FES 12-24 • DOE/EIS-0403
Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) for Solar Energy Development in Six Southwestern States
Volume 1
Executive Summary
Chapters 1–7, 14–16
July 2012
Bureau of Land Management
U.S. Department of Energy
Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) for Solar Energy Development in Six Southwestern States (FES 12-24; DOE/EIS-0403)
Responsible Agencies: The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) are co-lead agencies. Nineteen cooperating agencies participated in the preparation of this PEIS: U.S. Department of Defense; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; U.S. National Park Service; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 9; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, South Pacific Division; Arizona Game and Fish Department; California Energy Commission; California Public Utilities Commission; Nevada Department of Wildlife; N-4 Grazing Board, Nevada; Utah Public Lands Policy Coordination Office; Clark County, Nevada, including Clark County Department of Aviation; Doña Ana County, New Mexico; Esmeralda County, Nevada; Eureka County, Nevada; Lincoln County, Nevada; Nye County, Nevada; and Saguache County, Colorado.
Locations: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah.
Contacts: For further information about this PEIS, contact: Shannon Stewart, BLM Washington Office, e-mail: shannon_stewart@blm.gov, phone: (202) 912-7219; or Jane Summerson, DOE Solar PEIS Document Manager, e-mail: jane.summerson@ee.doe.gov, phone: (202) 287-6188; or visit the PEIS Web site at http://solareis.anl.gov.
Abstract: The BLM and DOE have jointly prepared this PEIS to evaluate actions that the agencies are considering taking to further facilitate utility-scale solar energy development in six southwestern states.1 For the BLM, this includes the evaluation of a new Solar Energy Program applicable to solar development on BLM-administered lands. For DOE, it includes the evaluation of developing new guidance to further facilitate utility-scale solar energy development and maximize the mitigation of associated potential environmental impacts. This Solar PEIS evaluates the potential environmental, social, and economic effects of the agencies’ proposed actions and alternatives in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Council on Environmental Quality’s regulations for implementing NEPA (Title 40, Parts 1500–1508 of the Code of Federal Regulations [40 CFR Parts 1500–1508]), and applicable BLM and DOE authorities.
For the BLM, the Final Solar PEIS analyzes a no action alternative, under which solar energy development would continue on BLM-administered lands in accordance with the terms and conditions of the BLM’s existing solar energy policies, and two action alternatives that involve implementing a new BLM Solar Energy Program that would allow the permitting of future solar energy development projects on public lands to proceed in a more efficient, standardized, and environmentally responsible manner. The proposed program would establish right-of-way authorization policies and design features applicable to all utility-scale solar energy development on BLM-administered lands. It would identify categories of lands to be excluded from utility-scale solar energy development and specific locations well suited for utility-scale production of solar energy where the BLM would prioritize development (i.e., solar energy zones or SEZs). The proposed action would also allow for responsible utility-scale solar development on lands outside of priority areas.
1Utility-scale facilities are defined as projects that generate electricity that is delivered into the electricity transmission grid, generally with capacities greater than 20 megawatts (MW).
For DOE, the Final PEIS analyzes a no action alternative, under which DOE would continue to address environmental concerns for DOE-supported solar projects on a case-by-case basis, and an action alternative, under which DOE would adopt programmatic environmental guidance for use in DOEsupported solar projects.
The BLM and DOE initiated the Solar PEIS process in May 2008. On December 17, 2010, the BLM and DOE published the Draft Solar PEIS. Subsequently, on October 28, 2011, the lead agencies published the Supplement to the Draft Solar PEIS, in which adjustments were made to elements of BLM’s proposed Solar Energy Program to better meet BLM’s solar energy objectives, and in which DOE’s proposed programmatic environmental guidance was presented.
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SOLAR PEIS CONTENTS (Cont.) |
VOLUME 6 |
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Appendix A: |
Current and Proposed Bureau of Land Management Solar Energy Development |
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Policies and Design Features |
Appendix B: |
Approved and Pending Solar Applications |
Appendix C: |
Proposed BLM Land Use Plan Amendments under the BLM Action Alternatives |
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of the Solar Energy Development Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement |
Appendix D: |
Update to Summary of Regional Initiatives and State Plans for Solar Energy |
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Development and Transmission Development to Support Renewable Energy |
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Development |
Appendix E: Update to Methods for Estimating Reasonably Foreseeable Development |
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Scenarios for Solar Energy Development |
Appendix F: |
Update to Solar Energy Technology Overview |
Appendix G: |
Update to Transmission Constraint Analysis |
Appendix H: |
Update to Federal, State, and County Requirements Potentially Applicable to |
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Solar Energy Projects |
Appendix I: |
Update to Ecoregions of the Six-State Study Area and Land Cover Types of the |
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Proposed Solar Energy Zones |
Appendix J: |
Special Status Species Associated with BLM’s Alternatives in the Six-State Study |
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Area |
Appendix K: |
Update to Government-to-Government and Cultural Resource Consultations |
Appendix L: |
Update to GIS Data Sources and Methodology |
Appendix M: Update to Methodologies and Data Sources for the Analysis of Impacts of Solar Energy Development on Resources
Appendix N: Update to Viewshed Maps for Proposed Solar Energy Zones
Appendix O: Intermittent/Ephemeral Stream Evaluation and Groundwater Modeling Analyses
VOLUME 7
Comments and Responses for the Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for Solar Energy Development in Six Southwestern States
1 |
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VOLUME 1 CONTENTS |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
NOTATION...................................................................................................................... |
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xv |
5 |
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6 |
ENGLISH/METRIC AND METRIC/ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS ................................ |
xxviii |
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7 |
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8 |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. |
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ES-1 |
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9 |
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10 |
ES.1 Background..................................................................................................... |
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ES-1 |
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11 |
ES.2 BLM Proposed Action .................................................................................... |
ES-1 |
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12 |
ES.2.1 |
BLM Purpose and Need................................................................... |
ES-2 |
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13 |
ES.2.2 |
BLM Scope of Analysis................................................................... |
ES-3 |
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14 |
ES.2.3 |
Applications for Solar Energy Development on BLM Lands ......... |
ES-4 |
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15 |
ES.2.4 |
BLM Alternatives ............................................................................ |
ES-4 |
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16 |
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ES.2.4.1 Program Elements Common to Both BLM |
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17 |
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Action Alternatives........................................................ |
ES-5 |
18 |
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ES.2.4.2 Solar Energy Development Program Alternative |
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19 |
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(BLM Preferred Alternative) ......................................... |
ES-7 |
20 |
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ES.2.4.3 Solar Energy Zone Program Alternative ....................... |
ES-15 |
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21 |
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ES.2.4.4 |
No Action Alternative.................................................... |
ES-15 |
22 |
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ES.2.4.5 Reasonably Foreseeable Solar Energy Development .... |
ES-15 |
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23 |
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ES.2.4.6 Summary of Impacts of BLM’s Alternatives ................ |
ES-16 |
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24 |
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ES.2.4.7 |
BLM’s Preferred Alternative......................................... |
ES-17 |
25 |
ES.3 DOE Proposed Action..................................................................................... |
ES-40 |
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26 |
ES.3.1 |
DOE Purpose and Need ................................................................... |
ES-41 |
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27 |
ES.3.2 |
DOE Scope of Analysis ................................................................... |
ES-41 |
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28 |
ES.3.3 |
DOE Alternatives............................................................................. |
ES-42 |
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29 |
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ES.3.3.1 Action Alternative (DOE Preferred Alternative)........... |
ES-42 |
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30 |
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ES.3.3.2 |
No Action Alternative.................................................... |
ES-42 |
31 |
ES.3.4 |
Summary of Impacts of DOE’s Alternatives................................... |
ES-42 |
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32 |
ES.4 Public Involvement, Consultation, and Coordination..................................... |
ES-44 |
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33 |
ES.5 References....................................................................................................... |
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ES-45 |
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34 |
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35 |
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... |
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1-1 |
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36 |
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37 |
1.1 Applicable Federal Orders and Mandates....................................................... |
1-2 |
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38 |
1.1.1 |
Executive Order 13212 .................................................................... |
1-2 |
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39 |
1.1.2 |
Energy Policy Act of 2005............................................................... |
1-3 |
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40 |
1.1.3 |
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 ............................. |
1-3 |
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41 |
1.1.4 |
DOI Secretarial Order 3285A1........................................................ |
1-3 |
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42 |
1.1.5 |
Executive Order 13514 .................................................................... |
1-4 |
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43 |
1.1.6 |
DOI Secretarial Order 3297............................................................. |
1-4 |
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44 |
1.2 Overview of Solar Energy Technologies and Resources Considered in |
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45 |
the PEIS .......................................................................................................... |
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1-4 |
46 |
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Final Solar PEIS |
i |
July 2012 |
1 |
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CONTENTS (Cont.) |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
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1.3 BLM Requirements and Objectives for the PEIS........................................... |
1-5 |
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5 |
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1.3.1 |
BLM’s Purpose and Need................................................................ |
1-8 |
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6 |
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1.3.2 |
BLM Decisions To Be Made........................................................... |
1-9 |
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7 |
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1.3.3 |
Authorization Process for Solar Energy Development on |
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8 |
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BLM Lands...................................................................................... |
1-11 |
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9 |
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1.3.3.1 |
New Applications .......................................................... |
1-12 |
10 |
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1.3.3.2 |
Pending Applications..................................................... |
1-12 |
11 |
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1.3.3.3 |
Approved Applications.................................................. |
1-15 |
12 |
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1.3.4 |
BLM Land Use Planning Process.................................................... |
1-15 |
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13 |
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1.3.5 |
BLM Scope of the Analysis............................................................. |
1-16 |
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14 |
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1.3.5.1 |
Program Analysis Versus SEZ-Specific Analysis......... |
1-17 |
15 |
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1.3.6 |
BLM Planning Criteria .................................................................... |
1-18 |
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16 |
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1.4 DOE Requirements and Objectives for the PEIS ........................................... |
1-19 |
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17 |
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1.4.1 |
DOE’s Purpose and Need ................................................................ |
1-20 |
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18 |
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1.4.2 |
DOE Decisions To Be Made ........................................................... |
1-21 |
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19 |
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1.4.3 |
DOE Scope of the Analysis ............................................................. |
1-21 |
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20 |
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1.5 |
Cooperating Agencies..................................................................................... |
1-22 |
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21 |
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1.6 Relationship of the BLM’s Proposed Program and DOE’s Proposed |
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22 |
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Strategy to Other Programs, Policies, and Plans............................................. |
1-23 |
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23 |
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1.6.1 |
Renewable Portfolio Standards and Other Regional and |
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24 |
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State Initiatives ................................................................................ |
1-23 |
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25 |
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1.6.2 |
Related Initiatives ............................................................................ |
1-25 |
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26 |
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1.6.2.1 |
Energy Corridor Designation......................................... |
1-25 |
27 |
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1.6.2.2 |
Landscape Conservation Cooperatives and BLM’s |
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28 |
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Proposed Landscape Approach...................................... |
1-26 |
29 |
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1.6.2.3 |
California Desert Renewable Energy Conservation |
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30 |
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Plan ................................................................................ |
1-27 |
31 |
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1.6.2.4 |
Arizona Restoration Design Energy Project.................. |
1-27 |
32 |
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1.6.2.5 |
Wind Energy Development PEIS .................................. |
1-27 |
33 |
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1.6.2.6 |
Geothermal PEIS ........................................................... |
1-28 |
34 |
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1.7 Organization of the Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement............ |
1-28 |
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35 |
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1.8 |
References....................................................................................................... |
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1-32 |
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36 |
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37 |
2 |
DESCRIPTION OF ALTERNATIVES AND REASONABLY FORESEEABLE |
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38 |
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DEVELOPMENT SCENARIO............................................................................... |
2-1 |
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39 |
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40 |
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2.1 |
Introduction..................................................................................................... |
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2-1 |
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41 |
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2.2 |
BLM Alternatives ........................................................................................... |
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2-3 |
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42 |
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2.2.1 |
Program Elements Common to Both BLM Action Alternatives..... |
2-3 |
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43 |
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2.2.1.1 |
Right-of-Way Authorization Policies ............................ |
2-3 |
44 |
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2.2.1.2 |
Monitoring, Adaptive Management, and Mitigation..... |
2-16 |
45 |
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2.2.1.3 |
Design Features.............................................................. |
2-18 |
46 |
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Final Solar PEIS |
ii |
July 2012 |
1 |
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CONTENTS (Cont.) |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
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2.2.1.4 |
Segregation of Lands with Potential for Solar |
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5 |
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Development .................................................................. |
2-18 |
6 |
2.2.2 |
Solar Energy Development Program Alternative (BLM |
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7 |
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Preferred Alternative) ...................................................................... |
2-18 |
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8 |
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2.2.2.1 |
Proposed Right - of - Way Exclusion Areas ...................... |
2-19 |
9 |
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2.2.2.2 |
Proposed Solar Energy Zones ........................................ |
2-23 |
10 |
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2.2.2.3 |
Proposed Variance Areas for Utility - Scale Solar |
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11 |
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Energy Development ..................................................... |
2-43 |
12 |
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2.2.2.4 |
Land Use Plans To Be Amended ................................... |
2-56 |
13 |
2.2.3 |
SEZ Program Alternative................................................................. |
2-56 |
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14 |
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2.2.3.1 |
Proposed Right - of - Way Exclusion Areas ...................... |
2-56 |
15 |
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2.2.3.2 |
Proposed Solar Energy Zones ........................................ |
2-56 |
16 |
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2.2.3.3 |
Solar Energy Zone Policies ............................................ |
2-57 |
17 |
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2.2.3.4 |
Land Use Plans To Be Amended ................................... |
2-57 |
18 |
2.3 DOE Alternatives |
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2-57 |
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19 |
2.3.1 |
No Action ......................................................................Alternative |
2-57 |
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20 |
2.3.2 |
Action Alternative—DOE’s Proposed Programmatic |
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21 |
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Environmental ...................Guidance (DOE Preferred Alternative) |
2-58 |
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22 |
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2.3.2.1 ......................................... |
General Mitigation Measures |
2-58 |
23 |
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2.3.2.2 .................................. |
Institutional and Public Outreach |
2-59 |
24 |
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2.3.2.3 ........................................................................ |
Land Use |
2-59 |
25 |
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2.3.2.4 ........................... |
Water Resources and Erosion Control |
2-60 |
26 |
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2.3.2.5 ..................................................... |
Biological Resources |
2-61 |
27 |
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2.3.2.6 ..................................................................... |
Air Quality |
2-61 |
28 |
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2.3.2.7 |
Cultural Resources and Native American |
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29 |
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Interactions |
2-62 |
30 |
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2.3.2.8 ................................... |
Visual Resources and Aesthetics |
2-62 |
31 |
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2.3.2.9 ............................................................. |
Socioeconomics |
2-63 |
32 |
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2.3.2.10 .................................................... |
Environmental Justice |
2-63 |
33 |
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2.3.2.11 ........................................................... |
Safety and Health |
2-64 |
34 |
2.4 Description of Reasonably ....................Foreseeable Development Scenario |
2-64 |
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35 |
2.4.1 |
Comparison of RFDS with Lands Available under the Action |
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36 |
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Alternatives...................................................................................... |
2-66 |
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37 |
2.5 Other Alternatives ......................................................and Issues Considered |
2-67 |
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38 |
2.5.1 |
Distributed .....................................................................Generation |
2-68 |
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39 |
2.5.2 |
Conservation ................................and Demand-Side Management |
2-69 |
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40 |
2.5.3 |
Analysis ......of Life-Cycle Impacts of Solar Energy Development |
2-70 |
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41 |
2.5.4 |
Analysis of Development on Other Federal, State, or Private |
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42 |
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Lands................................................................................................ |
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2-70 |
43 |
2.5.5 |
Restricting ................Development to Previously Disturbed Lands |
2-71 |
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44 |
2.5.6 |
Restricting ..................................Development to Populated Areas |
2-71 |
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45 |
2.5.7 |
Restricting Development to the Fast-Track Project |
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46 |
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Applications..................................................................................... |
2-72 |
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Final Solar PEIS |
iii |
July 2012 |
1 |
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CONTENTS (Cont.) |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
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2.5.8 |
Analysis of Development on the Maximum Amount of Public |
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5 |
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Lands Allowable .............................................................................. |
2-72 |
6 |
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2.5.9 |
Changes to BLM’s Proposed Solar Energy Zones .......................... |
2-73 |
7 |
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2.5.10 |
Other Suggested Alternatives .......................................................... |
2-73 |
8 |
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2.5.11 |
DOE Environmental Requirements ................................................. |
2-74 |
9 |
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2.6 |
References....................................................................................................... |
2-81 |
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10 |
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11 |
3 |
UPDATE TO OVERVIEW OF SOLAR ENERGY POWER PRODUCTION |
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12 |
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TECHNOLOGIES, DEVELOPMENT, AND REGULATION .............................. |
3-1 |
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13 |
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14 |
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3.1 |
Technologies................................................................................................... |
3-1 |
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15 |
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3.2 |
Development Process Overview for All Technologies................................... |
3-2 |
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16 |
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3.2.1 |
Site Characterization ........................................................................ |
3-2 |
17 |
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3.2.2 |
Site Preparation and Construction ................................................... |
3-3 |
18 |
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3.2.3 |
Operations ........................................................................................ |
3-3 |
19 |
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3.2.4 |
Decommissioning and Reclamation ................................................ |
3-3 |
20 |
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3.2.5 |
Transmission Facilities .................................................................... |
3-4 |
21 |
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3.3 |
Laws and Executive Orders Potentially Applicable to Solar Energy |
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22 |
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and Transmission Line Projects...................................................................... |
3-5 |
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23 |
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3.4 |
Transportation Considerations........................................................................ |
3-5 |
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24 |
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3.5 |
Hazardous Materials and Wastes Associated with Solar Energy |
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25 |
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Facilities |
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3-6 |
26 |
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3.6 |
Health and ......................................Safety Aspects of Solar Energy Projects |
3-6 |
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27 |
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3.7 |
Existing Agency ......................................................Processes and Guidance |
3-6 |
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28 |
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3.8 |
References....................................................................................................... |
3-7 |
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29 |
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30 |
4 |
UPDATE TO AFFECTED ........................................................ENVIRONMENT |
4-1 |
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31 |
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32 |
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4.1 |
Introduction..................................................................................................... |
4-1 |
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33 |
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4.2 |
Lands and .............................................................................................Realty |
4-1 |
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34 |
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4.3 |
Specially .......Designated Areas and Lands with Wilderness Characteristics |
4-1 |
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35 |
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4.4 |
Rangeland ......................................................................................Resources |
4-2 |
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36 |
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4.4.1 ............................................................................ |
Livestock Grazing |
4-2 |
37 |
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4.4.2 ................................................................... |
Wild Horses and Burros |
4-3 |
38 |
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4.4.3 ................................................................................... |
Wildland Fire |
4-3 |
39 |
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4.5 |
Recreation ....................................................................................................... |
4-3 |
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40 |
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4.6 |
Military and ........................................................................Civilian Aviation |
4-3 |
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41 |
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4.7 |
Geologic ..............................................................Setting and Soil Resources |
4-4 |
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42 |
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4.7.1 .............................................................................. |
Geologic Setting |
4-4 |
43 |
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4.7.2 ............................................................................. |
Geologic Hazards |
4-4 |
44 |
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4.7.3 .................................................................................. |
Soil Resources |
4-4 |
45 |
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4.8 |
Minerals .......................................................................................................... |
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4-5 |
46 |
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Final Solar PEIS |
iv |
July 2012 |
1 |
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CONTENTS (Cont.) |
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2 |
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3 |
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4 |
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4.9 |
Water Resources ............................................................................................. |
4-6 |
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5 |
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4.9.1 |
Surface Water Resources................................................................. |
4-6 |
6 |
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4.9.2 |
Groundwater Resources................................................................... |
4-6 |
7 |
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4.9.3 |
Water Rights, Supply, and Use........................................................ |
4-13 |
8 |
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4.10 |
Ecological Resources...................................................................................... |
4-15 |
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9 |
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4.10.1 |
Vegetation........................................................................................ |
4-15 |
10 |
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4.10.2 |
Wildlife ............................................................................................ |
4-15 |
11 |
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4.10.3 |
Aquatic Biota ................................................................................... |
4-16 |
12 |
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4.10.3.1 Pacific Northwest Hydrologic Region........................... |
4-16 |
13 |
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4.10.3.2 Lower Colorado, Rio Grande, and Great Basin |
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14 |
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Hydrologic Regions ....................................................... |
4-16 |
15 |
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4.10.3.3 California Hydrologic Region ....................................... |
4-17 |
16 |
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4.10.3.4 Upper Colorado River Hydrologic Region.................... |
4-17 |
17 |
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4.10.3.5 Missouri River Basin Hydrologic Region ..................... |
4-17 |
18 |
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4.10.4 |
Special Status Species...................................................................... |
4-17 |
19 |
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4.11 |
Air Quality and Climate.................................................................................. |
4-18 |
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20 |
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4.11.1 |
Update to Section 4.11.2.2 of the Draft Solar PEIS: National |
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21 |
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Ambient Air Quality Standards ....................................................... |
4-18 |
22 |
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4.11.2 |
Update to Section 4.11.2.3 of the Draft Solar PEIS: |
|
23 |
|
|
|
Prevention of Significant Deterioration........................................... |
4-18 |
24 |
|
|
4.11.3 |
Update to Section 4.11.2.4 of the Draft Solar PEIS: Visibility |
|
25 |
|
|
|
Protection......................................................................................... |
4-22 |
26 |
|
|
4.11.4 |
Update to Section 4.11.2.5 of the Draft Solar PEIS: General |
|
27 |
|
|
|
Conformity....................................................................................... |
4-26 |
28 |
|
|
4.11.5 |
Addition of New Section 4.11.4: Toxic Dust and Snowmelt .......... |
4-26 |
29 |
|
4.12 |
Visual Resources............................................................................................. |
4-27 |
|
30 |
|
4.13 |
Acoustic Environment .................................................................................... |
4-29 |
|
31 |
|
4.14 |
Paleontological Resources .............................................................................. |
4-29 |
|
32 |
|
4.15 |
Cultural Resources.......................................................................................... |
4-29 |
|
33 |
|
4.16 |
Native American Concerns............................................................................. |
4-31 |
|
34 |
|
4.17 |
Socioeconomics .............................................................................................. |
4-40 |
|
35 |
|
4.18 |
Environmental Justice..................................................................................... |
4-40 |
|
36 |
|
4.19 |
References....................................................................................................... |
4-41 |
|
37 |
|
4.20 |
Errata to Chapter 4 of the Draft Solar PEIS.................................................... |
4-46 |
|
38 |
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
5 |
UPDATE TO IMPACTS OF SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT |
|
||
40 |
|
AND POTENTIAL MITIGATION MEASURES .................................................. |
5-1 |
||
41 |
|
|
|
|
|
42 |
|
5.1 |
Introduction..................................................................................................... |
5-1 |
|
43 |
|
5.2 |
Lands and Realty............................................................................................. |
5-1 |
|
44 |
|
5.3 |
Specially Designated Areas and Lands with Wilderness Characteristics....... |
5-2 |
|
45 |
|
5.4 |
Rangeland Resources...................................................................................... |
5-3 |
|
46 |
|
|
5.4.1 |
Livestock Grazing............................................................................ |
5-3 |
Final Solar PEIS |
v |
July 2012 |
1 |
|
|
CONTENTS (Cont.) |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
5.4.2 |
Wild Horses and Burros ................................................................... |
5-4 |
5 |
|
5.4.3 |
Wildland Fire ................................................................................... |
5-4 |
6 |
5.5 |
Recreation ....................................................................................................... |
|
5-4 |
7 |
5.6 |
Military and Civilian Aviation........................................................................ |
5-5 |
|
8 |
5.7 |
Geologic Setting and Soil Resources.............................................................. |
5-6 |
|
9 |
5.8 |
Minerals |
|
5-7 |
10 |
5.9 |
Water Resources ............................................................................................. |
|
5-7 |
11 |
5.10 |
Ecological ......................................................................................Resources |
5-10 |
|
12 |
|
5.10.1 ........................................................................................ |
|
5-10 |
13 |
|
5.10.2 ............................................................................................ |
|
5-11 |
14 |
|
5.10.3 .............................................................. |
Aquatic Biota and Habitats |
5-13 |
15 |
|
........................................................... |
Common Impacts |
5-13 |
16 |
|
........................................ |
Technology-Specific Impacts |
5-15 |
17 |
|
5.10.4 ...................................................................... |
Special Status Species |
5-15 |
18 |
5.11 |
Air Quality ..................................................................................and Climate |
5-16 |
|
19 |
|
5.11.1 ............................................................................. |
Common Impacts |
5-17 |
20 |
|
|
5.11.1.1 Construction: Update to Section 5.11.1.2 |
|
21 |
|
.................................................. |
of the Draft Solar PEIS |
5-17 |
22 |
|
|
5.11.1.2 Operations: Update to Section 5.11.1.3 |
|
23 |
|
.................................................. |
of the Draft Solar PEIS |
5-17 |
24 |
|
|
5.11.1.3 Decommissioning and Reclamation: Update to |
|
25 |
|
....................... |
Section 5.11.1.4 of the Draft Solar PEIS |
5-18 |
26 |
|
|
5.11.1.4 Impacts of GHG Emissions: Update to |
|
27 |
|
.......................... |
Section 5.11.4 of the Draft Solar PEIS |
5-18 |
28 |
5.12 |
Visual Resources............................................................................................. |
|
5-19 |
29 |
5.13 |
Acoustic ....................................................................................Environment |
5-21 |
|
30 |
|
5.13.1 ............................................................................. |
Common Impacts |
5-21 |
31 |
|
|
5.13.1.1 Construction: Update to Section 5.13.1.2 |
|
32 |
|
.................................................. |
of the Draft Solar PEIS |
5-21 |
33 |
|
|
5.13.1.2 Operations: Update to Section 5.13.1.3 |
|
34 |
|
.................................................. |
of the Draft Solar PEIS |
5-22 |
35 |
5.14 |
Paleontological ..............................................................................Resources |
5-22 |
|
36 |
5.15 |
Cultural Resources.......................................................................................... |
|
5-22 |
37 |
|
5.15.1 ............................................................................. |
Common Impacts |
5-23 |
38 |
5.16 |
Native American .............................................................................Concerns |
5-24 |
|
39 |
5.17 |
Socioeconomics .............................................................................................. |
|
5-24 |
40 |
5.18 |
Environmental .....................................................................................Justice |
5-25 |
|
41 |
5.19 |
Transportation................................................................................................. |
|
5-25 |
42 |
5.20 |
Hazardous ......................................................................Materials and Waste |
5-26 |
|
43 |
5.21 |
Health and ............................................................................................Safety |
|
5-26 |
44 |
5.22 |
References....................................................................................................... |
|
5-27 |
45 |
5.23 |
Errata to ....................................................Chapter 5 of the Draft Solar PEIS |
5-33 |
|
46 |
|
|
|
|
Final Solar PEIS |
vi |
July 2012 |
1 CONTENTS (Cont.)
2
3
46 ANALYSIS OF BLM’S SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
5 |
ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................... |
|
6-1 |
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
7 |
6.1 Impacts of the Solar Energy Development Program Alternative ................... |
6-16 |
||
8 |
6.1.1 |
Facilitate Near-Term Solar Energy Development ........................... |
6-17 |
|
9 |
6.1.2 |
Minimize Environmental Impacts ................................................... |
6-19 |
|
10 |
6.1.3 |
Minimize Social and Economic Impacts ......................................... |
6-22 |
|
11 |
6.1.4 |
Provide Flexibility to Solar Industry ............................................... |
6-23 |
|
12 |
6.1.5 |
Optimize Existing Transmission Infrastructure and |
|
|
13 |
|
Corridors .......................................................................................... |
|
6-24 |
14 |
6.1.6 |
Standardize and Streamline the Authorization Process ................... |
6-24 |
|
15 |
6.1.7 |
Meet Projected Demand for Solar Energy Development ................ |
6-24 |
|
16 |
6.2 Impacts of the SEZ Program Alternative........................................................ |
6-25 |
||
17 |
6.2.1 |
Facilitate Near-Term Solar Energy Development ........................... |
6-25 |
|
18 |
6.2.2 |
Minimize Environmental Impacts ................................................... |
6-25 |
|
19 |
6.2.3 |
Minimize Social and Economic Impacts ......................................... |
6-27 |
|
20 |
6.2.4 |
Provide Flexibility to Solar Industry ............................................... |
6-27 |
|
21 |
6.2.5 |
Optimize Existing Transmission Infrastructure and |
|
|
22 |
|
Corridors .......................................................................................... |
|
6-28 |
23 |
6.2.6 |
Standardize and Streamline the Authorization Process ................... |
6-28 |
|
24 |
6.2.7 |
Meet Projected Demand for Solar Energy Development ................ |
6-28 |
|
25 |
6.3 Impacts of the No Action Alternative............................................................. |
6-29 |
||
26 |
6.3.1 |
Facilitate Near-Term Solar Energy Development ........................... |
6-30 |
|
27 |
6.3.2 |
Minimize Environmental Impacts ................................................... |
6-30 |
|
28 |
6.3.3 |
Minimize Social and Economic Impacts ......................................... |
6-31 |
|
29 |
6.3.4 |
Provide Flexibility to Solar Industry ............................................... |
6-31 |
|
30 |
6.3.5 |
Optimize Existing Transmission Infrastructure and Corridors........ |
6-32 |
|
31 |
6.3.6 |
Standardize and Streamline the Authorization Process ................... |
6-32 |
|
32 |
6.3.7 |
Meet Projected Demand for Solar Energy Development ................ |
6-32 |
|
33 |
6.4 Comparison of Alternatives and Selection of Preferred Alternative .............. |
6-32 |
||
34 |
6.5 Cumulative Impacts ........................................................................................ |
|
6-36 |
|
35 |
6.5.1 |
Overview of Activities in the Six-State Study Area........................ |
6-37 |
|
36 |
|
6.5.1.1 |
Energy Production and Distribution .............................. |
6-38 |
37 |
|
6.5.1.2 |
Other Activities and Trends........................................... |
6-51 |
38 |
6.5.2 |
Cumulative Impact Assessment for Solar Energy |
|
|
39 |
|
Development.................................................................................... |
6-57 |
|
40 |
|
6.5.2.1 |
Lands and Realty ........................................................... |
6-58 |
41 |
|
6.5.2.2 |
Specially Designated Areas and Lands with |
|
42 |
|
|
Wilderness Characteristics............................................. |
6-59 |
43 |
|
6.5.2.3 |
Rangeland Resources..................................................... |
6-60 |
44 |
|
6.5.2.4 |
Recreation ...................................................................... |
6-61 |
45 |
|
6.5.2.5 |
Military and Civilian Aviation....................................... |
6-61 |
46 |
|
6.5.2.6 |
Geologic Setting and Soil Resources............................. |
6-62 |
Final Solar PEIS |
vii |
July 2012 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
CONTENTS (Cont.) |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.7 |
Mineral Resources ......................................................... |
6-62 |
5 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.8 |
Water Resources ............................................................ |
6-63 |
6 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.9 |
Ecological Resources..................................................... |
6-64 |
7 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.10 Air Quality and Climate................................................. |
6-67 |
|
8 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.11 |
Visual Resources............................................................ |
6-68 |
9 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.12 |
Acoustic Environment ................................................... |
6-69 |
10 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.13 |
Paleontological Resources ............................................. |
6-70 |
11 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.14 |
Cultural Resources......................................................... |
6-71 |
12 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.15 |
Native American Concerns............................................ |
6-71 |
13 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.16 |
Socioeconomics ............................................................. |
6-72 |
14 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.17 |
Environmental Justice.................................................... |
6-73 |
15 |
|
|
|
6.5.2.18 |
Transportation................................................................ |
6-73 |
16 |
|
6.6 |
Other NEPA Considerations........................................................................... |
6-73 |
||
17 |
|
|
6.6.1 |
Unavoidable Adverse Impacts......................................................... |
6-73 |
|
18 |
|
|
6.6.2 |
Short-Term Use of the Environment and Long-Term |
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
Productivity...................................................................................... |
6-74 |
|
20 |
|
|
6.6.3 |
Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources................ |
6-75 |
|
21 |
|
|
6.6.4 |
Mitigation of Adverse Effects.......................................................... |
6-76 |
|
22 |
|
6.7 |
References....................................................................................................... |
|
6-76 |
|
23 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
7 |
ANALYSIS OF DOE’S ALTERNATIVES............................................................ |
7-1 |
|||
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
26 |
|
7.1 |
Impacts of DOE’s Proposed Action................................................................ |
7-2 |
||
27 |
|
7.2 |
Impacts of the No Action Alternative............................................................. |
7-3 |
||
28 |
|
7.3 |
Cumulative Impacts ........................................................................................ |
|
7-3 |
|
29 |
|
7.4 |
Other NEPA Considerations........................................................................... |
7-4 |
||
30 |
|
|
7.4.1 |
Unavoidable Adverse Impacts......................................................... |
7-4 |
|
31 |
|
|
7.4.2 |
Short-Term Use of the Environment and Long-Term |
|
|
32 |
|
|
|
Productivity...................................................................................... |
7-5 |
|
33 |
|
|
7.4.3 |
Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitment of Resources................ |
7-6 |
|
34 |
|
|
7.4.4 |
Mitigation of Adverse Effects.......................................................... |
7-6 |
|
35 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
14 UPDATE TO CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION |
|
||||
37 |
|
UNDERTAKEN TO SUPPORT PREPARATION OF THE PEIS......................... |
14-1 |
|||
38 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
39 |
|
14.1 |
Public Scoping and Public Outreach............................................................... |
14-1 |
||
40 |
|
14.2 |
Government-to-Government Consultation ..................................................... |
14-2 |
||
41 |
|
14.3 |
Coordination of BLM State and Field Offices................................................ |
14-3 |
||
42 |
|
14.4 |
Agency Cooperation, Consultation, and Coordination................................... |
14-3 |
||
43 |
|
14.5 |
References....................................................................................................... |
|
14-4 |
|
44 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
15 |
LIST OF PREPARERS ........................................................................................... |
|
15-1 |
||
46 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Final Solar PEIS |
viii |
July 2012 |
1 |
|
CONTENTS (Cont.) |
|
2 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
4 |
16 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................ |
16-1 |
|
5 |
|
|
|
6 |
|
FIGURES |
|
7 |
|
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
10 |
ES.2-1 |
Areas Proposed for Exclusion Since Publication of the Supplement |
|
11 |
|
to the Draft Solar PEIS Based on Continued Consultation with |
|
12 |
|
Cooperating Agencies and Tribes............................................................. |
ES-12 |
13 |
|
|
|
14 |
ES.2-2 |
BLM-Administered Lands in Arizona Available for Application for |
|
15 |
|
Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives |
|
16 |
|
Considered in This PEIS........................................................................... |
ES-34 |
17 |
|
|
|
18 |
ES.2-3 |
BLM-Administered Lands in California Available for Application |
|
19 |
|
for Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives |
|
20 |
|
Considered in This PEIS........................................................................... |
ES-35 |
21 |
|
|
|
22 |
ES.2-4 |
BLM-Administered Lands in Colorado Available for Application |
|
23 |
|
for Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives |
|
24 |
|
Considered in This PEIS........................................................................... |
ES-36 |
25 |
|
|
|
26 |
ES.2-5 |
BLM-Administered Lands in Nevada Available for Application for |
|
27 |
|
Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives |
|
28 |
|
Considered in This PEIS........................................................................... |
ES-37 |
29 |
|
|
|
30 |
ES.2-6 |
BLM-Administered Lands in New Mexico Available for |
|
31 |
|
Application for Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM |
|
32 |
|
Alternatives Considered in This PEIS ...................................................... |
ES-38 |
33 |
|
|
|
34 |
ES.2-7 |
BLM-Administered Lands in Utah Available for Application for |
|
35 |
|
Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives |
|
36 |
|
Considered in This PEIS........................................................................... |
ES-39 |
37 |
|
|
|
38 |
1.2-1 |
Typical Solar Fields for Various Technology Types: Solar |
|
39 |
|
Parabolic Trough, Solar Power Tower, Dish Engine, and PV.................. |
1-6 |
40 |
|
|
|
41 |
1.2-2 |
Solar Direct Normal Insolation Levels in the Southwestern |
|
42 |
|
United States ............................................................................................. |
1-7 |
43 |
|
|
|
44 |
2.2-1 |
BLM-Administered Lands in Arizona Available for Application for |
|
45 |
|
Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives |
|
46 |
|
Considered in This PEIS........................................................................... |
2-75 |
Final Solar PEIS |
ix |
July 2012 |
1 |
|
FIGURES (Cont.) |
|
2 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
4 |
2.2-2 |
BLM-Administered Lands in California Available for Application |
|
5 |
|
for Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives |
|
6 |
|
Considered in This PEIS........................................................................... |
2-76 |
7 |
|
|
|
8 |
2.2-3 |
BLM-Administered Lands in Colorado Available for Application |
|
9 |
|
for Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives |
|
10 |
|
Considered in This PEIS........................................................................... |
2-77 |
11 |
|
|
|
12 |
2.2-4 |
BLM-Administered Lands in Nevada Available for Application |
|
13 |
|
for Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives |
|
14 |
|
Considered in This PEIS........................................................................... |
2-78 |
15 |
|
|
|
16 |
2.2-5 |
BLM-Administered Lands in New Mexico Available for |
|
17 |
|
Application for Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the |
|
18 |
|
BLM Alternatives Considered in This PEIS............................................. |
2-79 |
19 |
|
|
|
20 |
2.2-6 |
BLM-Administered Lands in Utah Available for Application |
|
21 |
|
for Solar Energy ROW Authorizations under the BLM Alternatives |
|
22 |
|
Considered in This PEIS........................................................................... |
2-80 |
23 |
|
|
|
24 |
2.2-7 |
Areas Proposed for Exclusion Since Publication of the Supplement |
|
25 |
|
to the Draft Solar PEIS Based on Continued Consultation with |
|
26 |
|
Cooperating Agencies and Tribes............................................................. |
2-24 |
27 |
|
|
|
28 |
2.2-8 |
Proposed SEZ Identification Protocol ...................................................... |
2-39 |
29 |
|
|
|
30 |
4.11-4 |
Nonattainment Areas for SO2, 8-Hour O3, PM10, PM2.5, and Pb in |
|
31 |
|
the Six-State Study Area........................................................................... |
4-21 |
32 |
|
|
|
33 |
4.11-6 |
PM2.5 Reconstructed Ambient Annual Mean Light Extinction |
|
34 |
|
Coefficient for Soil and Annual Mean Percent Contribution of |
|
35 |
|
Ambient Soil Light Extinction Coefficient to PM2.5 |
Reconstructed |
36 |
|
Aerosol bext for 2005–2008 for Rural IMPROVE and Urban CSN |
|
37 |
|
Sites in the Six-State Study Area.............................................................. |
4-24 |
38 |
|
|
|
39 |
4.11-7 |
Annual Mean Light Extinction Coefficient for Coarse Mass and |
|
40 |
|
Annual Mean Percent Contribution of Coarse Mass Light Extinction |
|
41 |
|
Coefficient to Total Reconstructed Aerosol bext for 2005–2008 for |
|
42 |
|
Rural IMPROVE Sites in the Six-State Study Area ................................. |
4-25 |
43 |
|
|
|
44 |
|
|
|
45 |
|
|
|
Final Solar PEIS |
x |
July 2012 |
1 TABLES
2
3
4ES.2-1 Summary of Potentially Developable BLM-Administered Land
5 |
under the No Action Alternative, the Solar Energy Development |
|
6 |
Program Alternative, and the SEZ Program Alternative .......................... |
ES-5 |
7 |
|
|
8ES.2-2 Exclusions under BLM’s Solar Energy Development Program
9 |
|
Alternative................................................................................................. |
ES-8 |
10 |
|
|
|
11 |
ES.2-3 |
Proposed SEZs and Approximate Acreage by State................................. |
ES-13 |
12 |
|
|
|
13 |
ES.2-4 |
Reasonably Foreseeable Development Scenario: Projected |
|
14 |
|
Megawatts of Solar Power Development by 2030 and |
|
15 |
|
Corresponding Developed Acreage Estimates.......................................... |
ES-17 |
16 |
|
|
|
17 |
ES.2-5 |
Summary-Level Assessment of Potential Environmental Impacts |
|
18 |
|
of Utility-Scale Solar Energy Development by Alternative ..................... |
ES-18 |
19 |
|
|
|
20 |
ES.2-6 |
Comparison of BLM’s Alternatives with Respect to Objectives for |
|
21 |
|
the Agency’s Action ................................................................................. |
ES-30 |
22 |
|
|
|
23 |
1.3-1 |
Processing Approach for New and Pending Applications........................ |
1-12 |
24 |
|
|
|
25 |
1.6-1 |
RPS Requirements and Other State Initiatives in the Six-State |
|
26 |
|
Study Area ................................................................................................ |
1-24 |
27 |
|
|
|
28 |
2.2-1 |
Summary of Potentially Developable BLM-Administered Land |
|
29 |
|
under the No Action Alternative, the Solar Energy Development |
|
30 |
|
Program Alternative, and the SEZ Program Alternative .......................... |
2-4 |
31 |
|
|
|
32 |
2.2-2 |
Exclusions under BLM’s Solar Energy Development Program |
|
33 |
|
Alternative................................................................................................. |
2-20 |
34 |
|
|
|
35 |
2.2-3 |
Proposed SEZs and Approximate Acreage by State................................. |
2-25 |
36 |
|
|
|
37 |
2.4-1 |
Projected Megawatts of Solar Power Development by 2030 and |
|
38 |
|
Corresponding Developed Acreage Estimates for the RFDS................... |
2-65 |
39 |
|
|
|
40 |
2.4-2 |
Percentage of Available Lands Developed by the BLM Action |
|
41 |
|
Alternative Based on Estimated Acres Developed under the RFDS ........ |
2-66 |
42 |
|
|
|
43 |
3.1-1 |
Technology-Specific Assumptions for Environmental Impact |
|
44 |
|
Analyses.................................................................................................... |
3-2 |
45 |
|
|
|
46 |
|
|
|
Final Solar PEIS |
xi |
July 2012 |
1 |
|
TABLES (Cont.) |
|
2 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
4 |
4.9-2 |
Designation Classification and Administrative Authority for Wild |
|
5 |
|
and Scenic Rivers in the Six-State Study Area......................................... |
4-7 |
6 |
|
|
|
7 |
4.11-4 |
National Ambient Air Quality Standards and State Ambient Air |
|
8 |
|
Quality Standards for Criteria Pollutants in the Six-State Study |
|
9 |
|
Area as Updated........................................................................................ |
4-19 |
10 |
|
|
|
11 |
4.11-5 |
Maximum Allowable PSD Increments as Updated for PSD Class I |
|
12 |
|
and Class II Areas ..................................................................................... |
4-22 |
13 |
|
|
|
14 |
4.12-1 |
Summary of Selected Potentially Sensitive Visual Resource Areas |
|
15 |
|
within the Six-State Study Area................................................................ |
4-28 |
16 |
|
|
|
17 |
4.14-1 |
ACECs Designated for Protection of Paleontological Resource |
|
18 |
|
Values That Are near BLM-Administered Lands Available for |
|
19 |
|
Application through the Variance Process................................................ |
4-30 |
20 |
|
|
|
21 |
4.15-3 |
ACECs Designated for Protection of Cultural Resource Values |
|
22 |
|
That Are near BLM-Administered Lands Available for |
|
23 |
|
Application through the Variance Process................................................ |
4-32 |
24 |
|
|
|
25 |
4.20-1 |
Errata to Chapter 4 of the Draft Solar PEIS.............................................. |
4-47 |
26 |
|
|
|
27 |
5.23-1 |
Errata to Chapter 5 of the Draft Solar PEIS.............................................. |
5-34 |
28 |
|
|
|
29 |
6.1-1 |
Summary of Potentially Developable BLM-Administered Land |
|
30 |
|
under the No Action Alternative, the Solar Energy Development |
|
31 |
|
Program Alternative, and the SEZ Program Alternative .......................... |
6-3 |
32 |
|
|
|
33 |
6.1-2 |
Summary-Level Assessment of Potential Environmental Impacts |
|
34 |
|
of Utility-Scale Solar Energy Development by Alternative ..................... |
6-4 |
35 |
|
|
|
36 |
6.4-1 |
Comparison of BLM’s Alternatives with Respect to Objectives |
|
37 |
|
for the Agencies’ Action........................................................................... |
6-33 |
38 |
|
|
|
39 |
6.5-3 |
Programmatic-Level Actions on Federal Land......................................... |
6-39 |
40 |
|
|
|
41 |
6.5-4 |
Trends in Oil and Gas Production in the Six-State Study Area................ |
6-40 |
42 |
|
|
|
43 |
6.5-5 |
Oil and Gas Activities on Public Lands of the United States in |
|
44 |
|
FY 2010 .................................................................................................... |
6-40 |
45 |
|
|
|
46 |
|
|
|
Final Solar PEIS |
xii |
July 2012 |
1 |
|
TABLES (Cont.) |
|
2 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
4 |
6.5-6 |
Coal Production in the Producing States within the Six-State Study |
|
5 |
|
Area in 2002 and 2010.............................................................................. |
6-41 |
6 |
|
|
|
7 |
6.5-7 |
Competitive and Noncompetitive Geothermal Leases on BLM |
|
8 |
|
Public Lands in FY 2002 and FY 2010 .................................................... |
6-42 |
9 |
|
|
|
10 |
6.5-8 |
Number of Existing Oil and Gas Pipeline and Transmission Line |
|
11 |
|
ROWs on BLM Public Lands in FY 2002 and FY 2010.......................... |
6-43 |
12 |
|
|
|
13 |
6.5-9 |
Planned Transmission Projects, Including Expansions, in the |
|
14 |
|
Six-State Study Area................................................................................. |
6-44 |
15 |
|
|
|
16 |
6.5-10 |
Recreational Visits for the BLM and NPS in FY 2000 and FY 2010 |
|
17 |
|
and for USFS in FY 2000 and FY 2010 ................................................... |
6-52 |
18 |
|
|
|
19 |
6.5-11 |
Solid Mineral Leases on BLM Public Lands in FY 2002 and |
|
20 |
|
FY 2010 .................................................................................................... |
6-53 |
21 |
|
|
|
22 |
6.5-12 |
Number and Acreage of DoD Facilities by Military Service in the |
|
23 |
|
Six-State Study Area in FY 2011.............................................................. |
6-54 |
24 |
|
|
|
25 |
6.5-13 |
Grazing Land in the Six-State Study Area in 2007................................... |
6-55 |
26 |
|
|
|
27 |
6.5-14 |
Grazing Permits and Leases and AUMs on BLM Public Lands in |
|
28 |
|
FY 2002 and FY 2010............................................................................... |
6-55 |
29 |
|
|
|
30 |
6.5-16 |
Population Change in the Six-State Study Area and the |
|
31 |
|
United States from 2000 to 2011 .............................................................. |
6-57 |
32 |
|
|
|
33 |
6.5-22 |
Comparison of CO2 Emissions from Different Generation |
6-69 |
34 |
|
Methods per Average Megawatt............................................................... |
|
35 |
|
|
|
36 |
15-1 |
Agency Management Team ...................................................................... |
15-1 |
37 |
|
|
|
38 |
15-2 |
Solar PEIS Preparers................................................................................. |
15-2 |
39 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
Final Solar PEIS |
xiii |
July 2012 |
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4
5
6
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9
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14
Final Solar PEIS |
xiv |
July 2012 |