- •VOLUME 1 CONTENTS
- •NOTATION
- •ENGLISH/METRIC AND METRIC/ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS
- •EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- •ES.1 Background
- •ES.2 BLM Proposed Action
- •ES.2.1 BLM Purpose and Need
- •ES.2.2 BLM Scope of Analysis
- •ES.2.3 Applications for Solar Energy Development on BLM Lands
- •ES.2.4 BLM Alternatives
- •ES.2.4.1 Program Elements Common to Both BLM Action Alternatives
- •ES.2.4.3 Solar Energy Zone Program Alternative
- •ES.2.4.4 No Action Alternative
- •ES.2.4.5 Reasonably Foreseeable Solar Energy Development
- •ES.2.4.6 Summary of Impacts of BLM’s Alternatives
- •ES.2.4.7 BLM’s Preferred Alternative
- •ES.3 DOE Proposed Action
- •ES.3.1 DOE Purpose and Need
- •ES.3.2 DOE Scope of Analysis
- •ES.3.3 DOE Alternatives
- •ES.3.3.2 No Action Alternative
- •ES.3.4 Summary of Impacts of DOE’s Alternatives
- •ES.4 Public Involvement, Consultation, and Coordination
- •ES.5 References
- •1 INTRODUCTION
- •1.1 Applicable Federal Orders and Mandates
- •1.1.1 Executive Order 13212
- •1.1.2 Energy Policy Act of 2005
- •1.1.3 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
- •1.1.4 DOI Secretarial Order 3285A1
- •1.1.5 Executive Order 13514
- •1.1.6 DOI Secretarial Order 3297
- •1.3 BLM Requirements and Objectives for the PEIS
- •1.3.1 BLM’s Purpose and Need
- •1.3.2 BLM Decisions To Be Made
- •1.3.3 Authorization Process for Solar Energy Development on BLM Lands
- •1.3.3.1 New Applications
- •1.3.3.2 Pending Applications
- •1.3.3.3 Approved Applications
- •1.3.4 BLM Land Use Planning Process
- •1.3.5 BLM Scope of the Analysis
- •1.3.5.1 Program Analysis Versus SEZ-Specific Analysis
- •1.3.6 BLM Planning Criteria
- •1.4 DOE Requirements and Objectives for the PEIS
- •1.4.1 DOE’s Purpose and Need
- •1.4.2 DOE Decisions To Be Made
- •1.4.3 DOE Scope of the Analysis
- •1.5 Cooperating Agencies
- •1.6.1 Renewable Portfolio Standards and Other Regional and State Initiatives
- •1.6.2 Related Initiatives
- •1.6.2.1 Energy Corridor Designation
- •1.6.2.3 California Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan
- •1.6.2.4 Arizona Restoration Design Energy Project
- •1.6.2.5 Wind Energy Development PEIS
- •1.6.2.6 Geothermal PEIS
- •1.8 References
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 BLM Alternatives
- •2.2.1 Program Elements Common to Both BLM Action Alternatives
- •2.2.1.1 Right-of-Way Authorization Policies
- •2.2.1.2 Monitoring, Adaptive Management, and Mitigation
- •2.2.1.3 Design Features
- •2.2.1.4 Segregation of Lands with Potential for Solar Development
- •2.2.2.1 Proposed Right-of-Way Exclusion Areas
- •2.2.2.2 Proposed Solar Energy Zones
- •2.2.2.3 Proposed Variance Areas for Utility-Scale Solar Energy Development
- •2.2.2.4 Land Use Plans To Be Amended
- •2.2.3 SEZ Program Alternative
- •2.2.3.1 Proposed Right-of-Way Exclusion Areas
- •2.2.3.2 Proposed Solar Energy Zones
- •2.2.3.3 Solar Energy Zone Policies
- •2.2.3.4 Land Use Plans To Be Amended
- •2.3 DOE Alternatives
- •2.3.1 No Action Alternative
- •2.3.2 Action Alternative—DOE’s Proposed Programmatic Environmental Guidance
- •2.3.2.1 General Mitigation Measures
- •2.3.2.2 Institutional and Public Outreach
- •2.3.2.3 Land Use
- •2.3.2.4 Water Resources and Erosion Control
- •2.3.2.5 Biological Resources
- •2.3.2.6 Air Quality
- •2.3.2.7 Cultural Resources and Native American Interactions
- •2.3.2.8 Visual Resources and Aesthetics
- •2.3.2.9 Socioeconomics
- •2.3.2.10 Environmental Justice
- •2.3.2.11 Safety and Health
- •2.4 Description of Reasonably Foreseeable Development Scenario
- •2.4.1 Comparison of RFDS with Lands Available under the Action Alternatives
- •2.5 Other Alternatives and Issues Considered
- •2.5.1 Distributed Generation
- •2.5.2 Conservation and Demand-Side Management
- •2.5.3 Analysis of Life-Cycle Impacts of Solar Energy Development
- •2.5.4 Analysis of Development on Other Federal, State, or Private Lands
- •2.5.5 Restricting Development to Previously Disturbed Lands
- •2.5.6 Restricting Development to Populated Areas
- •2.5.7 Restricting Development to the Fast-Track Project Applications
- •2.5.8 Analysis of Development on the Maximum Amount of Public Lands Allowable
- •2.5.9 Changes to BLM’s Proposed Solar Energy Zones
- •2.5.10 Other Suggested Alternatives
- •2.5.11 DOE Environmental Requirements
- •2.6 References
- •3.1 Technologies
- •3.2 Development Process Overview for All Technologies
- •3.2.1 Site Characterization
- •3.2.2 Site Preparation and Construction
- •3.2.3 Operations
- •3.2.4 Decommissioning and Reclamation
- •3.2.5 Transmission Facilities
- •3.4 Transportation Considerations
- •3.6 Health and Safety Aspects of Solar Energy Projects
- •3.7 Existing Agency Processes and Guidance
- •3.8 References
- •4 UPDATE TO AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Lands and Realty
- •4.4 Rangeland Resources
- •4.4.1 Livestock Grazing
- •4.4.2 Wild Horses and Burros
- •4.4.3 Wildland Fire
- •4.5 Recreation
- •4.6 Military and Civilian Aviation
- •4.7 Geologic Setting and Soil Resources
- •4.7.1 Geologic Setting
- •4.7.2 Geologic Hazards
- •4.7.3 Soil Resources
- •4.8 Minerals
- •4.9 Water Resources
- •4.9.1 Surface Water Resources
- •4.9.2 Groundwater Resources
- •4.9.3 Water Rights, Supply, and Use
- •4.10 Ecological Resources
- •4.10.1 Vegetation
- •4.10.2 Wildlife
- •4.10.3 Aquatic Biota
- •4.10.3.1 Pacific Northwest Hydrologic Region
- •4.10.3.2 Lower Colorado, Rio Grande, and Great Basin Hydrologic Regions
- •4.10.3.3 California Hydrologic Region
- •4.10.3.4 Upper Colorado River Hydrologic Region
- •4.10.3.5 Missouri River Basin Hydrologic Region
- •4.10.4 Special Status Species
- •4.11 Air Quality and Climate
- •4.11.3 Update to Section 4.11.2.4 of the Draft Solar PEIS: Visibility Protection
- •4.11.4 Update to Section 4.11.2.5 of the Draft Solar PEIS: General Conformity
- •4.11.5 Addition of New Section 4.11.4: Toxic Dust and Snowmelt
- •4.12 Visual Resources
- •4.13 Acoustic Environment
- •4.14 Paleontological Resources
- •4.15 Cultural Resources
- •4.16 Native American Concerns
- •4.17 Socioeconomics
- •4.18 Environmental Justice
- •4.19 References
- •4.20 Errata to Chapter 4 of the Draft Solar PEIS
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Lands and Realty
- •5.4 Rangeland Resources
- •5.4.1 Livestock Grazing
- •5.4.2 Wild Horses and Burros
- •5.4.3 Wildland Fire
- •5.5 Recreation
- •5.6 Military and Civilian Aviation
- •5.7 Geologic Setting and Soil Resources
- •5.8 Minerals
- •5.9 Water Resources
- •5.10 Ecological Resources
- •5.10.1 Vegetation
- •5.10.2 Wildlife
- •5.10.3 Aquatic Biota and Habitats
- •5.10.3.1 Common Impacts
- •5.10.3.2 Technology-Specific Impacts
- •5.10.4 Special Status Species
- •5.11 Air Quality and Climate
- •5.11.1 Common Impacts
- •5.11.1.1 Construction: Update to Section 5.11.1.2 of the Draft Solar PEIS
- •5.11.1.2 Operations: Update to Section 5.11.1.3 of the Draft Solar PEIS
- •5.12 Visual Resources
- •5.13 Acoustic Environment
- •5.13.1 Common Impacts
- •5.13.1.1 Construction: Update to Section 5.13.1.2 of the Draft Solar PEIS
- •5.13.1.2 Operations: Update to Section 5.13.1.3 of the Draft Solar PEIS
- •5.14 Paleontological Resources
- •5.15 Cultural Resources
- •5.15.1 Common Impacts
- •5.16 Native American Concerns
- •5.17 Socioeconomics
- •5.18 Environmental Justice
- •5.19 Transportation
- •5.20 Hazardous Materials and Waste
- •5.21 Health and Safety
- •5.22 References
- •5.23 Errata to Chapter 5 of the Draft Solar PEIS
- •6 ANALYSIS OF BLM’S SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES
- •6.1.2 Minimize Environmental Impacts
- •6.1.3 Minimize Social and Economic Impacts
- •6.1.4 Provide Flexibility to Solar Industry
- •6.1.5 Optimize Existing Transmission Infrastructure and Corridors
- •6.1.6 Standardize and Streamline the Authorization Process
- •6.1.7 Meet Projected Demand for Solar Energy Development
- •6.2 Impacts of the SEZ Program Alternative
- •6.2.2 Minimize Environmental Impacts
- •6.2.3 Minimize Social and Economic Impacts
- •6.2.4 Provide Flexibility to Solar Industry
- •6.2.5 Optimize Existing Transmission Infrastructure and Corridors
- •6.2.6 Standardize and Streamline the Authorization Process
- •6.2.7 Meet Projected Demand for Solar Energy Development
- •6.3 Impacts of the No Action Alternative
- •6.3.2 Minimize Environmental Impacts
- •6.3.3 Minimize Social and Economic Impacts
- •6.3.4 Provide Flexibility to Solar Industry
- •6.3.5 Optimize Existing Transmission Infrastructure and Corridors
- •6.3.6 Standardize and Streamline the Authorization Process
- •6.3.7 Meet Projected Demand for Solar Energy Development
- •6.5 Cumulative Impacts
- •6.5.1 Overview of Activities in the Six-State Study Area
- •6.5.1.1 Energy Production and Distribution
- •6.5.1.2 Other Activities and Trends
- •6.5.2 Cumulative Impact Assessment for Solar Energy Development
- •6.5.2.1 Lands and Realty
- •6.5.2.2 Specially Designated Areas and Lands with Wilderness Characteristics
- •6.5.2.3 Rangeland Resources
- •6.5.2.4 Recreation
- •6.5.2.5 Military and Civilian Aviation
- •6.5.2.6 Geologic Setting and Soil Resources
- •6.5.2.7 Mineral Resources
- •6.5.2.8 Water Resources
- •6.5.2.9 Ecological Resources
- •6.5.2.10 Air Quality and Climate
- •6.5.2.11 Visual Resources
- •6.5.2.12 Acoustic Environment
- •6.5.2.13 Paleontological Resources
- •6.5.2.14 Cultural Resources
- •6.5.2.15 Native American Concerns
- •6.5.2.16 Socioeconomics
- •6.5.2.17 Environmental Justice
- •6.5.2.18 Transportation
- •6.6 Other NEPA Considerations
- •6.6.1 Unavoidable Adverse Impacts
- •6.6.2 Short-Term Use of the Environment and Long-Term Productivity
- •6.6.3 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources
- •6.6.4 Mitigation of Adverse Effects
- •6.7 References
- •7 ANALYSIS OF DOE’S ALTERNATIVES
- •7.1 Impacts of DOE’s Proposed Action
- •7.2 Impacts of the No Action Alternative
- •7.3 Cumulative Impacts
- •7.4 Other NEPA Considerations
- •7.4.1 Unavoidable Adverse Impacts
- •7.4.2 Short-Term Use of the Environment and Long-Term Productivity
- •7.4.3 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources
- •7.4.4 Mitigation of Adverse Effects
- •14.1 Public Scoping and Public Outreach
- •14.2 Government-to-Government Consultation
- •14.3 Coordination of BLM State and Field Offices
- •14.4 Agency Cooperation, Consultation, and Coordination
- •14.5 References
- •15 LIST OF PREPARERS
- •16 GLOSSARY
- •FIGURE ES.2-1 Areas Proposed for Exclusion Since Publication of the Supplement to the Draft Solar PEIS Based on Continued Consultation with Cooperating Agencies and Tribes
- •FIGURE ES.2-4 BLM-Administered Lands in Colorado Available for Application for Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives Considered in This PEIS
- •FIGURE 1.2-2 Solar Direct Normal Insolation Levels in the Southwestern United States
- •FIGURE 2.2-3 BLM-Administered Lands in Colorado Available for Application for Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives Considered in This PEIS
- •FIGURE 2.2-7 Areas Proposed for Exclusion Since Publication of the Supplement to the Draft Solar PEIS Based on Continued Consultation with Cooperating Agencies and Tribes
- •TABLE ES.2-3 Proposed SEZs and Approximate Acreage by State
- •TABLE ES.2-5 Summary-Level Assessment of Potential Environmental Impacts of Utility-Scale Solar Energy Development by Alternative
- •TABLE ES.2-6 Comparison of BLM’s Alternatives with Respect to Objectives for the Agency’s Action
- •TABLE 2.2-3 Proposed SEZs and Approximate Acreage by State
- •TABLE 4.15-3 ACECs Designated for Protection of Cultural Resource Values That Are near BLM-Administered Lands Available for Application through the Variance Process
- •TABLE 6.1-2 Summary-Level Assessment of Potential Environmental Impacts of Utility-Scale Solar Energy Development by Alternative
- •TABLE 6.4-1 Comparison of BLM’s Alternatives with Respect to Objectives for the Agencies’ Action
- •TABLE 6.5-10 Recreational Visits for the BLM and NPS in FY 2000 and FY 2010 and for USFS in FY 2000 and FY 2010
1 |
5.23 ERRATA TO CHAPTER 5 OF THE DRAFT SOLAR PEIS |
2 |
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3 |
This section presents corrections to material presented in the Draft Solar PEIS. The need |
4for these corrections was identified in several ways: through comments received on the Draft
5Solar PEIS and the Supplement to the Draft (and verified by the authors), through new
6 information obtained by the authors subsequent to publication of the Draft Solar PEIS and the 7 Supplement to the Draft, or through additional review of the original material by the authors. 8 Table 5.23-1 provides corrections to information presented in the Draft Solar PEIS.
9
Final Solar PEIS |
5-33 |
July 2012 |
PEIS Solar Final
1TABLE 5.23-1 Errata to Chapter 5 (Impacts of Solar Energy Development and Potential Mitigation Measures) of the Draft Solar PEIS
Section No. |
Page No. |
Line No. |
Figure No. |
Table No. |
Correction |
5.4.2.1.1 |
5-12 |
32 |
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The following sentence should be added to the end of the paragraph: “The effects of |
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these construction activities include potential loss of forage and displacement of |
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wild horses and burros from preferred habitats.” |
5.4.2.3 |
5-13 |
15–16 |
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“access to water sources” should read “retention of wild horse and burro access to |
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water resources.” |
5.7.1 |
5-20 to |
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5.7-1 |
Note that for each entry in this table, all of the resources listed in the last column, |
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5-21 |
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“Resources Affected by Soil Impact,” are affected by all the activities listed in the |
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second column, “Impacting Project Activities.” The format in the Draft Solar PEIS |
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is somewhat misleading in that it appears that one activity affects only one resource |
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(because each line is separated by a space). |
34-5
2012 July
2
5.7.25-27 23
5.7.4.25-35 28
5.10.2.1.15-73 45
5.10.2.1.25-74 24
5.10.2.1.35-81 2
5.10.2.1.3 5-82 23
A parenthetical phrase “(for the same electricity production)” should be added to the end of the sentence on this line.
The “).” at the end of the sentence has no meaning and should be deleted.
The word “could” should be replaced with “would.”
The word “animals” should be replaced with “species.”
The following sentence should be added to the end of the paragraph:
“Section 5.10.3.1.3 discusses the potential impact of polarized light reflected off of solar panels on aquatic insects.”
The first sentence should read: “Night lighting could also disturb wildlife in the solar energy project area (e.g., alter reproductive activities, predator/prey interactions, and orientation capabilities) (Longcore and Rich 2004; Navara and Nelson 2007).”
PEIS Solar Final
35-5
2012 July
TABLE 5.23-1 (Cont.)
Section No. |
Page No. |
Line No. |
Figure No. |
Table No. |
Correction |
5.10.2.1.4 |
5-85 |
28 |
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Delete: “In the extreme.” |
5.10.2.1.5 |
5-85 |
35 |
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The section title should read as, “5.10.2.1.5 Transmission Lines.” |
5.10.2.1.6 |
5-90 to |
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5.10-2 |
The column heading “Expected Relative Impact for Different Plant Communities” |
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5-96 |
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should read as, “Expected Relative Impact for Different Wildlife Groups.” |
5.10.5 |
5-126 to |
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Each mention of “crucial wildlife habitats” should be followed by “and linkages.” |
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5-144 |
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The resulting phrase should state “crucial wildlife habitats and linkages.” |
5.10.5.1 |
5-127 |
9 |
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“and linkages” should be added after “wildlife habitats.” |
5.10.5.1 |
5-127 |
23 |
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The following sentence should be added: “Pre-disturbance surveys should be |
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designed with seasonal and other life-history constraints in mind to ensure that they |
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are conducted during periods of optimum detection of the ecological resources |
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being investigated.” |
5.10.5.1 |
5-128 |
23 |
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The following mitigation measure should be deleted: “Plant species that would |
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attract wildlife should not be planted along high-speed or high-traffic roads.” |
5.10.5.1 |
5-128 |
31–34 |
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The following mitigation measure should be deleted: “If cattle guards are identified |
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for the design for new roads, they should be wildlife friendly. To the extent |
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practicable, improvements should be made to existing ways and trails that require |
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cattle to pass through existing fences, fence-line gates, new gates, and standard wire |
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gates alongside them.” |
5.10.5.3 |
5-137 |
23 |
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Species that would attract wildlife should not be planted along high-speed or high- |
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traffic roads. |
5.10.5.3 |
5-137 |
19 |
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“sage-grouse” should be changed to “sage grouse.” |
PEIS Solar Final
36-5
2012 July
TABLE 5.23-1 (Cont.)
Section No. |
Page No. |
Line No. |
Figure No. |
Table No. |
Correction |
5.11 |
All |
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In discussing CO2 emissions, the Draft Solar PEIS used terminology referring to |
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“displaced” emissions, e.g.: “CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel-fired power plants |
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could be displaced by solar facilities.” Throughout Section 5.11, the term |
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“displaced” should be replaced with “avoided”, e.g.: “CO2 emissions from fossil- |
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fuel-fired power plants could be avoided by solar facilities.” |
5.11.4 |
5-157 |
45 |
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The following should be added to the end of the paragraph, “The actual magnitude |
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of emissions avoided would depend on many factors influencing the generation and |
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distribution of electricity. The estimates presented in this Final Solar PEIS |
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approximate the maximum values that could be achieved, because they assume full |
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build-out of each proposed SEZ.” |
5.12 |
5-160 |
Text box |
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The following should be added to the last sentence under Viewer Distance and |
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Angle: “, and the full size, geometry, and various components of the project may be |
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more apparent.” |
5.12 |
5-162 |
46 |
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“Light pollution” should be changed to “Facility and vehicle lighting that causes |
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light pollution at night.” |
5.12 |
5-163 |
28–30 |
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“This zone includes areas beyond 15 mi [24 km] or where only the form or outline |
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of the project can be seen or the project cannot be seen at all (BLM 1986a) should |
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read as, “This zone includes areas that are not visible within the foreground- |
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middleground and background zones, and areas beyond the background zone |
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(BLM 1986a).” |
5.12 |
5-164 |
6 |
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“and omissions” should be added. |
5.12 |
5-164 |
8 |
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“Detailed” should be changed to “More detailed.” |
5.12 |
5-164 |
19 |
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“would include” should be changed to “could account for.” |
5.12 |
5-165 |
21 |
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“the distance to the facilities were short” should be deleted. |
PEIS Solar Final
37-5
2012 July
TABLE 5.23-1 (Cont.)
Section No. |
Page No. |
Line No. |
Figure No. |
Table No. |
Correction |
5.12.1.3.1 |
5-169 |
15 |
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“, making the facility’s size and strong regular geometry more apparent” should be |
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added after “visible.” |
5.12.1.5 |
5-174 |
14 |
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“if they exceeded 200 ft (m) in height, although towers this tall are unusual” should |
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be added after “lights.” |
5.12.2.1.1 |
5-176 |
22 |
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“2010” should be “2012b.” |
5.12.2.1.1 |
5-179 |
16 |
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“2010” should be “2012b.” |
5.12.2.1.1 |
5-179 |
21 |
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“2010” should be “2012b.” |
5.12.2.1.1 |
5-179 |
23 |
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“2010” should be “2012b.” |
5.12.2.1.1 |
5-182 |
9 |
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“2010” should be “2012b.” |
5.12.2.3 |
5-184 |
4 |
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“potentially” should be added after “are.” |
5.12.2.3 |
5-186 |
9 |
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“2010” should be “2012b.” |
5.12.2.3 |
5-186 |
20 |
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“2010” should be “2012b.” |
5.12.2.3 |
5-187 |
5 |
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“up to” should be changed to “more than.” |
5.12.2.5 |
5-191 |
12 |
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“2010” should be”2012b.” |
5.12.2.5 |
5-191 |
13 |
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“thin film” should be added before “PV.” |
5.12.2.5 |
5-191 |
15–16 |
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The following should be deleted: “In addition, the apparent color of the panels |
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varied from black to gray to silvery white, depending on viewer location and other |
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visibility factors.” |
PEIS Solar Final
1
38-5
2012 July
TABLE 5.23-1 (Cont.)
Section No. |
Page No. |
Line No. |
Figure No. |
Table No. |
Correction |
5.15.3 |
5-220 |
Footnote |
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The footnote on the PA incorrectly states that the National Council of State Historic |
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7 |
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Preservation Officers (SHPOs) is a party to the Solar Programmatic Agreement; the |
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text should be revised to state “A PA specific to solar development on BLM- |
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administered lands is being negotiated among the BLM, the six individual SHPOs, |
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and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP). |
