɤɿ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ, ɭɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɯɚɪɱɪɚɡɜɺɪɫɬɤɿ, ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɿɡɚɰɵɹ

и

ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ, ɦɿɥɿɬɚɪɵɡɚɰɵɹ ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ), ɲɬɨ ɩɚɞɪɵɜɚɥɚ ɚʆɬɚɪɵɬɷɬ

ɛɚɥɶɲɚɜɿɤɨʆ ɭ

ɜɚɱɚɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɵ ɛɵɥɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ

р

ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞɵ ʆ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ

X ɡ’ɟɡɞ ɊɄɉ(ɛ), ɹɤɿ ɚɞɛɵʆɫɹ ʆ ɫɚɤɚɜɿɤɭ 1921 ɝɨɞɚ, ɩɪɵɧɹʆ ɪɚɲɷɧɧɟ ɚɛ

о

ɛɵɥɨ ʆɦɚɰɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɧɚ

ɭɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɿ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ (ɇɗɉ). əɟ ɦɷɬɚɣ

т

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɫɚɸɡɭ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɝɚ ɤɥɚɫɚ ɿ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɬɜɚ ɞɡɟɥɹ

ɡɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɋɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɭɥɚɞɵ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɩɪɨɛɚ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɫɩɚɥɭɱɵɰɶ ɭ ɚɞɡɿɧɚɣ

и

ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ-ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɟ ɩɪɵɧɰɵɩɵ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ

з

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɧɧɹ. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɚɰɵɿ ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚɝɚ ɝɨɥɚɞɭ ɞɚɩɭɫɤɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɷʆɧɵɯ ɦɟɠɚɯ

ɩɚɞ ɤɚɧɬɪɨɥɟɦ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦɭ. ɋɬɚɜɿɥɚɫɹ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɰɶ

о

ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɹ ɫɪɨɞɤɿ ɿ ɜɨɩɵɬ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɭ ɿɧɬɚɪɷɫɚɯ ɚɞɧɚʆɥɟɧɧɹ

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɿ ɿ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ ʆɦɨʆ ɞɥɹ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ.

п

ɋɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɸ ɧɷɩɚ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɯɚɪɱɪɚɡɜɺɪɫɬɤɿ

еɯɚɪɱɩɚɞɚɬɤɚɦ, ɹɤɿ ɛɵʆ ɦɟɧɲɵɦ ɧɚ 30 – 55%, ɭ ɩɚɪɚʆɧɚɧɧɿ ɡ ɯɚɪɱɪɚɡɜɺɪɫɬɤɚɣ.

Р

ɉɚɦɟɪ ɯɚɪɱɩɚɞɚɬɤɭ ɜɵɥɿɱɜɚʆɫɹ ɡ ɩɥɨɲɱɵ ɩɚɫɟɜɚʆ ɿ ɞɚɜɨɞɡɿʆɫɹ ɞɚ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɹɲɱɷ

ɞɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɯ ɪɚɛɨɬ. Ƚɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɦ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɜɚɥɿ ɩɚɫɟɜɵ

ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ, ɭɜɨɝɭɥɟ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɿɥɶɝɨɬɵ ɩɚ ɜɵɩɥɚɰɟ

ɯɚɪɱɩɚɞɚɬɤɭ. Ʌɿɲɤɚɦ ɯɥɟɛɚ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚʆɫɹ ɩɚɫɥɹ ɡɞɚɱɵ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɭ, ɫɟɥɹɧɿɧ ɦɟʆ

ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɪɚɞɠɚɰɰɚ ɫɚɦɚɫɬɨɣɧɚ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɡɛɨɠɠɚ, ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɚɦ

ɚɛɤɥɚɞɜɚɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɰɵɹ ɠɵɜɺɥɚɝɚɞɨʆɥɿ: ɦɹɫɚ, ɦɚɫɥɚ,

ɜɨʆɧɚ ɿ

ɿɧɲ. ɍɫɿɯ

ɮɨɪɦɵ ɡɟɦɥɟɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ. Ⱥɞɧɨɥɶɤɚɜɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɵɦɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɵɡɧɚɧɵ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɚɹ

ɚɪɰɟɥɶ, ɚɛɲɱɵɧɚ, ɿɧɞɵɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɚɟ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɡɹɦɥɺɣ ɭ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɯɭɬɚɪɨʆ ɿ

ɚɞɪɭɛɨʆ. Ⱦɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɚɪɷɧɞɚ ɡɹɦɥɿ ɿ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɟ ɧɚɺɦɧɚɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɣ ɫɿɥɵ ɩɪɵ

ʆɦɨɜɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɧɚɣɦɚɥɶɧɿɤ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɚɰɭɟ.

ɇɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ʆ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɿ ɩɪɚɞɭɝɥɟɞɠɜɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ

У

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɧɚ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵ ɪɚɡɥɿɤ, ɫɚɦɚɮɿɧɚɧɫɿɪɚɜɚɧɧɟ. Ⱦɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɹ

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɧɵɦ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɦ ɪɚɡɥɿɤɭТ, ɩɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɱɵ

ɜɵɞɚɬɤɿ ɡɚ ɤɨɲɬ ɫɜɚɣɝɨ ɩɪɵɛɵɬɤɭ. ɋɬɪɚɬɧɵɹ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɰɿ

ɱɚɫɨɜɚ ɤɚɧɫɟɪɜɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ, ɚ ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɵ, ɹɤɿɹ ɧɟ ɦɟɥɿ ɞɥɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚɜɵ

Н

ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɝɚ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɹ, ɚɞɞɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɚɪɷɧɞɭ ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɬɵʆɧɵɦ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹɦ ɚɛɨ

ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɵɦ

ɚɫɨɛɚɦ.

Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɛɵɥɨ ʆ ɤɚɪɨɬɤɿ ɬɷɪɦɿɧ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɡɿɪɚɜɚɰɶ

Б

ɬɚɜɚɪɧɵ ɝɨɥɚɞ ɿ ɩɚɲɵɪɵɰɶ ɬɚɜɚɪɚɚɛɚɪɨɬ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ ɿ ɜɺɫɤɚɣ.

ɇɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɡɚɚɯɜɨɱɜɚɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɝɚ,

ɤɚɚɩɟɪɚɬɵʆɧɚɝɚ ɿ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɝɚ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ йɹɤ ɚɫɧɨʆɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɯ

ɫɭɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɚɦɿɠ ɝɨɪɚɞɚɦ ɿ ɜɺɫɤɚɣ. ɉɪɚɦɵ ɩɪɚɞɭɤɬɚɚɛɦɟɧ ɫɩɵɧɹʆɫɹ, ɚɞɛɵɜɚʆɫɹ

и

ɩɟɪɚɯɨɞ ɞɚ ɬɚɜɚɪɧɚ – ɝɪɚɲɨɜɵɯ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɧ. Ƚɷɬɚɦɭ ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɡɟɧɚɹ ʆ

1922 – 1924 ɝɝ. ɝɪɚɲɨɜɚɹ

ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ, ɜɵɧɿɤɚɦ ɹɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɚ ʆɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ʆ

р

ɚɛɚɪɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɡɚɛɹɫɩɟɱɚɧɚɝɚ ɡɨɥɚɬɚɦ ɱɵɪɜɨɧɰɚ (ɱɵɪɜɨɧɟɰ ɛɵʆ ɪɨʆɧɵ

ɞɚɪɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɣ 10-ɰɿɪɭɛɥɺɜɚɣоɡɚɥɚɬɨɣ ɦɚɧɟɰɟ ɿ ɞɚ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ 1926 ɝɨɞɚ

ɤɚɲɬɚɜɚʆ ɛɨɥɶɲ 5

ɞɨɥɚɪɚʆ

ɁɒȺ, ɜɵɪɚɛɥɹʆɫɹ ɡ ɡɨɥɚɬɚ ɿ ɦɨɝ

ɡɚɦɹɧɹɰɰɚ

т

ɝɪɨɲɚɦɿ ɡ ɩɚɩɟɪɵ). ɉɚɫɥɹ ʆɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɱɵɪɜɨɧɰɚ ʆ ɩɪɵɝɪɚɧɿɱɧɵɯ ɪɚɺɧɚɯ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɥɿɤɜɿɞɡɿɪɚɜɚɧɵ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɝɪɚɲɨɜɵɹ ɚɞɡɿɧɤɿ, ɹɤɿɦɿ ɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɞɚ

ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ.

и

з

Ȼɵɥɚ ɚɞɧɨʆɥɟɧɚ ɛɚɧɤɚʆɫɤɚɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɚ, ɧɚɜɚɬ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ

ɤɚɦɟɪɰɵɣɧɵɯ ɿ ɚɤɰɵɹɧɟɪɧɵɯ ɛɚɧɤɚʆ.

о

3 ɞɚɡɜɨɥɚɦ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɚɝɚ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ʆɫɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɫɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɩɟɪɚɬɜɚɪɵɥɚɫɹ ʆ

ɜɹɥɿɤɿ ɛɚɡɚɪ. Ƚɚɧɞɥɹɜɚɥɿ ɫɹɥɹɧɟ, ɪɚɛɨɱɵɹ, ɯɚɬɧɿɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɵɧɿ, ɞɷɦɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɜɚɧɵɹ

п

ɫɚɥɞɚɬɵ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ɍɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɹ

еɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɣ

ɩɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɚɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ, ɜɵɤɭɩɭ ɝɚɧɞɥɹɪɚɦɿ ɩɚɬɷɧɬɚ (ɥɿɰɷɧɡɿɿ) ɿ

Р

ɜɵɩɥɚɬɵ ɿɦɿ ɩɪɚɝɪɷɫɿʆɧɚɝɚ ɩɚɞɚɬɤɭ. Ⱦɚ ɫɹɪɷɞɡɿɧɵ 1920-ɯ ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɚɧɚ

ɲɵɪɨɤɚɹ ɫɟɬɤɚ ɪɨɡɧɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɝɚɧɞɥɸ, ɞɡɟ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɣ ɮɿɝɭɪɚɣ ɫɬɚʆ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɿɤ. ɍ

DZșȎȐȎ 9. ǯǿǿǾ ȁ ǺIǴǰǮdzǻǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz (1921 – 1939 ȑȑ.)

ɪɚɡɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ. Ⱥɞɦɹɧɹɥɿɫɹ ʆɫɟɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɚɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚɫɰɶ, ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɹ

ɦɚɛɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɹ ɚɪɦɿɿ ɿ ʆɪɚʆɧɹɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɩɥɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɰɵ. Ʉɚɦɩɥɟɤɬɚɜɚɧɧɟ

ɩɪɚɞɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɣ ɫɿɥɚɣ ɪɚɛɿɥɚɫɹ ɩɪɚɡ ɛɿɪɠɵ ɩɪɚɰɵ, ɚ ɡɚɪɚɛɨɬɧɚɹ

ɩɥɚɬɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ ɚɞ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɚɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. Ⱥɞɧɚʆɥɹɥɚɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ

ɬɪɚɧɫɩɚɪɬ, ɤɚɦɭɧɚɥɶɧɵɹ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ ɩɚɫɥɭɝɿ.

У

ɉɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɧɨɜɚɣ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɦɟɥɚ ɫɜɚɟ

ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚɫɰɿ. Ⱥɞɧɚ ɡ ɿɯ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɩɚɜɹɥɿɱɷɧɧɿ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɿ ɯɭɬɚɪɨʆ ɧɚ ɛɵɥɵɯ

ɩɚɦɟɲɱɵɰɤɿɯ ɡɟɦɥɹɯ ɩɚ ɩɪɵɱɵɧɚɯ ɞɨɛɪɚɚɯɜɨɬɧɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɹ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɧɚ

ɯɭɬɚɪɵ ʆ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ

ɫɜɚɛɨɞɧɚɝɚ ɜɵɛɚɪɭ ɮɨɪɦɚʆ ɡɟɦɥɟɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɧɧɹ;

Н

ɦɷɬɚɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɪɚɞɚ ɩɚ ɩɟɪɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɸ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɧɚ ɯɭɬɚɪɵ

ɡɝɨɞɧɚ ɡ Ɂɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɞɷɤɫɚɦ ȻɋɋɊ 1924 ɝɨɞɚ. Ƚɷɬɭɸ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɭ ɩɚɞɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚʆ

ɭ 1925 – 1928 ɝɝ. ɧɚɪɨɞɧɵ ɤɚɦɿɫɚɪ ɡɟɦɥɹɪɨɛɫɬɜɚ ȻɋɋɊ ȾɡТ. ɉɪɵɲɱɷɩɚʆ.

Б

Ⱥɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟɦ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɯ ɦɟɪɚɩɪɵɟɦɫɬɜɚʆ ɚɞ ɋɬɚɥɵɩɿɧɫɤɚɣ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɚɣ

ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɨɟ, ɲɬɨ ʆ 1925 – 1928 ɝɝ. ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɚɫɹ ɞɚɞɚɬɤɨɜɚɟ ɧɚɞɡɹɥɟɧɧɟ

ɡɹɦɥɺɣ ɦɚɥɚɡɹɦɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɹɥɹɧ ɡɚ ɤɨɲɬ ɩɟɪɚɪɚɡɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɹɦɥɿ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɞɚ

1928 ɝɨɞɚ. ɚɝɭɥɶɧɚɹ

ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ ɫɹɥɹɧ, ɹɤɿɹ ɜɵɣɲɥɿ ɧɚ ɯɭɬɚɪɵ, ɞɚɫɹɝɧɭɥɚ

и

ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɧɚ 25% ɚɞ ɭɫɿɯ ɫɹɥɹɧɫɤɿɯ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɚɤ (ɩɪɵ ɋɬɚɥɵɩɿɧɟ – 13%).

ɉɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɵ ɭ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɫɭɩɚɥɚ ɡ ɬɷɪɵɬɚɪɵɹɥɶɧɵɦɿ ɡɦɟɧɚɦɿ,

р

ɹɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɥɿɫɹ ʆ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ, ɭɡɛɭɣɧɟɧɧɟɦйɹɟ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ, ɲɬɨ ʆɫɤɥɚɞɧɹɥɚ

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɚʆɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ.

ɇɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɚɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɧɨʆɱɵ ʆɩɥɵʆ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ

т

ɷɤɚɧɨɦɿɤɿ ȻɋɋɊ. Ⱦɚ 1927 ɝɨɞɚ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɤɚ ɿ ɩɪɚɦɵɫɥɨɜɚɫɰɶ ȻɋɋɊ

ɛɵɥɿ ɩɨʆɧɚɫɰɸ ɚɞɧɨʆɥɟɧɵ. Ⱥɥɟ ʆ ɬɨɣ ɠɚ ɱɚɫ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɪɷɮɨɪɦɚ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɚ ɞɚ

и

ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɪɚɫɫɥɚɟɧɧɹ оɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ ɿ, ɹɤ ɜɵɧɿɤ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ, ɪɨɫɬɭ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ

з

ɧɚɩɪɭɠɚɧɚɫɰɿ ʆ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɟ, ɞɚ ɧɟɚɞɧɚɪɚɡɨɜɵɯ ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɡɿɫɚʆ. ɇɨɜɚɹ

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɹ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɦ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɛɚɥɶɲɚɜɿɤɨʆ ɭ

о

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɫɮɟɪɵ. əɧɵ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɚɥɿ ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥ ɛɭɪɠɭɚɡɿɿ ɿ ɜɨɩɵɬ ɩɪɵɜɚɬɧɿɤɚʆ,

ɤɚɛ ɫɬɜɚɪɵɰɶ ɭɦɨɜɵ ɞɥɹ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɫɬɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɛɭɞɚʆɧɿɰɬɜɚ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ ɬɚɤɬɵɱɧɵ

п

ɦɚɧɟʆɪ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɦɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɷɝɿɱɧɚɝɚ ɤɭɪɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɭ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɿɡɦɭ.

Ⱦɚ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɯ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɚ-ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɩɚɞɡɟɣ ɭ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɩɪɚɜɹɞɡɟɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɚɣ

ɷɤɚɧɚɦɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɤɿ ɚɞɧɨɫɿɰɰɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɟ ɋɋɋɊ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ 30 ɫɧɟɠɧɹ

Р

1922 ɝɨɞɚ ɧɚ I ɍɫɟɫɚɸɡɧɵɦ ɡ’ɟɡɞɡɟ ɋɚɜɟɬɚʆ, ɤɚɥɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɚɞɩɿɫɚɧɵ Ⱦɷɤɥɚɪɚɰɵɹ

ɿ Ⱦɚɝɚɜɨɪ ɚɛ ɭɬɜɚɪɷɧɧɿ ɋɋɋɊ. ȼɹɪɯɨʆɧɵɦ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɵɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦ ɋɚɸɡɚ ɫɬɚʆ

еɐȼɄ ɋɋɋɊ.