БНТУ / ИСТОРИЯ БЕЛ / ГIСТОРЫЯ БЕЛАРУСI курс лекцый

ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚ, ɧɚɜɚɬ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵ ɡɚɤɚɡ ɭɥɚɞ. ɍ

ɝɷɬɵɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɬɪɷɛɚ

ʆɡɝɚɞɚɰɶ

“ɪɷɥɹɬɵɜɿɫɰɤɭɸ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɸ” ɚɦɟɪɵɤɚɧɫɤɚɣ ɿɧɬɷɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ,

ɩɪɵɯɿɥɶɧɿɤɿ ɹɤɨɣ ɥɿɱɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɩɚɜɿɧɧɚ ɡɚɣɦɚɰɰɚ ɧɟ ɪɷɤɚɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɵɹɣ

ɦɿɧɭɥɚɝɚ, ɚ ɚɛɫɥɭɝɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɵ ɡɚɤɚɡ, ɹɤɿ ɫɬɚɜɿɰɶ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɫɰɶ. əɤ

ɫɭɩɪɚɰɶɥɟɝɥɚɫɰɶ ɝɷɬɚɦɭ ɩɚɞɵɯɨɞɭ ɩɚɫɩɹɯɨɜɚ ɪɚɡɜɿɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɿ ɞɪɭɝɿ ɧɚɤɿɪɭɧɚɤ ɭ

У

ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɿ ɿ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɚɧɧɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ – “ɚɛ’ɟɤɬɵɜɿɫɰɤɿ”, ɹɤɨɝɚ ɩɪɵɬɪɵɦɥɿɜɚɸɰɰɚ

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɹ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ. Ʉɚɧɟɲɧɟ, ɪɷɚɥɿɡɚɜɚɰɶ ɹɝɨ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɧɹɩɪɨɫɬɚ, ɬɚɦɭ ɲɬɨ

ɤɨɠɧɵ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɦɚɟ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɨɝɥɹɞɵ. Ɍɚɦɭ ɬɭɬ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɚ ɡ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɦɿ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɦɿ. Ƚɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ

– ɝɷɬɚ ʆɫɺ ɬɨɟ,

ɲɬɨ ɦɚɟ

Н

ɿɧɮɚɪɦɚɰɵɸ ɚɛ ɦɿɧɭɥɵɦ, ɿɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ʆɦɨʆɧɚ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɿɰɶ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɹ ɜɿɞɵ:

ɚɪɯɟɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɹ, ɷɬɧɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵɹ, ɤɿɧɚ-ɮɨɬɚ-ɮɨɧɚ-ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ, ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜɵɹ.

Ⱥɪɯɟɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɹ

ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ

ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɸɰɶ

ɞɚɫɥɟɞɚɜɚɰɶТɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ

Б

ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɵɹ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵ, ɹɤɿɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɚɪɵɡɭɸɰɰɚ ɚɞɫɭɬɧɚɫɰɸ ɚɛɨ

ɧɟɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɚɫɰɸ ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɵɧɿɰ. Ʉɚɲɬɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɚɪɯɟɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɧɿɰ ɭ

ɬɵɦ, ɲɬɨ ɹɧɵ ɩɚɫɬɚɹɧɧɚ ɚɛɧɚʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ, ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɹɰɰɚ ɪɚɫɤɨɩɤɿ, ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɹɰɰɚ

ɧɨɜɵɹ ɚɪɬɷɮɚɤɬɵ (ɚɪɬɷɮɚɤɬ – ɝɷɬɚ ɮɿɡɿɱɧɵ ɚɛ’ɟɤɬ, ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɵ ɪɭɤɚɦɿ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ).

и

ɇɟɞɚɯɨɩɚɦ ɠɚ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɧɟɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɫɰɶ. ɇɚ ɚɫɧɨɜɟ ɚɪɯɟɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɚɤ

ɦɵ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚɦ ɡ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚɫɰɸ ɞɚ ɩɷʆɧɚɣ ɞɚɬɵ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ, ɤɚɥɿ ɚɞɛɵɥɿɫɹ ɬɵɹ ɰɿ

р

ɿɧɲɵɹ ɩɚɞɡɟɿ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɚɦ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɿɦɺɧɵйʆɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɚɞɡɟɣ ɰɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɿɯ

ɷɬɧɿɱɧɭɸ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɶ.

ɗɬɧɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵɹ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ – ɝɷɬɚ ɚɛɪɚɞɵ, ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɿ, ɩɪɚɞɦɟɬɵ ɩɨɛɵɬɭ,

т

ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɹ ɩɪɵɥɚɞɵ, ɬɪɚɞɵɰɵɣɧɚɟ ɚɞɡɟɧɧɟ ɿ ɯɚɪɱɚɜɚɧɧɟ. ɗɬɧɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵɹ

ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ ɞɚɸɰɶ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɶ ɚɬɪɵɦɚɰɶ ɭɹʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɚɛ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ, ɞɭɯɨʆɧɚɣ ɿ

и

ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɧɚɲɵɯоɩɪɨɞɤɚʆ.

з

Ⱥɫɨɛɧɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɤɪɵɧɿɰ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶ ɤɿɧɚ-ɮɨɬɚ-ɮɨɧɚ-ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ. əɧɵ

ɞɚɧɨɫɹɰɶ ɞɚ ɧɚɫ ɜɨɛɥɿɤ, ɝɚɥɚɫɵ ɧɟɩɚɫɪɷɞɧɵɯ ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɚɞɡɟɣ, ɬɜɨɪɰɚʆ

о

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ, ɚɞɥɸɫɬɪɨʆɜɚɸɰɶ ɿɦɝɧɟɧɧɿ ɝɷɬɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ.

ɉɿɫɶɦɨɜɵɹ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɵ – ɝɷɬɚ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɧɚɹ ɩɚ ɡɜɟɫɬɤɚɯ ɝɪɭɩɚ

п

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ, ɹɤɚɹ ɞɚɡɜɚɥɹɟ ɜɵɹɜɿɰɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɞɡɟɿ ɦɿɧɭɥɚɝɚ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɿɯ

ɭɞɡɟɥɶɧɿɤɚʆ, ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɞɚɤɥɚɞɧɚ ɯɪɚɧɚɥɨɝɿɸ ɝɷɬɵɯ ɩɚɞɡɟɣ. Ⱦɚ

ɩɿɫɶɦɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɵɧɿɰ ɚɞɧɨɫɹɰɰɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɚɞɚʆɱɵɹ ɚɤɬɵ, ɫɬɚɬɵɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɵ,

Р

ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɵ ɿ ɯɪɨɧɿɤɿ, ɦɟɦɭɚɪɵ, ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɹ ɿ ɩɭɛɥɿɰɵɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ ɬɜɨɪɵ,

ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɵ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵɱɧɚɝɚ ɞɪɭɤɭ.

еȼɹɥɿɤɭɸ ɤɚɲɬɨʆɧɚɫɰɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɫɥɟɞɱɵɤɚ ɦɚɸɰɶ ɥɟɬɚɩɿɫɵ. Ⱥɞɧɨɣ ɡ

ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɫɬɚɪɚɠɵɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɵɧɿɰ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ “Ⱥɩɨɜɟɫɰɶ ɦɿɧɭɥɵɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ”, ɞɡɟ

ɦɵ ɫɭɫɬɪɚɤɚɟɦ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ ɡɝɚɞɤɿ ɚɛ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɚɯ,

ɹɤɿɹ ɩɪɚɠɵɜɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ

ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ,

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɯ

ɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɿ ɩɚɞɡɟɹɯ ɏ – ɏȱȱ ɫɬɫɬ. Ȼɨɥɶɲ

У

ɩɪɵɜɿɥɟɹɦɿ ɤɧɹɡɺʆ. Ɇɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɵ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɡɦɟɲɱɚɧɵ ʆ “Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɣ

ɦɟɬɪɵɰɵ” – ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɵɦ ɚɪɯɿɜɟ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɝɚ ɤɧɹɫɬɜɚ Ʌɿɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ. ɍ ɏVȱȱȱ – ɏɏ

ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹɯ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɸɪɵɞɵɱɧɵɹ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɭɞɨɜɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨʆ,

ɿɧɲɚɹ ɞɡɹɪɠɚʆɧɚɹ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɵɹ, ɤɚɧɫɬɵɬɭɰɵɹ.

ɋɹɪɨɞ

ɫɬɚɬɵɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚʆ

Н

ɦɚɸɰɶ

ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɭɸ

ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɶ

“ɿɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɵ” ɦɚɺɧɬɤɚʆ ɿ ɪɨɡɧɵɹ ɝɚɫɩɚɞɚɪɱɵɹ ɚɩɿɫɚɧɧɿ ɏVȱ – ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ,

ɫɬɚɬɵɫɬɵɱɧɵɹ

ɡɛɨɪɧɿɤɿ ɿ

ɿɧɲ.

ȼɚɠɧɵɦɿ ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɦɿ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɸɰɰɚТɩɟɪɚɩɿɫɵ

Б

ɧɚɫɟɥɶɧɿɰɬɜɚ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɚɱɚɥɿɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɡɿɰɰɚ ɡ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ.

ɍ ɏVȱ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɧɚɹ ɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɚ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɡɚɩɿɫɤɿ

ɿɧɲɚɡɟɦɰɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ɧɚɜɟɞɜɚɥɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ, ɞɡɺɧɧɿɤɿ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, Ɏɺɞɚɪɚ

ȿʆɥɚɲɷʆɫɤɚɝɚ, Ⱥɮɚɧɚɫɿɹ

Ɏɿɥɿɩɨɜɿɱɚ. ɍɫɩɚɦɿɧɵ, ɞɡɺɧɧɿɤɿ ɩɚɥɿɬɵɱɧɵɯ,

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɯ

и

ɫɩɟɤɬɚɪ

ɞɡɟɹɱɚʆ ɏȱɏ – ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹʆ ɚɫɜɹɬɥɹɸɰɶ ɲɵɪɨɤɿ

ɩɚɞɡɟɣ ɬɚɝɨ ɱɚɫɭ.

р

ɒɦɚɬɥɿɤɭɸ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɤɪɵɧɿɰ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɸɰɶйɥɿɬɚɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɹ ɬɜɨɪɵ, ɩɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ

ɛɵɥɿɧ, ɤɚɡɚɤ, “ɋɥɨʆ – ɤɚɡɚɧɧɹʆ” Ʉɿɪɵɥɵ Ɍɭɪɚʆɫɤɚɝɚ, ɚɩɿɫɚɧɧɹ ɠɵɰɰɹʆ

ɫɜɹɬɵɯ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ,

ȿɮɪɚɫɿɧɧɿ

ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɣ, ɬɜɨɪɚʆ Ɏɪɚɧɰɵɫɤɚ ɋɤɚɪɵɧɵ,

т

ɋɵɦɨɧɚ Ȼɭɞɧɚɝɚ, ɋɿɦɹɨɧɚ ɉɨɥɚɰɤɚɝɚ ɿ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɜɚɸɱɵ ɬɜɨɪɚɦɿ ɩɚɷɬɚʆ ɿ

ɩɪɚɡɚɿɤɚʆ ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ.

и

ɍ ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɧɨɜɚɝɚоɿ ɧɚɜɟɣɲɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɜɚɠɧɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɷɧɧɟ ɧɚɛɵɜɚɟ

з

ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ

ɰɿɤɚɜɵɦɿ

ɤɪɵɧɿɰɚɦɿ

ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ

ɝɚɡɟɬɵ

ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵɱɧɵ

ɞɪɭɤ.

“Ɇɭɠɵɰɤɚɹ ɩɪɚʆɞɚ”, “ɇɚɲɚ ɧɿɜɚ”, ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫ “ɇɚɲ ɤɪɚɣ” ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ.

о

ɉɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ ɏȱɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ, ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɰɵɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɩɚ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɜɚɠɧɵɦɿ ɡ ɿɯ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ ɲɦɚɬɬɨɦɧɵɹ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɿ

п

ɉɟɰɹɪɛɭɪɝɫɤɚɣ ɿ ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɣ ɚɪɯɟɚɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵɯ ɤɚɦɿɫɿɣ, ɹɤɿɹ ɩɭɛɥɿɤɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ʆ

ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ɏȱɏ – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ. ɍ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɿ ɱɚɫ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ ɛɵɥɿ

ɧɚɞɪɭɤɚɜɚɧɵ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɹ ɡɛɨɪɧɿɤɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ, ɫɹɪɨɞ ɿɯ ɬɪɷɛɚ ʆɡɝɚɞɚɰɶ

Р

ɞɜɭɯɬɨɦɧɿɤ “Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɯ ɿ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚɯ” (1936 ɝ., 1940 ɝ.),

ɡɛɨɪɧɿɤɿ ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ ɩɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɭ ɮɟɚɞɚɥɿɡɦɭ, ɤɚɩɿɬɚɥɿɡɦɭ,

еɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ, ɩɚɪɬɵɡɚɧɫɤɚɦɭ ɿ ɩɚɞɩɨɥɶɧɚɦɭ ɪɭɯɭ ʆ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɝɚɞɵ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɣ

ɚɣɱɵɧɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ, ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɟ ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ.

ɉɟɪɲɵɦɿ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɿɣɧɵɦɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚɦɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɛɵɥɿ ɩɪɚɮɟɫɚɪɵ

ȼɿɥɟɧɫɤɚɝɚ ʆɧɿɜɟɪɫɿɬɷɬɚ.

Ɇɿɯɚɥ

Ȼɚɛɪɨʆɫɤɿ

ɜɵɜɭɱɚʆ ɫɬɚɪɚɞɪɭɤɿ, ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɿɹ

Ⱥ. Ʉɿɪɤɨɪ,

ȱ. Ƚ. Ƚɪɵɝɚɪɨɜɿɱ,

ɉ. Ɇ. ɒɩɿɥɟʆɫɤɿ,

Ⱥ. ɋɚɩɭɧɨʆ,

ȿ. Ɋ. Ɋɚɦɚɧɚʆ,

У

Ɇ. ə. ɇɿɤɿɮɚɪɨʆɫɤɿ, ə.Ɏ. Ʉɚɪɫɤɿ ɿ ɿɧɲ. ȼɭɱɨɧɵ ɿ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɤɿ ɞɡɟɹɱ Ⱥɞɚɦ Ʉɿɪɤɨɪ

ɧɚɩɿɫɚʆ ɚɫɨɛɧɵ ɬɨɦ,

ɩɪɵɫɜɟɱɚɧɵ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ,

ɭ

ɲɦɚɬɬɨɦɧɵɦ

ɜɵɞɚɧɧɿ

“ɀɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɚɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ” ȱ. Ƚɪɵɝɚɪɨɜɿɱ ɫɚɛɪɚʆ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿɯ ɬɚɦɨʆ

ɡɛɨɪɧɿɤɚʆ

ɞɚɤɭɦɟɧɬɚʆ

ɩɚ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɉɿɫɶɦɟɧɧɿɤ-ɷɬɧɨɝɪɚɮ

ɉ. ɒɩɿɥɟʆɫɤɿ ɡɚɣɦɚʆɫɹ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟɦ

Н

ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɮɚɥɶɤɥɨɪɭ, ɧɚɩɿɫɚʆ ɤɧɿɝɭ

“ɉɚɞɚɪɨɠɠɚ ɩɚ ɉɚɥɟɫɫɸ ɿ ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɚ-ɡɚɯɨɞɧɹɦɭ ɤɪɚɸ”. ȼɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟɦ

ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɝɚ

ɮɚɥɶɤɥɨɪɭ

ɡɚɣɦɚɥɿɫɹ

ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ.

ɉ.

ȼ. ɒɷɣɧ,

Тȿ. Ɋ. Ɋɚɦɚɧɚʆ,

Б

ȱ. ɇɚɫɨɜɿɱ. ȿ. Ɋɚɦɚɧɚʆ ɩɚɞɪɵɯɬɚɜɚʆ ɩɹɰɶ ɬɚɦɨʆ “Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɝɚ ɡɛɨɪɧɿɤɚ”, ɞɡɟ

ɡɦɟɲɱɚɧɵ ɤɚɡɤɿ, ɩɪɵɦɚʆɤɿ, ɩɟɫɧɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɚʆ. əʆɯɿɦ Ʉɚɪɫɤɿ ɜɹɞɨɦɵ ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ

ʆɫɺ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɬɪɨɯɬɨɦɧɚɣ ɩɪɚɰɚɣ “Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɵ”. Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɟɰɰɚ

ɦɷɬɚɧɚɤɿɪɚɜɚɧɚɟ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

и

ɍ 1910 ɝɨɞɡɟ ȼ. Ʌɚɫɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɜɵɞɚɟ “Ʉɚɪɨɬɤɭɸ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ”. Ɂ

ɭɫɬɚɥɹɜɚɧɧɟɦ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɣ ɭɥɚɞɵ ʆ 1922 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɜɵɣɲɚʆ

ɜɟɥɶɦɿ ɫɰɿɩɥɵ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤ

ɍ. ȱɝɧɚɬɨʆɫɤɚɝɚ “Ʉɚɪɨɬɤɿ

р

ȱɝɧɚɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɿ

ɧɚɪɵɫ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿйȻɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ”. ɍ

ȼ. Ʌɚɫɬɨʆɫɤɿ ɜɵɤɥɚɞɚɥɿ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɸ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɡ ɧɚɰɵɹɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɚɡɿɰɵɣ, ɚɥɟ ɿɯ

ɩɪɚɰɵ ɞɨʆɝɿ ɱɚɫ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɿ ɜɹɞɨɦɵɦɿ ɱɵɬɚɱɚɦ. Ƚɪɭɧɬɨʆɧɚɹ “Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ”

т

Ɇ. Ⱦɨʆɧɚɪ-Ɂɚɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɝɚ, ɧɚɩɿɫɚɧɚɹ ɿɦ ɭ 1926 ɝɨɞɡɟ, ɭɛɚɱɵɥɚ ɫɜɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ 1994

ɝɨɞɡɟ. ɍ

20-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɏɏ

ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ

ɧɚɞ

“Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹɣ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ” ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚʆ

и

ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɶɧɿɤ ɿ ɩɟɪɲɵ ɪɷɤɬɚɪоȻȾɍ ɍ.

ȱ. ɉɿɱɷɬɚ, ɚɥɟ ɹɧɚ ʆɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ʆɛɚɱɵɥɚ

з

ɫɜɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ ʆ 90-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ. ɍɜɨɝɭɥɟ, ɭ 20-ɹ – 30-ɹ ɝɚɞɵ ɏɏ

ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɤɚɥɹ 250 ɩɪɚɰ ɩɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɋɹɪɨɞ

о

ɧɚɡɜɚɰɶ

Ɏ.

Ɏ. Ɍɭɪɭɤɚ, ɍ.

ȱ. ɉɿɱɷɬɭ,

ɜɹɞɨɦɵɯ

ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ ɬɪɷɛɚ ɬɚɤɫɚɦɚ

Ʉ. ȱ. Ʉɟɪɧɚɠɵɰɤɚɝɚ, Ⱥ. ȱ. ɐɜɿɤɟɜɿɱɚ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ.

п

ɍ ɩɚɫɥɹɜɚɟɧɧɵ ɱɚɫ ɜɵɜɭɱɷɧɧɟ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɹɲɱɷ ɛɨɥɶɲ

ɩɚɝɥɵɛɿɥɚɫɹ ɿ ɩɚɲɵɪɵɥɚɫɹ. Ƚɷɬɚɦɭ ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ ɿ ɞɷɦɚɤɪɚɬɵɡɚɰɵɹ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ

ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ, ɹɤɚɹ ɩɚɱɚɥɚɫɹ ɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɜɵ 50-ɯ ɝɚɞɨʆ. Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɰɶ

Р

ɞɡɟɫɹɬɤɿ ɿ ɧɚɜɚɬ ɫɨɬɧɿ ɿɦɺɧ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿɯ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɚʆ, ɲɵɪɨɤɚ ɜɹɞɨɦɵɯ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

ʆ ɫɜɚɺɣ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɞɚɥɺɤɚ ɡɚ ɹɟ ɦɟɠɚɦɿ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɟɪɲ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ ɗ. Ɇ. Ɂɚɝɚɪɭɥɶɫɤɿ,

еȱ. Ɇ. ȱɝɧɚɰɟɧɤɚ, Ⱥ. ɉ. ȱɝɧɚɰɟɧɤɚ, ɇ. ȼ. Ʉɚɦɟɧɫɤɚɹ, Ⱥ. ɉ. ɉ’ɹɧɤɨʆ, Ⱥ. ȱ. Ɂɚɥɟɫɤɿ,

ȱ.Ɋ. ȱɨɮɷ, Ɂ. ɘ. Ʉɚɩɵɫɤɿ, ə. ɇ. Ɇɚɪɚɲ, ɂ. ə. Ɇɚɪɱɚɧɤɚ, ɉ. ɐ. ɉɟɬɪɵɤɚʆ,

ɋ. Ɇ. ɋɚɦɛɭɤ, Ɇ. ɋ. ɋɬɚɲɤɟɜɿɱ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ. Ɇɧɨɝɿɹ ɡ ɿɯ ɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɸɰɶ ɩɥɺɧɧɚ

ɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɰɶ ɿ ɫɺɧɧɹ. ɉɚɫɥɹ ȼɹɥɿɤɚɣ Ⱥɣɱɵɧɧɚɣ ɜɚɣɧɵ ʆ 1954 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɛɵɥɚ

ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ

“ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ

Ȼɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ

ɋɋɊ”

ɩɚɞ

ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɹɣ ɍ. ɉɟɪɰɚɜɚ,

Ʉ. ɒɚɛɭɧɿ,

Ʌ. Ⱥɛɟɰɷɞɚɪɫɤɚɝɚ.

ɍɜɨɝɭɥɟ, ɡ ɤɚɥɟɤɬɵʆɧɵɯ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɹʆ ɫɚɜɟɰɤɚɝɚ

DZșȎȐȎ 1. ȁǰǼDzǵIǻȉ Ǭ ǸȁǾǿ «DZIǿȀǼǾȉȍ ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿI»

ɩɟɪɵɹɞɭ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɤɚɲɬɨʆɧɵɦ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɩɹɰɿɬɨɦɧɚɹ “Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ

ɋɋɊ” (1972 – 1975 ɝɝ.).

ɉɚɫɥɹ ɚɛɜɹɲɱɷɧɧɹ ɧɟɡɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ Ɋɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ ɭɡɦɚɰɧɿɥɚɫɹ

ɰɿɤɚɜɚɫɰɶ

ɞɚ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɝɚ

ɦɿɧɭɥɚɝɚ ɧɚɲɚɣ

ɤɪɚɿɧɵ.

ɍ

1990-ɹ

ɝɚɞɵ

ɏɏ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ

ɿ ʆ

ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ

ɏɏȱ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɚɫɹ

ɜɹɥɿɤɚɹ ɤɨɥɶɤɚɫɰɶ

У

ɩɭɛɥɿɰɵɫɬɵɱɧɵɯ ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚʆ, ɚɪɬɵɤɭɥɚʆ, ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚʆ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɯ

ɤɚɧɮɟɪɷɧɰɵɣ. ɉɚɱɚɥɿ ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɧɨɜɵɹ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵɹ ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫɵ – “Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɹ

ɦɿɧɭʆɲɱɵɧɚ”, “ɋɩɚɞɱɵɧɚ”, “Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɿ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɵ ɱɚɫɨɩɿɫ” ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ.

ɉɚɱɵɧɚɸɱɵ ɡ 1994 ɝɨɞɚ, ɜɵɯɨɞɡɿɰɶ ɲɷɪɚɝ ɩɚɞɪɭɱɧɿɤɚʆ ɩɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ.

Н

ɋɹɪɨɞ ɿɯ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɜɵɡɧɚɱɵɰɶ ɬɚɤɿɹ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɿ, ɹɤ “ɇɚɪɵɫɵ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ” ɭ

ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɩɚɞ ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɹɣ Ɇ. ɉ. Ʉɚɫɰɸɤɚ (1994 ɝ., 1995 ɝ.), “Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ” ɭ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɯ ɩɚɞ ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɹɣ ə. Ʉ. ɇɨɜɿɤɚ ɿ Ƚ. ɋ.

ТɆɚɪɰɭɥɹ (1998

Б

ɝ.), “Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɤɚɧɬɷɤɫɰɟ ɫɭɫɜɟɬɧɵɯ ɰɵɜɿɥɿɡɚɰɵɣ” ɩɚɞ ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɹɣ

ȼ. ȱ. Ƚɚɥɭɛɨɜɿɱɚ, ɘ. Ɇ. Ȼɨɯɚɧɚ (2005 ɝ.) ɿ ɿɧɲɵɹ. ɍ 1993 – 2003 ɝɝ. ɛɵɥɚ

ɜɵɞɚɞɡɟɧɚ ɷɧɰɵɤɥɚɩɟɞɵɹ ɩɚ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɝɪɭɧɬɨʆɧɵɦ

ɚɤɞɷɦɿɱɧɵɦ ɜɵɞɚɧɧɟɦ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɲɚɫɰɿɬɨɦɧɿɤ

“Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ”

ɩɚɞ

и

ɪɷɞɚɤɰɵɹɣ ɚɤɚɞɷɦɿɤɚ Ɇ. ɉ. Ʉɚɫɰɸɤɚ. Ⱦɚɪɷɱɵ, ɭ 2007 ɝɨɞɡɟ ɜɵɣɲɚʆ

ɛɿɛɥɿɹɝɪɚɮɿɱɧɵ

ɞɚɜɟɞɧɿɤ “Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɤɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ ɏɏȱ ɫɬɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ”, ɞɡɟ

ɡɦɟɲɱɚɧɵ

ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɹ

р

ɚɛ 457 ɜɭɱɨɧɵɯ, ɹɤɿɹйʆɧɟɫɥɿ ɫɜɨɣ ɭɤɥɚɞ ɭ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɭɸ

ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɭɸ ɧɚɜɭɤɭ.

ɋɹɪɨɞ ɿɯ ɬɚɤɿɹ ɜɹɞɨɦɵɹ ɜɭɱɨɧɵɹ,

ɹɤ ɉ. ȱ. Ȼɪɵɝɚɞɡɿɧ,

о

Ƚ. ə. Ƚɚɥɟɧɱɚɧɤɚ, Ⱥ. Ⱥ. Ʉɚɜɚɥɟɧɹ, ə. Ʉ. ɇɨɜɿɤ, ɉ. Ƚ. ɑɵɝɪɵɧɚʆ, ɍ. Ʉ. Ʉɨɪɲɭɤ ɿ

т

ɿɧɲɵɹ. Ɍɚɤɿɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ, ɚɩɨɲɧɿɹ ɞɡɟɫɹɰɿɝɨɞɞɡɿ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɧɵɦ ɷɬɚɩɚɦ ɭ

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɛɟɥɚɪɭɫɤɚɣ ɝɿɫɬɚɪɵɱɧɚɣ ɧɚɜɭɤɿ.

и

з

о

п

е

Р

2.1. ɉɟɪɲɚɛɵɬɧɚɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɤ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɷɬɚɩ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɰɬɜɚ.

Ʉɚɦɟɧɧɵ ɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

У

2.2. Ȼɪɨɧɡɚɜɵ

ɜɟɤ

ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. Ɂ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɿɧɞɚɟʆɪɚɩɟɣɰɚʆ

ɿ

“ȼɹɥɿɤɚɟ

ɩɟɪɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʆ”. Ȼɚɥɬɵ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

Т

2.3. ɀɚɥɟɡɧɵ

ɜɟɤ

ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɉɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ

ɫɥɚɜɹɧ ɿ

ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɚɹ ɤɚɥɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

Н

2.4. Ⱦɭɯɨʆɧɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɿ ɦɚɫɬɚɰɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɲɚɛɵɬɧɵɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ

Б

2.1. ɉɟɪɲɚɛɵɬɧɚɟ ɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ ɹɤ ɚɝɭɥɶɧɵ ɷɬɚɩ ɭ ɝɿɫɬɨɪɵɿ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɰɬɜɚ.

Ʉɚɦɟɧɧɵ ɜɟɤ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

Ƚɿɫɬɨɪɵɹ ɩɚɱɵɧɚɟɰɰɚ ɫɚ ɡ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ. ɇɚ ɫɺɧɹɲɧɿ ɞɡɟɧɶ

и

ɿɫɧɭɟ ɲɦɚɬ ɬɷɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɤɨɧɬ ɬɚɝɨ, ɞɡɟ ɿ ɹɤ ɚɞɛɵɥɚɫɹ ɝɷɬɚ ɩɚɞɡɟɹ. Ɇɧɨɝɿɹ ɡ ɿɯ ɧɟ

ɦɚɸɰɶ ɩɚɞ ɫɚɛɨɣ

ɧɿɹɤɚɝɚ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɚɝɚ

ɚɛɝɪɭɧɬɚɜɚɧɧɹ, ɹɤ,

ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ,

р

ɬɷɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɹ (ɤɪɷɚɰɵɣɧɚɹ) ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ, ɲɬɨйɩɪɵɩɿɫɜɚɟ ʆɡɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ

ɛɨɠɚɣ ɜɨɥɿ, ɰɿ ʆɮɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɹ

ɬɷɨɪɵɹ, ɹɤɚɹ ɡɚɹʆɥɹɟ ɚɛ ɿɧɲɚɩɥɚɧɟɬɧɵɦ

о

ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɿ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ. ɇɚɜɭɤɨɜɚɹ ɬɷɨɪɵɹ, ɩɪɵɧɹɬɚɹ ʆ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɤɪɚɿɧɟ ɿ ʆ

т

ɛɨɥɶɲɚɫɰɿ ɿɧɲɵɯ, ɝɪɭɧɬɭɟɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɚɣ ɬɷɨɪɵɿ ɑ. Ⱦɚɪɜɿɧɚ (1809 –

1882), ɹɤɿ ʆ ɫɜɚɿɯ ɤɧɿɝɚɯ “ɉɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɜɿɞɚʆ ɲɥɹɯɚɦ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɚɞɛɨɪɚ”

и

(1859) ɿ “ɉɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɟ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ ɿ ɩɚɥɚɜɵ ɚɞɛɨɪ” (1871) ɞɚɤɚɡɜɚʆ, ɲɬɨ ʆ

з

ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ɛɚɪɚɰɶɛɵ ɡɚ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɜɵɠɵɜɚɸɰɶ ɬɵɹ ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɿ ɠɵɜɺɥɶɧɚɝɚ

ɫɜɟɬɭ, ɹɤɿɹ ʆ ɧɚɣɛɨɥɶɲɚɣ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɿ ɩɪɵɫɬɚɫɨʆɜɚɸɰɰɚ ɞɚ ɡɦɹɧɿʆɲɵɯɫɹ

о

ɧɚɜɚɤɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɦɨʆ. ɉɪɵ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɸɰɰɚ ɛɿɹɥɚɝɿɱɧɵɹ ɡɦɟɧɵ ɹɤ ɭ

ɚɧɬɚɝɟɧɷɡɟ (ɿɧɞɵɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɦɚʆ), ɬɚɤ ɿ ʆ ɩɪɚɰɷɫɟ ɮɿɥɚɝɟɧɷɡɚ

п

(ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ ɚɫɨɛɧɵɯ ɜɿɞɚʆ, ɪɨɞɚʆ, ɫɹɦɟɣɫɬɜɚʆ, ɚɬɪɚɞɚʆ ɿ ɤɥɚɫɚʆ). ɑɚɥɚɜɟɱɚɹ

ɩɫɿɯɿɤɚ, ɹɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɟ ɿ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɵɹ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɫɰɿ, ɩɚ ɦɟɪɤɚɜɚɧɧɹɯ Ⱦɚɪɜɿɧɚ,

Р

ɺɫɰɶ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɚ ɩɚɦɧɨɠɚɧɵɹ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɚɞɛɨɪɚɦ ɿɧɫɬɵɧɤɬɵ.

ɇɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɞɚɪɜɿɧɚʆɫɤɚɣ ɬɷɨɪɵɿ ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ Ʉ. Ɇɚɪɤɫ ɿ Ɏ. ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫ

ɪɚɫɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɥɿ ɩɪɚɰɨʆɧɭɸ ɦɚɞɷɥɶ ɩɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ ɿ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɱɚɝɚ

еɝɪɚɦɚɞɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɣɛɨɥɶɲ ɹɫɤɪɚɜɚ ɝɷɬɚɹ ɤɚɧɰɷɩɰɵɹ ɚɩɿɫɚɧɚ ʆ ɩɪɚɰɚɯ Ɏ. ɗɧɝɟɥɶɫɚ

DZșȎȐȎ 2. ǿǰdzȀ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǿȀǮǾǮǴȉȀǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz

Ⱥɞɧɨɫɧɚ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɡ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɵɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɞɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɹɦɚ ɩɨʆɧɚɣ

ɹɫɧɚɫɰɿ. ɇɟɤɚɬɨɪɵɹ ɧɚɜɭɤɨʆɰɵ ɥɿɱɚɰɶ, ɲɬɨ ɝɷɬɚ ɚɞɛɵɥɨɫɹ ʆ ɐɷɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɣ

Ⱥɮɪɵɰɵ, ɿɧɲɵɹ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɰɶ ɜɨɫɬɪɚʆ əɜɭ ɦɚɝɱɵɦɚɣ ɩɪɚɪɚɞɡɿɦɚɣ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɰɬɜɚ.

ɉɪɚɰɷɫ ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ ɩɚɱɚʆɫɹ ɹɲɱɷ ʆ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɦɿɚɰɷɧɚ, ɩɚɦɿɠ 20 – 12 ɦɿɥɶɺɧɚɦɿ

ɝɚɞɨʆ ɬɚɦɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ.

ɍ ɝɷɬɵ

ɩɟɪɵɹɞ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɚɪɵɚɩɿɬɷɤɿ ɿ ɞɪɵɚɩɿɬɷɤɿ –

ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɹ ɦɚɥɩɵ, ɹɤɿɹ ɛɵɥɿ ɹɲɱɷ ɱɚɫɬɤɚɣ ɠɵɜɺɥɶɧɚɝɚ

У

ɫɜɟɬɭ. ȱɯ

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɺ ɡɚɬɚɪɦɚɡɿɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɷɩɨɯɭ ɩɥɿɚɰɷɧɭ (12 – 2,5 ɦɥɧ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɬɚɦɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ),

ɩɚɤɨɥɶɤɿ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɡɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɡ ɩɚɱɚɬɤɚɦ ɥɟɞɚɜɿɤɨɜɚɝɚ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɭ ɿ ɪɷɡɤɿɦ

ɩɚɯɚɥɚɞɚɧɧɟɦ. Ⱥɥɟ ɦɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɡɦɟɧɚ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɭ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɚ ɦɚɥɩɚʆ ɞɚ ɧɟɚɛɯɨɞɧɚɫɰɿ

Н

ɩɪɵɫɬɚɫɨʆɜɚɰɰɚ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɭɦɨʆ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɹ. ɍ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ ɤɚɥɹ 4 – 1,5 ɦɥɧ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɧɚ

ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ⱥɮɪɵɤɚɧɫɤɚɝɚ ɤɚɧɬɵɧɟɧɬɚ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɿ ɲɵɪɨɤɚ ɪɚɫɫɹɥɿɥɿɫɹ

ɚʆɫɬɪɚɥɚɩɿɬɷɤɿ (“ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɵɹ ɦɚɥɩɵ”). ȱɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ 3 ɪɚɡɧɚɜɿɞɧɚɫɰɿТɝɷɬɵɯ ɿɫɬɨɬ, ɿ

Б

ɞɚ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ ɿɞɭɰɶ ɧɚɜɭɤɨɜɵɹ ɫɩɪɷɱɤɿ, ɰɿ ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ ɹɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɤɚɦɿ

ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ, ɚɥɶɛɨ ɝɷɬɚ – ɬɭɩɿɤɨɜɚɹ ɝɚɥɿɧɚ ʆ ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɣɧɵɦ ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɿ

ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɯ ɦɚɥɩɚʆ – ɪɚɦɚɩɿɬɷɤɚʆ. Ⱥʆɫɬɪɚɥɚɩɿɬɷɤɿ ɦɟɥɿ ɜɚɠɧɚɟ

ɚɞɪɨɡɧɟɧɧɟ ɚɞ ɩɚɩɹɪɷɞɧɿɤɚʆ – ɹɧɵ ɩɚɱɚɥɿ ɠɵɰɶ ɿ ɚɞɲɭɤɜɚɰɶ ɟɠɭ ɧɚ ɡɹɦɥɿ, ɚ ɧɟ

и

ɧɚ ɜɹɪɲɵɧɹɯ ɞɪɷʆ. Ƚɷɬɚ ɩɪɵɜɹɥɨ ɞɚ ɡɦɹɧɟɧɧɹ ɲɤɿɥɟɬɭ ɿ ɫɚɞɡɟɣɧɿɱɚɥɚ

ɪɚɡɜɿɰɰɸ ɩɪɚɦɚɯɚɞɠɷɧɧɹ.

р

ɉɪɵɤɥɚɞɧɚ 3,5 – 2,5 ɦɥɧ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɚɫɹйɧɨɜɚɹ ɿɫɬɨɬɚ, ɹɤɭɸ ɧɚɜɭɤɨʆɰɵ

ɧɚɡɜɚɥɿ “Homo habilis” – “ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɭɦɟɥɵ”. əɝɨ ɿ ɦɨɠɧɚ ɥɿɱɵɰɶ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ

ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚɦ, ɛɨ ɚɛ’ɺɦ ɦɨɡɝɚ ʆ ɹɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɟɪɚɜɵɲɚʆ ɦɨɡɝ ɦɚɥɩɵ (ɺɧ ɞɚɫɹɝɚʆ

т

550-800 ɤɭɛɿɱɧɵɯ ɫɦ), ɚ ɫɚɦɚɟ ɝɚɥɨʆɧɚɟ, ɺɧ ɩɚɱɚʆ ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚɰɶ ɩɟɪɲɵɹ

ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɹ ɩɪɵɥɚɞɵ

ɩɪɚɰɵ –

ɩɪɵɪɨɞɧɭɸ ɝɚɥɶɤɭ, ɹɤɭɸ, ɚɞɧɚɤ, ɚɦɚɥɶ ɧɟ

и

ɚɩɪɚɰɨʆɜɚʆ ɿ, ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɡɚ оʆɫɺ, ɜɵɤɚɪɵɫɬɨʆɜɚʆ ɷɩɿɡɚɞɵɱɧɚ. Ɂ ɝɷɬɚɝɚ ɦɨɦɚɧɬɭ

з

ɩɚɱɵɧɚɟɰɰɚ ɚɪɯɟɚɥɚɝɿɱɧɚɹ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵɡɚɰɵɹ, ɹɤɚɹ ɜɵɞɡɹɥɹɟ ʆ ɠɵɰɰɿ

ɩɟɪɲɚɛɵɬɧɚɝɚ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ ɬɪɵ ɜɹɥɿɤɿɯ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵ: ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵ ɜɟɤ, ɛɪɨɧɡɚɜɵ ɜɟɤ ɿ

о

ɠɚɥɟɡɧɵ ɜɟɤ. əɤ ɡɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɚ ɩɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɯ, ɝɷɬɵɹ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɵ ɚɞɪɨɡɧɿɜɚɸɰɰɚ

ɦɚɬɷɪɵɹɥɚɦɿ, ɡ ɹɤɿɯ ɩɟɪɲɚɛɵɬɧɵ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɜɵɪɚɛɥɹʆ ɩɪɵɥɚɞɵ ɩɪɚɰɵ.

п

ɉɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɜɟɤɭ ɞɚɬɭɟɰɰɚ ɩɪɵɤɥɚɞɧɚ 3,5 – 2,5 ɦɥɧ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɬɚɦɭ

ɧɚɡɚɞ, ɚ ɹɝɨ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɷɧɧɟ – 3 ɬɵɫ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ., ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɿ ɤɚɧɟɰ ɛɪɨɧɡɚɜɚɝɚ ɜɟɤɭ

– ɚɞɩɚɜɟɞɧɚ II ɬɵɫ. ɝ. ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ. – VIII – VII ɫɬɫɬ. ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ., ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɿ ɤɚɧɟɰ

Р

ɠɚɥɟɡɧɚɝɚ – VIII – VII ɫɬɫɬ. ɞɚ ɧ.ɷ. – VII – VIII ɫɬɫɬ. ɧ. ɷ. Ⱥɤɪɚɦɹ ɬɚɝɨ, ɭ

ɤɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɵɹɞɡɟ ɜɵɞɡɹɥɹɸɰɶ ɫɜɚɟ ɩɚɞɩɟɪɵɹɞɵ, ɧɚɩɪɵɤɥɚɞ, ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵ ɜɟɤ ɭ

еɫɜɚɸ ɱɚɪɝɭ ɩɚɞɡɹɥɹɟɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɥɟɚɥɿɬ (ɪɚɧɧɿ – 3,2 ɦɥɧ. ɝ. – 150 ɬɵɫ. ɝ.; ɫɹɪɷɞɧɿ –

ɩɪɵɥɚɞɚɦɿ ɩɪɚɰɵ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɪɚɛɿɥɿ ɿɯ ɫɚɦɿ. ȼɵɹʆɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɭɛɚ ɚɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɧɵɹ

и

ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɹ ɩɪɵɥɚɞɵ ɡ ɤɪɷɦɟɧɸ, ɹɤɿɹ ɪɚɛɿɥɿɫɹ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɧɵɦ ɱɵɧɚɦ: ɚɞ ɤɪɷɦɧɟɜɚɝɚ

з

ɧɭɤɥɟʆɫɚ ɩɪɵ ɞɚɩɚɦɨɡɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɤɚɦɧɹ ɚɞɛɿɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɧɟɜɹɥɿɤɿɹ ɤɚɜɚɥɤɿ, ɭ ɜɵɧɿɤɭ

о

п

DZșȎȐȎ 2. ǿǰdzȀ I ǯdzǹǮǾȁǿȊ ȁ ǿȀǮǾǮǴȉȀǻȉ ǽdzǾȉȍDz

ɚɞɧɵɦ ɡ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɩɚɯɚɜɚɧɧɹʆ ɤɚɥɹ ɰɟɥɚ ɡɧɨɣɞɡɟɧɵ ɛɭɤɟɬ ɚɥɶɛɨ ɜɹɧɨɤ ɡ ɪɚɫɥɿɧ.

Ɇɚɝɱɵɦɚ, ɝɷɬɚ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɧɧɟ ɡɚɪɚɞɠɷɧɧɹ ɩɚɯɚɜɚɥɶɧɚɝɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɚ ɿ ɪɷɥɿɝɿɣɧɵɯ

ɭɹʆɥɟɧɧɹʆ. ɒɬɨ ɬɵɱɵɰɰɚ ɫɚɰɵɹɥɶɧɚɣ ɚɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɵɿ, ɬɨ ɯɭɬɱɷɣ ɡɚ ʆɫɺ ɝɷɬɚ ɛɵʆ

ɱɚɥɚɜɟɱɵ ɫɬɚɬɚɤ, ɡɚɫɧɚɜɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɦɿɫɤɭɿɬɷɰɟ – ɧɟʆɩɚɪɚɞɤɚɜɚɧɵɯ ɩɚɥɚɜɵɯ

ɫɭɜɹɡɹɯ.

У

Ɇɟɧɚɜɿɬɚ ɧɟɚɧɞɷɪɬɚɥɟɰ ɫɬɚʆ ɩɟɪɲɵɦ ɬɵɩɚɦ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ɩɪɚɧɿɤ ɧɚ

ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɍ ɱɚɫ ɲɵɪɨɤɚɝɚ ɪɚɫɫɹɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɪɲɵɯ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɩɚ ȿʆɪɨɩɟ

(ɤɚɥɹ 600 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɬɚɦɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ) ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɤɪɚɿɧɵ ɛɵɥɚ

ɧɟɩɪɵɞɚɬɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɫɜɚɟɧɧɹ, ɛɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɚɤɪɵɬɚ ɥɟɞɚɜɿɤɨɦ. ɍ ɬɨɣ ɱɚɫ ɚɞɛɵɥɿɫɹ 3

ɚɛɥɟɞɡɹɧɟɧɧɿ, ɹɤɿɹ ɡɚɤɪɚɧɭɥɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɶ:

Н

ɥɟɞɚɜɿɤ

1) Ȼɹɪɷɡɿɧɫɤɿ

(Ɉɤɫɤɿ)

ɞɨʆɠɵʆɫɹ ɚɞ 500 ɞɚ 350 ɬɵɫ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɬɚɦɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ; 2) Ⱦɧɹɩɪɨʆɫɤɿ ɞɨʆɠɵʆɫɹ ɚɞ

300 ɞɚ 110 ɬɵɫ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɬɚɦɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ; 3) ȼɚɥɞɚɣɫɤɿ – 90 – 13 ɬɵɫТ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ.

Б

ɉɚɦɿɠ Ȼɹɪɷɡɿɧɫɤɿɦ ɿ Ⱦɧɹɩɪɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɥɟɞɚɜɿɤɚɦɿ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɷɩɨɯɚ ɩɟɪɲɚɝɚ

ɦɿɠɥɟɞɚɜɿɤɨʆɹ (350 – 300 ɬɵɫ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɬɚɦɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ), ɤɚɥɿ ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ

ʆɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ɡ’ɹɜɿɥɿɫɹ ɪɚɫɥɿɧɵ, ɩɚɞɨɛɧɵɹ ɧɚ ɫɺɧɹɲɧɿɹ (ɯɜɚɺɜɵɹ ɿ ɲɵɪɚɤɚɥɿɫɬɵɹ

ɥɹɫɵ), ɛɭɣɧɵɹ ɠɵɜɺɥɵ (ɦɚɦɚɧɬɵ, ɲɚɪɫɰɿɫɬɵɹ ɧɚɫɚɪɨɝɿ, ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɵɹ ɚɥɟɧɿ ɿ

и

ɿɧɲ.), ɚɥɟ ɫɥɹɞɨʆ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɚɧɧɹ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɝɷɬɵ ɱɚɫ ɭ ɞɚɞɡɟɧɵɦ ɚɪɷɚɥɟ ɧɟ

ɡɧɨɣɞɡɟɧɚ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɿ ɩɚɦɿɠ Ⱦɧɹɩɪɨʆɫɤɿɦ ɿ ȼɚɥɞɚɣɫɤɿɦ ɥɟɞɚɜɿɤɚɦɿ, ɭ ɱɚɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ

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(Ɇɿɤɭɥɿɧɫɤɚɝɚ) ɦɿɠɥɟɞɚɜɿɤɨʆ’ɹ (110 – 90йɬɵɫ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɬɚɦɭ ɧɚɡɚɞ) ɩɚɱɚɥɨɫɹ

ɩɪɚɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɧɟɚɧɞɷɪɬɚɥɶɰɚʆ ɧɚ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɵ ʆɫɯɨɞ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. Ⱥɛ ɝɷɬɵɦ ɫɜɟɞɱɚɰɶ

ɝɪɭɛɚɚɩɪɚɰɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɵɹ ɩɪɵɥɚɞɵ ɩɪɚɰɵ, ɡɧɨɣɞɡɟɧɵɹ ɤɚɥɹ ɜɺɫɚɤ

т

Ⱥɛɿɞɚɜɿɱɵ, ɋɜɹɰɿɥɚɜɿɱɵ, Ʉɥɟɟɜɿɱɵ ɿ ɉɚɞɥɭɠɠɚ. Ⱥɞɧɚɤ ɧɿ ɫɬɚɹɧɚɤ

ɧɟɚɧɞɷɪɬɚɥɶɰɚʆ, ɧɿ ɿɯ ɤɚɫɰɹɧɵɯ ɪɷɲɬɤɚʆ ɧɚ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɚɤɭɥɶ ɧɟ ɡɧɨɣɞɡɟɧɚ.

и

ɉɪɚɧɿɤɧɟɧɧɟ ɧɟɚɧɞɷɪɬɚɥɶɰɚʆоɚɞɛɵɜɚɥɚɫɹ ʆ ɱɚɫ ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɝɚ ɩɚɥɟɚɥɿɬɚ

з

(ɷɩɨɯɚ Ɇɭɫɰɶɟ). Ⱥɥɟ ɚɩɨɲɧɿ ɥɟɞɚɜɿɤ (ȼɚɥɞɚɣɫɤɿ) ɩɪɵɦɭɫɿʆ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ ɡɧɨʆ

ɩɚɤɿɧɭɰɶ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɇɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɪɚɡ ɿɥɶɞɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɿ

о

ɩɚʆɧɨɱɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɧɚɲɚɣ ɪɷɫɩɭɛɥɿɤɿ – ȼɿɰɟɛɫɤɚɟ ɉɚɚɡɟɪ’ɟ, ɚɥɟ ʆ ɫɭɦɟɠɧɵɯ

ɪɚɺɧɚɯ ɩɪɚɠɵɜɚɧɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɟɦɚɝɱɵɦɚ ɡ-ɡɚ ɫɭɪɨɜɚɝɚ ɤɥɿɦɚɬɭ. ɇɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɪɚɡɨʆ

п

ɥɟɞɚɜɿɤ ɚɞɫɬɭɩɚʆ ɿ ɡɧɨʆ ɜɹɪɬɚʆɫɹ. ɍ ɱɚɫ ɚɞɧɚɝɨ ɡ ɬɚɤɿɯ ɩɚɰɹɩɥɟɧɧɹʆ, ɭ ɷɩɨɯɭ

ɜɟɪɯɧɹɝɚ ɩɚɥɟɚɥɿɬɭ, ɧɚ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɸ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɩɪɚɧɿɤ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɬɵɩɭ –

ɤɪɚɦɚɧɶɺɧɟɰ. Ʉɪɚɦɚɧɶɺɧɰɵ (Homo sapiens – “ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵ”) ɡ’ɹʆɥɹɸɰɰɚ

Р

ɚɩɨɲɧɿɦ ɬɵɩɚɦ ɭ ɷɜɚɥɸɰɵɿ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚ. ȱɯ ɚɛ’ɺɦ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɞɚɫɹɝɚʆ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɡɚ 2000

ɤɭɛɿɱɧɵɯ ɫɦ., ɩɚ ɡɧɟɲɧɹɦɭ ɜɵɝɥɹɞɭ ɹɧɵ ɩɨʆɧɚɫɰɸ ɚɞɩɚɜɹɞɚɥɿ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɦɭ

еɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɭ. Ɂ’ɹʆɥɟɧɧɟ ɤɪɚɦɚɧɶɺɧɰɚʆ ɚɞɧɨɫɹɰɶ ɞɚ 50 – 40 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ. ɇɚ

ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɹɧɵ ʆɩɟɪɲɵɧɸ ɩɚɫɹɥɿɫɹ ɤɚɥɹ 35 – 30 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɝɚɞɨʆ ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ.

Ⱥɞ ɱɚɫɨʆ ɜɟɪɯɧɹɝɚ ɩɚɥɟɚɥɿɬɭ ʆ ɧɚɫ

ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɚɫɹ 2

ɫɬɚɹɧɤɿ:

ɘɪɚɜɿɱɵ

(ɞɚɬɭɟɰɰɚ 24 ɬɵɫ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ.) ɿ Ȼɟɪɞɵɠ (21 ɬɵɫ. ɝɚɞɨʆ ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ.). Ⱥɛɟɞɡɜɟ

ɹɧɵ ɡɧɚɯɨɞɡɹɰɰɚ ɧɚ ɩɚʆɞɧɺɜɵɦ ɭɫɯɨɞɡɟ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɛɨ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤ ɪɚɫɫɹɥɹʆɫɹ ɡ

ɩɨʆɞɧɹ, ɩɚ ɰɹɱɷɧɧɿ ɪɚɤɿ Ⱦɧɟɩɪ ɿ ɹɝɨ ɩɪɵɬɨɤɚʆ. ɇɚ ɫɬɚɹɧɤɚɯ ɡɧɨɣɞɡɟɧɵ ɪɷɲɬɤɿ

ɠɵɬɥɚʆ, ɹɤɿɹ ʆɹʆɥɹɥɿ ɫɚɛɨɣ ɩɚɛɭɞɨɜɵ ɩɚʆɡɹɦɥɹɧɤɚɜɚɝɚ ɬɵɩɭ ɡ ɤɨɫɬɚɤ ɛɭɣɧɵɯ

ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɹ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɵɞɚɬɧɚɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɫɹɥɟɧɧɹ ɥɸɞɡɟɣ. Ⱥɞ ɥɟɞɚɜɿɤɚ

ɡɚɫɬɚʆɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɷɪɧɵ ɪɚʆɧɿɧɧɵ ɪɷɥɶɟɮ ɡ ɦɚɪɷɧɧɵɦɿ ʆɡɝɨɪɤɚɦɿ, ɭ ɧɟɬɪɚɯ ɹɤɿɯ

и

ɡɚɯɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɚɫɚɞɤɚɜɵɹ ɩɚɪɨɞɵ, ɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɜɟɪɯɧɿ ɡɚɫɬɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɷɲɬɤɿ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɚɪɨɞ ɭ

ɜɵɝɥɹɞɡɟ ɲɦɚɬɥɿɤɿɯ ɤɚɦɹɧɺʆ –

ɤɪɷɦɧɹ, ɝɪɚɧɿɬɚ, ɛɚɡɚɥɶɬɚ ɿ ɿɧɲ. Ɍɚɤɫɚɦɚ

р

ɪɷɥɿɤɬɚɦɿ ɥɟɞɚɜɿɤɚ ɫɬɚɥɿ ɚɡɺɪɵ, ɹɤɿɯ ɚɫɚɛɥɿɜɚйɲɦɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɨʆɧɚɱɵ Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ, ɺɧ ɠɚ

ɩɚɤɿɧɭʆ ɧɚɦ ɪɚɡɝɚɥɿɧɚɜɚɧɵɹ ɪɚɱɧɵɹ ɫɿɫɬɷɦɵ. Ɂ ɚɩɨɲɧɿɦ ɩɚɰɹɩɥɟɧɧɟɦ ɧɚ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ ʆɥɚɞɤɚɜɚɥɿɫɹ ɪɚɫɥɿɧɧɵ ɿ ɠɵɜɺɥɶɧɵ ɫɜɟɬ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɚɝɚ ɬɵɩɭ. ȼɹɥɿɡɧɵɹ

т

ɠɵɜɺɥɵ ɧɚɤɲɚɥɬ ɦɚɦɚɧɬɚ, ɲɚɪɫɰɿɫɬɚɝɚ ɧɚɫɚɪɨɝɚ ɫɚɫɬɭɩɿɥɿ ɫɜɚɺ ɦɟɫɰɚ ɛɭɪɵɦ

ɦɹɞɡɜɟɞɡɹɦ, ɜɵɫɚɤɚɪɨɞɧɵɦ ɚɥɟɧɹɦ, ɡɭɛɪɚɦ, ɜɚʆɤɚɦ ɿ ɿɧɲɵɦ ɛɨɥɶɲ ɞɪɨɛɧɵɦ

и

ɩɪɚɞɫɬɚʆɧɿɤɚɦ ɮɚɭɧɵ, ɹɤɿɹоɩɪɚɰɹɝɜɚɸɰɶ ɫɜɚɺ ɿɫɧɚɜɚɧɧɟ ɿ ɞɚ ɧɚɲɚɝɚ ɱɚɫɭ.

з

Ⱦɚ ɤɚɧɰɚ 10 – ɩɚɱɚɬɤɭ 9 ɬɵɫɹɱɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ. ɚɞɧɨɫɿɰɰɚ ɩɚɱɚɬɚɤ ɦɟɡɚɥɿɬɚ

(ɫɹɪɷɞɧɹɝɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɧɚɝɚ ɜɟɤɚ), ɹɤɿ ɞɨʆɠɵʆɫɹ ɞɚ 5 ɬɵɫɹɱɚɝɨɞɞɡɹ ɞɚ ɧ. ɷ. ɍ ɝɷɬɵ

о

ɱɚɫ ɚɞɛɵɜɚɟɰɰɚ ɤɚɧɱɚɬɤɨɜɚɟ ɿ ɩɨʆɧɚɟ ɡɚɫɹɥɟɧɧɟ ɱɚɥɚɜɟɤɚɦ ɬɷɪɵɬɨɪɵɿ

Ȼɟɥɚɪɭɫɿ. ɇɚ ɝɷɬɵ ɪɚɡ ɫɸɞɵ ɩɪɵɲɥɿ ɚɞɪɚɡɭ ɧɟɤɚɥɶɤɿ ɝɪɭɩ ɩɥɹɦɺɧɚʆ ɪɨɡɧɚɣ

п

ʆɬɜɚɪɵɥɿ 4 ɧɨɜɵɹ ɷɬɧɿɱɧɵɹ ɪɷɝɿɺɧɵ. Ɂ

ɷɬɧɿɱɧɚɣ ɩɪɵɧɚɥɟɠɧɚɫɰɿ, ɹɤɿɹ